Human Development and Personal Psychology is the study of human behavior and

mental processes.
Development Humanistic and Positive Psychology discussed
the issues of growth and search for meaning.
Three Aspects of Human Development
Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs
Physical development covers the growth of the
body and the brain, motor and sensory skills,
and physical health. Need Need examples
Cognitive development covers our capacity to categories
learn, to speak, to understand, to reason and to
create Self-actualizati Self-fulfillment; Growth; Unity
Understanding; Beauty; Morality;
Psychosocial development includes our social on needs Transcendence; Exploration; Play
interactions with other people, our emotions,
attitudes, self-identity, personality, beliefs and Esteem needs Positive self-evaluation; Dignity;
values. Achievement; Mastery; Competence;
Independence; Reputation; Prestige

Factors that Affect Human Development Social needs Giving and receiving affection;
Intimacy; Friendship; Tenderness;
Affiliation; Love; Belongingness
Heredity or the inborn traits passed on by the
generations of offsprings from both sides of the Safety needs Security; Stability; Predictability;
biological parents families. Protection; Freedom from fear;
Structure; Order; Law; Limits
Environment is the world outside of ourselves
and the experiences that result from our contact Nutrition; Water; Air; Sleep; Shelter;
Physiological
and interaction with this external world. Clothing (temperature control);
Maturation is the natural progression of the
needs Reproduction

brain and the body.

Personal means
Belonging or relating to a particular person.
Made or designed to be used by one person.
Someone whose jobs involves working for or
helping a particular person.

Personal Development
There is no one singular school of thought in any
form of scientific study which can completely
and satisfactorily define human nature.
Personal development is the process in which
persons reflect upon themselves, understand
who they are, accept what they discover about
themselves, and learn new sets of values,
attitudes, behavior and thinking skills to reach
their fullest potential as human beings

Origins of Personal Development

The first Homo sapiens drew figures to narrate
their experiences.
The Greek philosophers asked questions about
the self and being human.
Eastern cultures emphasize the quest for being
a "superior man".

Psychology and Personal Development

Personal Development in Adolescence

Adolescence is the transition period between

childhood and early adulthood.

Three Stages of Adolescence (Corpuz et al.,

2010)

1. Early adolescence - 10 to 13 years of

age.
2. Middle adolescence - 14 to 16 years of
age.
3. Late adolescence - 17 to 20 years of
age.

SELF
Is the union of elements, namely; body,
thoughts, feeling or emotions, and sensations
that constitute the individuality and identity of a
person. It includes a person's life purpose,
meaning and aspirations.

BODY
Constitutes your physical attributes, your health,
your posture and poise

THOUGHTS
The way you think and how you perceive things
around you.

EMOTIONS
Your experience that prompts you to act and
behave the way you do

IN PSYCHOLOGY,
Personality refers to the set of behaviors,
feelings, thoughts and motives that identifies an
individual. It is the essence of who we are and is
the embodiment of one's physical,
psychological, cognitive, affective and spiritual
self

PERSONALITY IS INFLUENCED BY:

NATURE NURTURE

PERSONALITY
Personality is influenced by both Nature
(heredity or genetic make-up) and Nurture
(environment). There is no single gene that
creates a trait. It is always a complex
combination of genes, environmental exposure
and experiences, and cultural backgrounds.
 THE BIG FIVE OF FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
(COSTA AND MCCRAE 1992)

Big 5 Trait Example Behavior Example Behavior for HIGH Scorers

for LOW Scorers

Openness Prefers not to be exposed to Enjoys seeing people with new types haircuts and body
alternative moral systems; piercing; curious; imaginative; untraditional
narrow interests; inartistic; not
analytical; down-to- earth

Conscientiousness Prefers spur-of-the-moment Never late for a date; organized; hardworking; neat;
action to planning; unreliable; persevering; punctual; self-disciplined
hedonistic; careless; lax

Extraversion Preferring a quiet evening Being the life of the party; active; optimistic; fun-loving;
reading to a loud party; sober; affectionate
aloof; unenthusiastic

Agreeableness Quickly and confidently asserts Agrees with others about political opinions; good-natured;
own rights; irritable; forgiving; gullible; helpful; forgiving
manipulative; uncooperative;
rude

Neuroticism Not getting irritated by small Constantly worrying about little things; insecure;
annoyances; calm, unemotional; hypochondriacal; feeling inadequate
hardy; secure; self-satisfied

Low Score​ ​ ​ Trait​ ​ ​ ​ High

Practical, conventional, prefers Openness (imagination, feelings, Curious. wide range of interest.
routine actions, ideas) independent

Impulsive. careless, disorganized Conscientiousness Hardworking. dependable.

(competence, self-discipline, organized
thoughtfulness, goal-driven)

Quiet, reserved, withdrawn Extroversion (sociability, Outgoing, warm, seeks adventure

assertiveness, emotional
expression)

Critical, uncooperative. suspicious Agreeableness A (cooperative, Helpful, trusting, empathetic

trustworthy. good-natured)

Calm. even-tempered. secure Neuroticism (tendency toward Anxious, unhappy. prone to negative
unstable emotions) emotions
These dimensions may be described PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
using its most positive traits: Personal effectiveness means
• OPENNESS - curious, interested to new making use of all the personal resources –
ideas, imaginative and creative talents, skills, energy and time, to enable you to
achieve life goals.
• CONSCIENTIOUSNESS - planning,
organizing,
1. Determination. It allows you to focus only on
hardworking, controlling, persevering, and achieving a specific goal without being
punctual distracted by less important things or
• EXTRAVERSION - sociable, talkative, spontaneous desires. It may be developed with
active, outgoing, and fun-loving the help of self-discipline exercise.
•AGREEABLENESS - friendly, warm,
trusting, generous, 2. Self-confidence. It is a result of getting
and kind-hearted aware of yourself, your actions and their
• NEUROTICISM - calm, relaxed, and consequences. One needs to learn about
comfortable yourself and your capabilities, gain a positive
attitude and believe that by performing right
KNOWING ONESELF actions and achieving right goals you will
certainly reach success.
Adolescence is the time when young people
start to ask questions about themselves,
3. Persistence. It makes you keep moving
about their future, and even about their forward regardless of emerging obstacles,
religious and political beliefs. During this problems, laziness, bad emotional state, etc. It
stage of development, the young person reduces the costs of overcoming obstacles. It
grapples with his or her identity thus, can also be developed with the help of
knowing oneself is important. self-discipline exercise.

4. Managing stress. It helps combat stress that

SELF - CONCEPT arises in daily life from the environment and
other people. It increases efficiency in the
Self-concept refers to your awareness of actively changing environment.
yourself. It is the construct that negotiates
these two selves. 5. Problem-solving skills. They help cope with
It connotes the identification of the ideal self the problems encountered with a lack of
as separate from others. experience. It increases efficiency by adopting
It encompasses all the behaviors evaluated new ways of achieving goals when obtaining a
in the actual self that you engage in to reach new experience.
the ideal self.
6. Creativity. It allows you to find extraordinary
ways to carry out a specific action that no one
Ideal self is the self that you aspire to be. It
has tried to use. It can lead to a decrease or an
is the one that you hope will possess increase of costs, but usually the speed of action
characteristics similar to that of a mentor or is greatly increased when using creative tools.
some other worldly figure.
7. Generating ideas. It helps you achieve goals
Actual self/Self-image is the one that you using new, original, unconventional ideas. Idea
actually see. It is the self that has is a mental image of an object formed by the
characteristics that you were nurtured or, in human mind, which can be changed before
some cases, born to have. being implemented in the real world.

Self-knowledge is derived from social

interactions that provide insight into how
others react to you.
KINDS OF PERSON Holistic Development
1. MOVIEGOER. This person watches the Physical​ Emotional
movie of their lives, admires some parts and Spiritual​ Social
criticizes others. The Moviegoer feels she has Mental
absolutely no control of their lives --- except to
comment about it. Moviegoers are the most lRené Descartes
pathetic, miserable people in the world. -French Philosopher

2. ACTOR. This person does not only watch Philosophical Theories

the movie of her life. She actually realizes she's Mind and Body Dualism
the Actor – and can control a big part of her life. One of the modern philosophers of our time,
She can actually make or break the movie - by influenced much of mankind's thinking with his
how well she delivers her lines and how she theory of duality or understanding the nature of
portrays her character. things in a simple, dual mode. People perceive
things as dual in character.
3. SCRIPTWRITER. This person does not only
watch, and she doesn't only act, but she actually Examples of dual character separation
creates the entire movie from her mind. She Body and Spirit​ Yin and Yang
determines what she will say, what she will do, Mind and Body​ Good-bad
and how the movie will end. She takes control Life-death
over her life, and sees to it that the movie of her
life will turn out beautiful.
Holism and Gestalt
Christian von Ehrehfels (1890) - a German
JOURNAL WRITING philosopher and psychologist introduced the
1. It is cost-efficient and available. Emotional concept of gestalt.
stress can be dealt with in many ways like Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition:
talking to a friend over a cup of coffee, eating, "something that is made of many parts and yet is
traveling, shopping, painting and many more but somehow more than or different from the
writing is the most inexpensive. Notebooks and combination of its parts; broadly, the general
pens are easy to find, available and do not cost quality or character of something."
so much.
An example of holism and gestalt is a car. Car is
2. It is preventive and proactive. Writing yields made up of hundreds of different parts.
self-awareness. When you write, you can Separately, these parts do not represent a car,
discover your strengths and limitations. You will but when put together and made to work with
know what your reactions are in different each other, these parts produce a new entity
situations and what better ways to prevent, entirely different from its parts.
avoid, or face your fears.

3. It is creative and productive. Journal writing Sigmund Freud

expounds your imagination. You can see various PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
dimensions of your problem, different points of Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and
view and better solutions. the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method
for treating psychopathology through dialogue
4. Lastly, it is personal and private. Unless you between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud
want to share your stories, you have the choice was born to Galician Jewish parents in the
to keep them to yourself. Writing is your time Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian
alone. It is your way of loving yourself. You will Empire.
not be judged by your writing.
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT ID​ ​ EGO​ ​ SUPEREGO
The process of self- actualization and learning INSTINCTS​ REALITY​ MORALITY
that combines an individual's mental, physical,
social, emotional, and spiritual growth
ID PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE
The only component of personality that is DEVELOPMENT
present from birth. Jean Piaget was a swiss psychologist and
genetic epistemologist. He is most famously
EGO known for his theory of cognitive development
Develops from the id and ensures that the that looked at how children develop intellectually
impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner throughout the course of childhood.
acceptable in the real world.
Suggests that intelligence changes as children
SUPEREGO grow. A child's cognitive development is not just
Holds the internalized moral standards and about acquiring knowledge, the child has to
ideas that we acquire from our parents and develop or construct a mental model of the
society. world.

5 Psychosexual Stages Cognitive development occurs through the

BY SIGMUND FREUD interaction of innate capacities and
environmental events, and children pass through
ORAL (0-2 YRS OLD) a series of stages.
Infant achieves gratification through oral
activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, and According to him human must undergo 4 stages
bubbling. before it gets full human intelligence
The sensory-motor stage
ANAL (2-3 YRS OLD) The preoperational stage
The child learns to respond to some of the
The concrete operational stage
demands of the society (such as bowel and
bladder control. The formal operational stage

PHALLIC (3-7 YRS OLD) The Sensory-motor Stage (Age 0-2)

The child learns to realize the differences -​ Development through experiences and
movements using five senses
between males and females and becomes -​ Object permanence
aware of sexuality. -​ Curiosity
-​ Egocentric
LATENCY (7-11 YRS OLD) The Pre-operational Stage (Age 2-7)
The child continues his or her development but -​ Egocentric
sexual urges are relatively quiet. -​ Symbolic function
GENITAL (11-ADULT) -​ Fantasy (believes that objects are alive)
The growing adolescent shakes off old -​ We learn to speak and understand gestures
dependencies and learns to deal maturely with -​ Pretending
the opposite sex. -​ Intuitive stage
The Concrete Operational Stage (Age 7-11)
-​ Logic
The Various Aspects of Holistic -​ Inductive reasoning
Development of Persons -​ Concept of conservation
1. Physiological​ 2.Cognitive -​ Rearrange thoughts
3. Psychological​ 4. Social -​ Reverse steps
5. Spiritual The Operational Stage (Age 12 up)
-​ Understanding of self and others
-​ Think rationally/scientific reasoning
1.Physiological - physical attributes including -​ Love and hate, success and failure
five physical senses. -​ Deductive reasoning
-​ Think about thinking
2.Cognitive - the intellectual functions of the -​ Final stage of development
mind: thinking, recognizing, reasoning,
analyzing, projecting, synthesizing, recalling and
assessing.
3. Psychological Development -
​ 01 Changes in emotions, feelings, Developmental Stages
moods, and manner of thinking.
​ 02 Ongoing establishments of strongly-
held beliefs, values, and goals in life. Middle & Late Adolescence
​ 03 During adolescence individuals
undergo the process of self-evaluation which Personal Development in Adolescence
leads to long-range goal setting, emotional and Adolescence is the transition period
social independence, and maturity. between childhood and early adulthood.
4. Social Development - You begin to rely Three Stages of Adolescence(Corpuz et
more on your friends or peer groups for support al., 2010)
than your family. However, you are more prone
to peer pressure.
1.​ Early adolescence - 10 to 13 years of
age
5. Spiritual Development - You begin to have
interest in spiritual concerns. You start pondering 2.​ Middle adolescence - 14 to 16 years
on questions concerning existence, essence, of age
spirituality, religion, and God. 3.​ Late adolescence - 17 to 20 years of
age
Thoughts - Refers to the ideas or arrangements
of ideas that result from thinking or the act of Erickson's Identity Theory
producing thoughts. Erik Erickson proposed that there are eight
stages of development. Each stage is
Feelings - Denotes a state of consciousness characterized by a crisis that needs to be
such as that resulting from emotions, resolved.
sentiments, or desires.

Behavior - Refers to the range of actions and Erik Erikson

mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, or PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
any entities in conjunction with their
environment. Erik Homburger Erikson was a
German-American developmental
Inferiority psychologist and psychoanalyst known for
his theory on psychological development of
Inferiority Complex human beings. He may be most famous for
-​ Stagnant of growth in which difficulties coining the phrase identity crisis. His son,
seems too immense to be overcome
-​ Being overcome by a feeling lack of worth
Kai T. Erikson, is a noted American
-​ Feeling that will never will be strong enough sociologist.
-​ Feeling one will never be intelligent enough Born: 15 June 1902, Frankfurt, Germany
Superiority Complex Died: 12 May 1994, Rosewood Manor,
-​ Neurotics repressed feeling of inferiority Harwich, Massachusetts, United States
belief that one is better than others
-​ Feeling no one else is as athletically fit
Full name: Erik Salomonsen
-​ Feeling one’s own ideas are better than Spouse: Joan Erikson (m. 1930-1994)
anyone else’s Education: Bismarck-Gymnasium Karlsruhe
-​ People behave arrogant, exaggerate their (1912-1920).
achievements Akademie der Bildenden Künste München
Children: Sue Erikson, Kai T. Erikson, Jon
Erikson
 Erikson maintained that personality EARLY CHILDHOOD
develops in a predetermined order through (MUSCULAR-ANAL)2-3 years old/ early
eight stages of psychosocial development, childhood (2-4 years)
from infancy to adulthood. During each STAGE 2: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
stage, the person experiences a
psychosocial crisis that could positively or The second stage of Erikson's theory of
negatively affect personality development. psychosocial development takes place during
early childhood and is focused on children
For Erikson (1958, 1963), these developing a greater sense of personal control.
crises are psychosocial because they At this point in development, children are just
involve the psychological needs of the starting to gain a little independence.
They are starting to perform basic actions on
individual (i.e., psycho) conflicting with the
their own and making simple decisions about
needs of society (i.e., social). what they prefer. By allowing kids to make
choices and gain control, parents and caregivers
According to the theory, successful can help children develop a sense of autonomy.
completion of each stage results in a
healthy personality and the acquisition of PLAY AGE/PRESCHOOL
basic virtues. Basic virtues are (LOCOMOTOR-GENITAL)
characteristic strengths that the ego can use 3-5 years old/ preschool age (4-5 years)
to resolve subsequent crises. STAGE 3: initiative vs. guilt
Failure to complete a stage can The third stage of psychosocial development
result in a reduced ability to complete takes place during the preschool years. At this
further stages and, therefore, a more point in psychosocial development, children
unhealthy personality and sense of self. begin to assert their power and control over the
These stages, however, can be resolved world through directing play and other social
successfully at a later time. interactions.
Children who are successful at this stage feel
capable and able to lead others. Those who fail
INFANCY (ORAL SENSORY) birth-18 to acquire these skills are left with a sense of
months/infancy (1-2 years) guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative.
STAGE 1: trust vs. mistrust
SCHOOL AGE (LATENCY)
The first stage of Erikson's theory of
6-11 years old/school age (5-12 years)
psychosocial development occurs between birth
and 1 year of age and is the most fundamental STAGE 4: industry vs. inferiority
stage in life. Because an infant is utterly
dependent, developing trust is based on the The fourth psychosocial stage takes place
dependability and quality of the child's during the early school years from approximately
caregivers. ages 5 to 11. Through social interactions,
At this point in development, the child is utterly children begin to develop a sense of pride in
dependent upon adult caregivers for everything their accomplishments and abilities. Children
they need to survive including food, love, need to cope with new social and academic
warmth, safety, and nurturing. If a caregiver fails demands. Success leads to a sense of
to provide adequate care and love, the child will competence, while failure results in feelings of
come to feel that they cannot trust or depend inferiority.
upon the adults in their life.
ADOLESCENCE Adolescents exploring their sexuality should be
12-18 years old/13-19 years able to draw their limits in terms of sexual
STAGE 5: identity vs. confusion expressions and should be responsible to see
the consequences of their behavior
The fifth psychosocial stage takes place during -​ Academic Concerns
the often turbulent teenage years. This stage The role of a student is the primary role of an
plays an essential role in developing a sense of adolescent who is still in school.
personal identity which will continue to influence -​ Group Belongingness
behavior and development for the rest of a While there is an urge to be independent and
person's life. Teens need to develop a sense of autonomous from family members, there is also
self and personal identity. Success leads to an an urge to seek a replacement of this support
ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads system.
to role confusion and a weak sense of self. -​ Health and Nutrition
Adolescents, because of their growing bodies
ADULTHOOD and brains, are gifted with so much energy that it
40-65 years old seems inexhaustible, resulting in abuse of body
STAGE 7: generativity vs. stagnation and mind.
Adults need to create or nurture things that will -​ Developing Self-Esteem
outlast them, often by having children or creating Adolescents who are creating their self-identity
a positive change that benefits other people. should be objective and balanced when viewing
Success leads to feelings of usefulness and themselves.
accomplishment, while failure results in shallow -​ Roles
involvement in the world. Although the roles seem separate and different
During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, from each other, we must learn to integrate all
focusing on our career and family. Those who these roles.
are successful during this phase will feel that -​ Material Poverty
they are contributing to the world by being active There are a lot of stories about adolescents who
in their home and community. Those who fail to are going through various types of financial
attain this skill will feel unproductive and difficulties.
uninvolved in the world. -​ Parents Working Abroad
Several studies show that migration is indeed
OLD AGE/MATURITY heartbreaking, making them long for parental
65-death care, and even develop consumerist attitudes
STAGE 8: integrity vs. despair -​ Career Choice
The final psychosocial stage occurs during old Adolescents feel that there is an urgent need to
age and is focused on reflecting back on life. At identify what course to take in college and
this point in development, people look back on establish a career in future.
the events of their lives and determine if they are -​ Relationships
happy with the life that they lived or if they regret Maintaining relationships requires a certain level
the things they did or didn't do. of maturity.
-​ Values and Beliefs
Different people may endorse conflicting values
and beliefs.
CHALLENGES DURING ADOLESCENCE

-​ Acquisition of the ability to Skills Filipino Adolescents Should

comprehend abstract ideas. Acquire
Engaging in reckless behaviors. • Being courageous in standing up and being
Experimentation is a common activity different from your friends. Self-esteem
• Avoiding the tendency to please others
THE CHALLENGES OF MIDDLE AND LATE • Learning how media is trying to influence you
ADOLESCENCE • Being aware, critical, and being involved in
social issues.
Challenges Faced by Adolescents •Embracing a healthy lifestyle
-​ Attitudes and behavior toward •Developing your spirituality
sexuality and sexual relationship