GENERAL MATHEMATICS

MODULE 4

LESSON 1 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

 Learning Competency:
The learner represents real-life situations using rational functions.
Review!
Before going further, let us try to recall about function.

 The first coordinates called domain and second coordinates called range.
 A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y – values.

Answer the following:

DISCUSSION
Starting point!
 Polynomial function p of degree n is a function that can be written in the form:
n n−1 n−2
p ( x )=a n x +an −1 x + an−2 x +…+ a1 x +a 0, where a 0 , a1 , … , an−1 , an , are real numbers, a n ≠ 0.
 A linear function f is a constant function if f ( x )=mx+b , where m = 0 and b are any real number.
 A function f is a linear function if f ( x )=mx+b , where m and b are real numbers and m and f(x) are both not equal to 0.
 A quadratic function is any equation of the form:
2
f ( x )=ax + bx+ c , where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
Example 1:
Given the polynomial function f ( x )=10+ 3 x −x2 +3 x 3, find:
a. The degree of the polynomial (Highest exponent in the polynomial) -- (3)
b. The leading coefficient (Constant term in the leading term) -- (3 x 3 ¿ –> (3)
c. The constant term (an integer without variable or letter) -- (10)
d. The number of zeroes (Depends on the degree of the polynomial) -- (3)
Rational Function
N (x )
- is a function of the form f ( x )= where N ( x ) and D( x ) are polynomial function and D( x ) ≠ 0.
D( x )
Example 2:
Determine whether the following function is a rational, not a rational or undefined.
1
a. f ( x )=
x
5 x +1
b. g(x) =
3
c. h ( x )=
√ x +5
2
2
3
d. i(x) = x +3 x−4
2
2x
x+5
e. j ( x )=
0
Solution:
a. Rational Function: Both the numerator and denominator are polynomials.
b. Rational Function: Both the numerator and denominator are polynomials.
c. Not a Rational Function: The numerator is not a polynomial.
d. Not a Rational Function: The numerator is not a polynomial.
e. Undefined: Because zeros appear in the denominators, the fractions are undefined.

LESSON 2 RATIONAL FUNCTION, and EQUATION

 Learning Competency:
 The learner evaluates a function.
 The learner solves rational equations and inequalities.

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 Review!
Rational Expression
A
- A rational expression can be written in the form where A and B are polynomials and B ≠ 0
B
 Rational Expression are also called Algebraic Fractions.
Example:
2 xy
a.
3
2
b.
x +2 x+ 2
3 x −1
2
c.
x −1
2
d. √
x 2 +3
2
1

e. x2
x
 Examples a, b and c are rational expressions, and examples d and e are not rational expressions.
Polynomials-It is an expression consisting of term or a sum of signed terms in which all variables have positive exponents.

DISCUSSION
Rational Equation
- Is an equation that contains one or more rational expressions.
Examples:
The following are examples of rational equations:
3 x 3−2 x
a. =
2 5
x 1 3x
b. + =
3 15 5
5
c. 10=
x
3
x +3 2 x
d. =
50 3
R Solving Rational Equation
U 1. Eliminate the rational expressions in the equation by multiplying both sides of the equation by the LCD
L
2. Solve the equation
E
3. Check your solution
Examples:
3 x 3−x x 1 3x ¿ x+3 2 x
a. = b. + = c. =
2 5 3 15 5 x−3 x−3
Solution 1:
3 x 3−x
a. =
2 5
 10(
3x
2
)= ( )
3−x
5
10 - Multiply both side by the LCD, 10

 15 x=6−2 x - Apply the Distributive property then simplify

 15 x+ 2 x=6 -Add 2x from both sides
 17 x=6 - Combine like terms then simplify
6
 x= - Divide both sides by 17
17
Check:
3 x 3−x
 =
2 5
6 6
3( ) 3−( )
 17 17 - Substitute the value of x
=
2 5

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 18 17 6
3. −
 17 17 17 - Apply Distributive property then simplify
=
2 5
18 51−6
∗1
 17 17
=
2 5
45
 18 17
=
34 5
45
∗1
 18 17
=
34 5
18 45
 =
34 85
9 9
 = - True and correct
17 17
6
- So, is the solution.
17
Solution 2:
x 1 3x
b. + =
3 15 5
x 1
 15( +
3 15
)=
3x
5 ( )
15 - Multiply both side by the LCD
 5 x+ 1=9 x - Apply Distributive property then simplify
 1=9 x−5 x - Subtract 5x to both sides
 1/4=4 x /4 - Combine like terms
1
 =x - Divide both sides by 4
4
Check:
x 1 3x
 + =
3 15 5
1 1
3( )
 4 1 4 - Substitute the value of x
+ =
3 15 5
1 3
∗1 ∗1
 4 1 4 - Apply Distributive property then simplify
+ =
3 15 5
1 1 3
 + =
12 15 20
5+4 3
 =
60 20
9 3
 =
60 20
3 3
 = - True and correct
20 20
1
−So , is the solution.
4
Solution 3:
¿ x+3 2 x
c. =
x−3 x−3
 x−3 ( ¿xx−3+3 )=( x−3
2x
) x−3 - Multiply both side by the LCD

 x +3=2 x - Apply Distributive Property then simplify

 3=2 x−x - Subtract x to the both sides
 3=x - Combine like terms
Check:

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 ¿ x+3 2 x
 = - Substitute 3 for x
x−3 x−3
¿ 3+3 2(3)
 =
3−3 3−3
6 6
 = Division by 0 is undefined.
0 0
- Because zeros appear in the denominators, the fractions are undefined. Thus, 3 is a false solution and the equation has no
solution. Such false solutions are often called extraneous solutions.
Extraneous Solutions
- Is an apparent solution that does not solve its equation.
Rational Inequality
- It is composed of rational expressions combined with a ≥, ≤, <, or > sign.
Examples:
The following are examples of rational inequalities:
3 x 3−2 x
a. >
2 5
x 1 3x
b. + <
3 15 5
5
c. 10 ≤
x
3
x +3 2 x
d. ≥
50 3
MODULE 4 – LESSON 1
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Write your answers on the space provided for each item. (1 point each answer)
A. Find the degree of the polynomial, the leading coefficient, the constant term, and the number of zeroes given the
following polynomial functions:
1. f ( x )=2 x 3−5 x 2+ 10 x +¿ 14
2. f ( x )=x 2 +5 x−¿19
B. Determine whether the following is a rational function, not a rational function or undefined.
x−7
1. f ( x )=
√ x 3−343
2
x +7 x
2. f ( x )=
x+ 2
1
3
3. 2 x +5 x−4
f ( x )=
x −3
2
4. f ( x )=
2 x −2 x−12
2 x+ 4
2
5. f ( x )=3 x −18 x +15
9 x−5
6. f ( x )=
0
MODULE 4 – LESSON 2
ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Write your answers on the space provided for each item.
A. Given the following expression, decide whether each is a rational function, a rational equation, and a rational
inequality or none of these. (1 point each answer)
a. y=x 2 +2 x+1 _____________________
2
x +5
b. f ( x )= _____________________
2 x−1
c. √ x −4=8
2
_____________________
x−3 3x
d. ≥ _____________________
5 x +1 1−4 x
2
3−4 x
e. f ( x )= _____________________
2+5 x
B. Solve each equation and check the solution. (5 points)

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 y 2 1
1. − =
9 5 3

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 5

LESSON
1 RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

R Solving Rational Inequalities

U 1. Write the inequality with a single rational expression on the left-hand side of the inequality and zero on the
L right-hand side of the inequality.
E 2. Determine the meaningful numbers by setting the numerator equal to zero and setting the denominator equal to
zero.
3. Use the meaningful numbers to separate the number line into intervals.
4. Test for the meaningful numbers if they make the inequality true or false. If true, then they are part of the
solution. If false, then they are not part of the solution.
- Get the values in each interval and substitute these into the inequality.
- If the test value makes the inequality true, then the entire interval is a solution to the inequality.

Express the answer in interval notation. (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, +∞)

- If the test value makes the inequality false, then the entire interval is not a solution to the inequality.
5.

Examples:
x +1
a. . ≤0
x−4
Solution 1:
1. Already done x +1
≤0
S x−4
T 2. Get the meaningful numbers. Set both the Numerator:
E numerator and the denominator equal to x +1=0
P zero. Then, solve. Test the meaningful x=−1
S numbers. −1+1 0
Test -1: = =0 ≤ 0
−1−4 −5
- True. Thus, -1 is a solution.

Denominator:
x−4=0
x=4
Test 4:
4+1 5
= =¿ Undefined.
4−4 0
- False. Thus, 4 is not a solution.
3. Separate the number line into intervals using
the numbers found in Step 2. A B C

-1 4
4. Get test values for A, B and C For test A, test -2
x +1
≤0
x−4
−2+1
 ≤0
−2−4
−1
 ≤0
−6
1
 ≤0 -- False
6
 Thus, interval A is not a solution.
For test B, test 0

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 x +1
≤0
x−4
0+1
 ≤0
0−4
1
 ≤0
−4
−1
 ≤0 -- True
4
 Thus, interval B is a solution.
For test C, test 5
x +1
≤0
x−4
5+1
 ≤0
5−4
6
 ≤0
1
 6≤0 -- False
 Thus, interval C is not a solution.
5. Answer in interval notation. [-1, 4)
A B C

-1 4

REMEMBER!

A rational equation is an equation involving rational expressions. A rational inequality is an inequality

involving rational expressions. A rational function of the form 𝒇(𝒙) = where N(𝑥) and D(𝑥) are
N ( x)

polynomial function and D(𝑥) is not the zero function.

Solving Rational Equation D( x)
R
U 1. Eliminate the rational expressions in the equation by multiplying both sides of the equation by the
L LCD
E 2. Solve the equation
3. Check your solution

Solving Rational Inequalities

6. Write the inequality with a single rational expression on the left-hand side of the inequality and
zero on the right-hand side of the inequality.
7. Determine the meaningful numbers by setting the numerator equal to zero and setting the
denominator equal to zero.
Check yourUse
8. the meaningful numbers to separate the number line into intervals.
understanding!
9. Test for the meaningful numbers if they make the inequality true or false. If true, then they are
part of the solution. If false, then they are not part of the solution.
- Get the values in each interval and substitute these into the inequality.
- If the test value makes the inequality true, then the entire interval is a solution to the
inequality.
- If the test value makes the inequality false, then the entire interval is not a solution to the
inequality.

LESSON

2
 Learning Competency:
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
 The learner finds the domain and range of a rational function.
Review!
N (x )
Before going further, let us try to recall about rational function. A rational function of the form f ( x )= where

N(𝑥) and D(𝑥) are polynomial function and D(𝑥) is not the zero function / D(𝑥) ≠ 0.
D(x )

Question: Why is it important for the denominator part of the rational function must not a zero function?

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DISCUSSION
Starting point!
N (x )
Domain of a rational function f ( x )=
D(x )
- The domain of a rational function is all the values of x that will make D(x) equal to zero.

N (x )
Range of a rational function f ( x )=
D(x )
- The range of a rational function is the set of all values that 𝑓(𝑥) will take.

{𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 1}
The domain and range of a function can be written in two ways:

(−∞, 1) ∪ (1, +∞)

Set Notation:
Interval Notations:
Example 1:
4
Consider the function f ( x )= , find the domain and its range.
x +2
Solution:
, equate the denominator to 0 to solve for 𝑥.
4
To get the domain of f ( x )=
𝑥+2=0
x +2

𝑥 + 2 + (−2) = 0 + (−2)
𝑥 = −2,
Subtract 2 to both sides then simplify

Observe that the function become undefined at 𝑥 = −2.

This means that 𝑥 = −2 is not included as the domain of 𝑓(𝑥).
-

Writing it in set notation we have: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ −2}

-

Writing it in interval notation we have: (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, +∞)

-
-
4
- To get the range of f ( x )= , we first graph the function.
x +2

4
3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

-2

-3

-4

-5

Based on the graph, the range of the function is {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ | 𝑦 ≠ 0}

Domain: {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 0} Range: {𝑦 ∈ ℝ|𝑦 ≠ 0}

Answer:

Example 2:
2
x −6 x +8
Give the domain and range of 2
x −3 x −4
Solution:

, equate the denominator to zero to solve for 𝑥. However, factor first the numerator
2
x −6 x +8
To get the domain of 2
x −3 x −4
and denominator to get:

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 2
x −6 x +8 ( x−4 ) (x−2)
2
--- , x ≠ 4, x ≠ -1
( x−4)(x +1)
For all values except 𝑥 = 4, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is the same as the graph of
x −3 x −4
-

𝑔(𝑥) =
X−2
X +1
5

4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

-2

-3

-4

-5

The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) will be the same as the graph of 𝑔(𝑥), except that it will have an open circle at (4,
1
- ) to show that it

is undefined at 𝑥 = 4.
2

- Writing in the set notation, the domain of the function is {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ −1}
- Writing in the interval notation, we have: (−∞, − 1) ∪ (−1, + ∞)
- Based on graph, the range of the function 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥−2) (𝑥+1) is {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ | 𝑦 ≠ 1}.
REMEMBER!

To get the domain of the rational function, just equate the denominator to zero to solve for
x. Meanwhile, finding the range of the function needs the function to be graph first. Both the
domain and range can be written in a set notation or interval notation form of writing.
Check your understanding! (Try to answer this one in a piece of paper and check your answer using the key to correction below)
1
Find the domain and range of the function 3
x
END OF THE LESSON

MODULE 5 – LESSON 1
Direction: Solve the given rational inequalitu. Show your complete solution
x−2
1.
x−4
>0
MODULE 5 – LESSON 2
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Write your answers on the space provided for each item.
A. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. (5 points each)
1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 15x + 9, which of the following is the domain of the function?
a. {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ|𝑥 = 9}
b. {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ|𝑥 = 15}
c. {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ|𝑥 ≠ −9}/
d. {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 15}
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
3 x −3
, which of the following is the range of the function?
2 x +6
a. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 = 3}

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 b. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 = }
3
2
c. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 ≠ −3}
d. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 ≠ }
3
2
3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
3 x +8
, which of the following is the domain of the function?
x
a. {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ|𝑥 = 3}
b. {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ|𝑥 = 0}
c. {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 0}
d. {𝑥 𝜖 ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 3}
4. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = =
3 x +8
, which of the following is the range of the function?

a. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 = 3}
x

b. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 = 0}
c. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 ≠ 0}
d. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 ≠ 3}
5. Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
2
2 x −8 x +8
2 , which of the following is the range of the function?
x −4
a. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 ≠ 2}
b. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 = 0}
c. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 ≠ 0}
d. {𝑦 𝜖 ℝ|𝑦 = 2}

B. TRUE or FALSE. (5 points each)

2 x+7 −7
1. The domain of the function f ( x )= is all real number except . ____
x 2
2. The range of the function is the set of all values that 𝑓(𝑥) will take. _____
3. In a rational function, the denominator must not be a zero function. _____
2
5 x −6 5
4. The range of the function f ( x )= is all real number except .______
3x
2
3
5. The domain of the function is the set of all the values that the variable x can take or the set of values for which the
function is defined. _______

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