Ex 1)

The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and
from work in one European city, in 1950, 1970 and 1990.

This bar chart exemplifies the different modes of transport used to travel to and
from work. The horizontal axis represents the years of 1950, 1970 and 1990. The
vertical axis represents the percentage of total travelers. In 1950, about 35% of
people went to work on foot. Very closely following that, the number of bike
travelers was 30% in comparison with the number of car travelers at 5%. However,
in 1970, the bus became a more popular mode of public transport. As a result, the
number of travelers by bus was the highest at that time, with a figure which was
almost 30%. Moreover, the number of car travelers increased dramatically from just
over 5% in 1950 to over 30% in 1970 due to the popularity of cars (and a period of
stable economy and prosperity for more people). By 1990, the number of car
travelers led the graph with the highest percentage of 35.

To sum up, over the period, while the number of car travelers increased
dramatically, the number of walking travelers decreased steeply. Nowadays, the car
has become the most important public transport to and from work.
Ex2)

This bar chart illustrates the quantity of leisure time enjoyed by both sexes of
different employment status between 1991 and 1992. It can be seen from the chart
that whereas males employed full time spend almost 80 hours on their leisure,
women spend about 78 hours on that. Very closely following that figure,
We can see that the number of hours of leisure time for retired people is almost
identical and very close for both sexes. Another significant point is that females
employed part time could have exactly 40 hours leisure time, which is more that
employed full time females 38 hours. (Be careful here John, is this fact so
interesting? Of course part time workers would be expected to have more leisure
time than full time workers, yes?) Furthermore, males at home spend almost 58
hours on their leisure more than employed full time males.

Overall, males can spend more time on their leisure than females. This is
because females have to do housework instead of enjoying the leisure for them in
their rest time.
Ex 3)

These pie charts illustrate the post-school qualifications held by Australians in the
age groups 25 to 34 and 55 to 69. First of all, the number of people who hold a
degree has increased dramatically from 104,800 of the younger group to 347,500 of
the older group. There has been a significant rise in the number of science, maths
and computers graduates from 10.11 of older group to 18.19 of younger group. In
addition, the number of administration students has increased from 14.98 to 19.08.
However, there was a dramatic decrease in the number of engineering from 19.27
to 9.39 which is a decrease of 50%. Very closely followed this, the number of
medicine students decreased from 11.35 to 7.4. Nevertheless, the number of
student of education and social sciences has remained.
Overall, we can see a dramatic increase of people who hold post-school
qualification and also a significant change in the subjects they chose to study. The
old group preferred to study engineering, compare with the young people’s
preference. Nowadays, many young people want to study in university and also
prefer to study science, math sans computers.
Ex 4)
The diagram describes how plastic is produced and then broken down continuously.

Firstly, cereal crops are harvested and are sent to the factory in order to be used for
making plastic bottles. Secondly, the cereal crops are made into Glucose which is
converted into PHB polymers in a Bacterial fermentation chamber. At this stage, the
PHB polymers are used as materials for plastic bottles such as shampoos and
detergents.

Finally, although some of these plastic bottles could be recycled, nevertheless many
of them are burned or are buried in landfill sites. During this process, oxidation
products are released slowly into the air. This carbon dioxide in the atmosphere falls
back to earth as rain, hail or snow. After the rain has fallen on the land, it is
absorbed by soils and plants such as cereal crops.

The diagram shows Carbon dioxide circle. Despite knowing this problem, the plastic
products are expected to be produced and to be used.
Pencil making

Pencils have two parts. The leads are made of graphite and the cases, of

wood. There are 2 processes that run simultaneously.

Firstly, after the graphite is extracted from ground graphite, it is formed

into graphite rods by a forming presser. Afterwards, the graphite rods have

to be cut to an exact size. Later, these will be put into the pencil.

Secondly, as the wood is cut and is made into wooden slats, it is made

grooves. At this stage, the lead can be put into the grooves. The same two

pieces of wooden slats are glued, then, they made into a sandwich of slats.

Finally, this sandwich of slats is cut into a pencil shape by creating smooth

finished by a shaping machine. As a result of this process, many pencils are

made.

Eventually, the pencils can be delivered to students to study.

 The bar chart shows expenditure on fast foods by income groups in Britain. The
horizontal axis represents three parts divided by income groups. The vertical axis
represents the number of pence per person per week. It is clear that the most
favorite food of high income group is hamburgers with more than 40 pence of
expenditure on the consumption of hamburgers per person per week. The most
consumptive food in average group is hamburgers with 33 pence per person per
week. However, the group which consumes fish and chips most was average group
as well.

The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods. The horizontal axis shows
the year between 1970 and 1990 and the vertical axis shows grammes. In 1970, the
consumption of ‘fish and chips’ exceeded just over 300 grammes. It reduced
gradually until 1985 and then after 1985, it increased slightly. However, the
consumption of hamburgers increased dramatically, it exceeded fish and chips in
1982 and it reached over 500 grammes by 1990. The consumption of pizza
increased minimally until 1985, after then rose suddenly and exceeded the
consumption of fish and chips in 1988.

Overall, it would seem that peoples’ choice of food has changed dramatically since
1980. It is expected that the consumption of hamburgers will continue to rise.
 This line chart shows how John's weight (kg) varied from 1991 to 1995. The

horizontal axis shows the year and its divisions. The vertical axis shows the

weight in kilograms.

John's weight suddenly increased by 2kg from 1991 to 1992. This increase

continued into 1993 with an addition of another 4kg. After this time, John's

weight reached a plateau until, in 1994-1995, he lost 1kg.

The amount of weight increased significantly as much as 6kg from 1991 to

1993. But there was a slight reduction of 1kg from 1994 to 1995.

Nevertheless, John's weight in 1995 was heavier by 5kg than his weight in

1991.

John seems to have relaxed his attention between 1991 and 1993. But it

would seem that he had controlled his weight since 1993. His effort to reduce

his weight also seems to have continued during 1994. If John had exercised

daily between 1991 and 1993, he would not have reached a weight of 6kg.

(EK)
 This line graph shows the average value of a pickup truck versus the

mileage on the truck. The horizontal axis shows the mileage and its divisions.

The vertical axis shows the truck's value.

Water moves in a continuous cycle

The heat of the sun causes water to evaporate from seas, rivers and

lakes. In addition, water vapour is released from the soil and from planets.

As the water vapour then rises into the atmosphere, it cools and condenses

into clouds. The clouds are blown by winds until they reach high ground. At

this stage, the water droplets fall back to earth as rain, hail or snow. After

rain has fallen on land, it either evaporates into the air or it is absorbed by

soils and plants. Some of it also run into rivers and lakes and eventually

reaches the sea.

The diagram describes the cycle of carbon. The fuels burned by factories

and vehicles engender carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide engendering by

factories and cars then rises in the atmosphere, cools and is contained into

clouds. The clouds are blown by winds until they reach high ground. At this

stage, the water droplets containing carbon dioxide fall back to earth as

rain, hail or snow.

After carbon dioxide fallen on land, it either evaporate into the air or plants

take in it. Herbivorous animals then feed the plants containing carbon

dioxide and inhale the air containing it as well. When contaminated plants

and animals die, their remains containing carbon dioxide decay under

ground. Over millions of years, the decaying remains containing it become

fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Eventually, these natural materials are used for fuel. By this continuous
process, the carbon dioxide engender again.
This bar chart shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain.
The horizontal axis shows three parts are divided by income groups. The vertical
axis shows the number of pence per person per week. It is clear that the most
favorite food of high income group was hamburgers and each person spent more
than 40 pence on the consumption of hamburgers per week. However, in low
income groups the most consumptive food was fish and chips and the group which
consumes hamburgers most was average group.
The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods. The horizontal axis shows
the year between 1970 and 1990 and the vertical axis, grammes. In 1970 the
number of consumption of ‘fish and chips’ exceeded just over 300 and reduced
gradually until 1985 and since 1985 increased slightly. However, the consumption of
hamburgers increased dramatically and exceeded over 500 grammes in 1990. The
consumption of pizza increased minimally until 1985, after then rose suddenly and
in 1988 after all, exceeded the consumption of fish and chips.
It would seem that peoples’ choice of food has changed dramatically since 1980.
The consumption of hamburgers will be risen continually.
This diagram shows that the movement of water in a continuous cycle. The heat of
the sun causes water to evaporate from seas, rivers and lakes. In addition, water
vapour is released from the soil and from plants. As the water vapour then rises into
the atmosphere, it cools and condenses into clouds. The clouds are blown by winds
until they reach high ground. At this stage, the water droplets fall back to earth as
rain, hail or snow. After rain has fallen on land, it either evaporates into the air or it
is absorbed by soils and plants. Some of it also run into rivers and lakes and
eventually reaches the sea.
Over the period 1971 to 1997 as a whole, there was a steady decrease in the
consumption of butter and margarine and ad dramatic increase in the consumption
of low-fat spreads. Butter was the most popular fat at the beginning of the period,
and consumption reached a peak of about 150 grams per person per week in about
1975. Since then, there has been a slight decrease in 1981, the consumption of
margarine exceeded that of butter for the first time, but since 1987 there has been
a decline in the consumption of margarine, which seems set to continue. Low-fat
spreads were introduced since 1984, and there has been a dramatic increase in
their consumption since then, so that by about 1994 they were more popular than
either butter or margarine.
 This diagram shows how to collect the information on the weather and

how it is broadcast. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology selects current

information from satellite, radar and drifting buoy. The satellite sends

satellite photo taken of the changing of the pressure in the sky, the radar

shows information about the direction and strength of the wind on the

screen and the drifting buoy send the information of the wave of the sea,

which can be shown on the synoptic chart, to the main computer system in

the Bureau of meteorology. The computer can classify and make chart and

graph the information. These should be broadcast on TV and radio, and also

can respond to asker by telephone. As a result of this process, we can get

some useful weather information for our normal and leisure life.
 The data shows the differences of participation between developing

countries and industrialised countries in education and science in 1980 and

1990.

The first bar chart compares the average years of schooling between

developing countries and industrialised countries. The number of year of

schooling in developing countries, was 2.5 in 1980 and just over 3 in 1990

compared with 8.5 in 1980 and 11 in 1990 in industrialised countries, which

was fourfold.

The second chart shows the similar trend, which shows the number of

scientist and technicians per 100 people. In developing countries, the

number was just 10 in 1980 and 18 in 1990, whereas the number was 42 in

1980 and about 70 in 1990 in industrialised countries.

Finally, the third graph shows the money spending on research and

development in each. The number of money decreased slightly between

1980 and 1990 in developing countries. However, the industrialised

countries spend 160 billion $ in 1980 and 350 bn in 1980, which increased

dramatically.

Overall, the industrialised countries invest the more money for education

and development compare with the developing countries.

 This diagram shows how acid rain is formed. Initially, heavy industry emits

pollutions such as sulphur and nitrogen into the atmosphere. Theses

pollutions are then carried by the wind and deposited far away as acid rain.

Eventually, this kills vegetation and poisons water resources.

Level out – 한계에 달하다. 더 이상 변동 가능성이 없는

a steady downward trend

a corresponding increase in activity X