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SKAA1213 Lesson 3 Equilibrium of A Particle

This document covers the principles of equilibrium for particles in engineering mechanics, including the use of free body diagrams (FBD) and Newton's laws of motion. It details the analysis of forces acting on particles in both 2D and 3D, incorporating examples involving springs, cables, and pulleys. The document also provides procedures for drawing FBDs and solving equilibrium equations to determine unknown forces.

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Yousef Abdulrahman
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27 views47 pages

SKAA1213 Lesson 3 Equilibrium of A Particle

This document covers the principles of equilibrium for particles in engineering mechanics, including the use of free body diagrams (FBD) and Newton's laws of motion. It details the analysis of forces acting on particles in both 2D and 3D, incorporating examples involving springs, cables, and pulleys. The document also provides procedures for drawing FBDs and solving equilibrium equations to determine unknown forces.

Uploaded by

Yousef Abdulrahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SKAA1213 Engineering Mechanics

Lesson 3 Equilibrium of a
Particle
 Introduction
 Free Body Diagram (FBD)
 Equilibrium of a Particle in 2D
 Equilibrium of a Particle in 3D
 Particle at equilibrium if:
◦ At rest
◦ Moving at constant a constant velocity

 Newton’s first law of motion:


◦ ∑F = 0
◦ where ∑F is the vector sum of all the forces
acting on the particle
 Newton’s second law of motion:
◦ ∑F = ma
◦ When the force fulfill Newton's first law of
motion:
◦ ma = 0
◦a=0
◦  the particle is moving in constant velocity or at
rest
 Springs
◦ Linear elastic spring: change in length is directly
proportional to the force acting on it
◦ spring constant or stiffness k: defines the
elasticity of the spring
◦ Magnitude of force when spring
is elongated or compressed:
◦ ➔ F = ks
 Cables and Pulley:
◦ Cables (or cords) are assumed
negligible weight and cannot
stretch
◦ Tension always acts in the
direction of the cable
◦ Tension force must have a
constant magnitude for
equilibrium
◦ For any angle θ, the cable is
subjected to a constant
tension T
 Best representation of all the unknown
forces (∑F) which acts on a body
 A sketch showing the particle “free” from
the surroundings with all the forces acting
on it
 Two common connections
in this subject:
◦ Spring
◦ Cables and Pulleys
 Procedure for Drawing a FBD:
◦ Draw outlined shape
◦ Show all the forces:
 Active forces: particle in motion
 Reactive forces: constraints that prevent motion
◦ Identify each forces
 Known forces with proper magnitude and direction
 Letters used to represent magnitude and directions
 The sphere has a mass of 6kg and is
supported. Draw a free-body diagram of:
◦ Sphere,
◦ Cord CE
◦ Knot at C.
 FBD at Sphere
◦ Two forces acting, weight and the
force on cord CE.
◦ Weight of 6kg (9.81m/s2) = 58.9N
 Cord CE
◦ Two forces acting:
sphere and knot
◦ Newton’s 3rd Law:
 FCE is equal but
opposite
 FCE and FEC pull the cord
in tension
 For equilibrium, FCE =
FEC
 FBD at Knot
◦ 3 forces acting: cord CBA, cord CE and spring CD

◦ Important: the weight of the sphere does not act


directly on the knot but subjected to by the cord
CE
◦ A particle is subjected to
coplanar forces in the x-y
plane
◦ Resolve into i and j
components for equilibrium:
◦ ∑Fx = 0
◦ ∑F y = 0
◦ Scalar equations of equilibrium
require that the algebraic sum
of the x and y components to
equal to zero
 Procedure for Analysis:
1. Free-Body Diagram
 Establish the x, y axes
 Label all the unknown and known forces

2. Equations of Equilibrium
 Apply the equations of equilibrium:
 ∑F x = 0
 ∑F y = 0
 For spring, apply F = ks to find spring force. Mark
negative result force as the reserve forces.
◦ Determine the magnitudes of F1 and F2 so that
particle P is in equilibrium.

y
F2
20o

300 N P 30o x
F1
◦ The free-body diagram is given, so forming the
equilibrium equations:
◦ ΣFx = F1cos30o – F2sin20o - 300N = 0

◦ ΣFy = – F1sin30o + F2cos20o = 0

◦ Solve these 2 equations simultaneously:


◦ F1 = 439 N
◦ F2 = 233 N
◦ The members of a truss are pin-connected at
joint O as shown. Determine the magnitudes of F
and T for equilibrium.

4 kN y

60o

T O x

45o
F
6 kN
y
4 kN
◦ Draw the FBD:
60o O
T x
45o
F
6 kN
◦ Form equilibrium equation:
◦ ΣFx: T + 4cos60o – F cos45o = 0
◦ ΣFy: -4sin60o – F sin45o + 6 = 0

◦ Solve the equations:


◦ F = 3.59 kN, T = 0.536 kN
 Determine the mass that must be supported
at A and the angle θ of the connecting cord
in order to hold the system in equilibrium.

C 60o D θ A
30 kg

B
40 kg
◦ Free-body diagram of point D:

FC = 30(g) y
FA = mA(g)

60o y θx
D

FB = 40 (g)
◦ For equilibrium of point D:
◦ ΣFx : (mAg)cosθ – (30g)cos60o = 0 (1)
◦ ΣFy : (mAg)sinθ + (30g)sin60o – 40g = 0 (2)

◦ The common factor “g” canceled out gives:


◦ mA cosθ = 15 (3)
◦ mA sinθ = 14.02 (4)

◦ Divide (4) / (3):


14.02
tan  = = 0.935   = 43.1o

15
◦ Solve for mA using equation (1):

15kg
mA = o
= 20.5kg
cos 43.1
Determine the required length of the cord AC so
that the 8kg lamp is suspended. The undeformed
length of the spring AB is l’AB = 0.4m, and the
spring has a stiffness of kAB = 300N/m.
 FBD at Point A
◦ Three forces acting, force by cable AC, force in
spring AB and weight of the lamp.
◦ If force on cable AB is known, stretch of the
spring is found by F = ks.
 Form equilibrium equation:
◦ +→ ∑Fx = 0; TAB – TAC cos30º = 0
◦ +↑ ∑Fy = 0; TACsin30º – 78.5 = 0

◦ Solving the equation gives:


◦ TAB = 136.0N
◦ TAC = 157.0N
◦ TAB = kABsAB;
◦ 136.0N = 300N/m(sAB)
◦ sAB = 0.453m

◦ For stretched length,


◦ lAB = l’AB+ sAB
◦ lAB = 0.4m + 0.453m = 0.853m

◦ For horizontal distance BC,


◦ 2m = lACcos30°+ 0.853m
◦ lAC = 1.32m
 Three scalar equations representing
algebraic sums of the x, y, z forces
◦ ∑Fxi = 0
◦ ∑Fyj = 0
◦ ∑Fzk = 0
 Procedure for Analysis:
◦ Draw FBD
◦ Establish the z, y, z axes
◦ Label all known and unknown force

◦ Equations of Equilibrium
◦ Apply ∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0 and ∑Fz =0
◦ Negative results indicate that the sense of the
force is opposite to that shown in the FBD
 Determine the force
developed in each cable
used to support the
40kN crate.

Still remember
about
unit vector ‘u’?!
 Draw FBD at Point A
 Equations of Equilibrium
◦ FB = FB(rB / rB) (←unit vector)
◦ = {-0.318FBi – 0.424FBj + 0.848FBk} kN

◦ FC = FC (rC / rC)
◦ = {-0.318FCi + 0.424FCj + 0.848FCk} kN

◦ FD = {FDi} kN

◦ W = {-40k} kN
 For equilibrium:
◦ ∑F = 0; FB + FC + FD + W = 0

◦ {-0.318FBi – 0.424FBj + 0.848FBk} +


◦ { -0.318FCi + 0.424FCj + 0.848FCk} +
◦ {FDi} + {-40k} = 0

◦ ∑Fx = 0; -0.318FB - 0.318FC + FD = 0


◦ ∑Fy = 0; – 0.424FB + 0.424FC =0
◦ ∑Fz = 0; 0.848FB + 0.848FC - 40 = 0
 Solving the equations:
◦ FB = FC = 23.6kN
◦ FD = 15.0kN
◦ The 25 kg pot is supported at point A by the
three cables. Determine the force acting in each
cable for equilibrium. z
C

B
D
60o
30o
30o 45o
y
A
x
 Draw FBD:
z C
FAC

D FAB B
60o 30o
30o 45o
y
FAD A
x
245 N

25kg = 25×9.81 = 245N


 Express each of the forces as a Cartesian
vector:
◦ FAB = FAB {cos45oj + sin45ok}
◦ FAC = FAC {-sin30oi – cos30osin60oj
+ cos30ocos60ok}
◦ FAD = FAD {sin30oi – cos30o sin60oj
+ cos30ocos60ok}
◦ F = -245k
 Equilibrium equations at A:

◦ ΣFx : -FAC sin30o + FAD sin30o = 0

◦ ΣFy : FAB cos45o – FAC cos30osin60o


- FAD cos30osin60o = 0

◦ ΣFz : FAB sin45o + FAC cos30ocos60o


+ FAD cos30ocos60o – 245 N = 0
 Solve these equations simultaneously:

◦ FAB = 220 N
◦ FAC = 103.7 N
◦ FAD = 103.7 N
◦ The 10kg lamp is
suspended from the
three equal-length
cords. Determine its
smallest vertical
distance, ‘s’ from the
ceiling if the force
developed in any cord
cannot exceed 50N.
◦ 10kg = 10 × 9.81
= 98.1N

 Draw FBD:
◦ DA = DB = DC = 600mm
◦ Tension ‘T’ in all three
cords are same
◦ Angle between each cord
to z-axis is 
 Equilibrium equations:
◦ ΣFz = 0
◦ 3[50 × cos ] – 98.1 = 0
◦  = cos-1[98.1/150] = 49.16o

 From the shaded triangle in the FBD shown:


◦ tan 49.16o = 600/s
◦ s = 519mm
◦ Determine the tension in each chord used to
support the 100kg crate.
◦ Draw FBD:
◦ Weight, W = 100kg
◦ = 100(9.81)
◦ = 981N
◦ Express each force in Cartesian vector:
◦ FB = FB i

◦ FC = FC (cos120o)i + FC (cos135o)i + FC (cos60o)k


◦ = {-0.5FC i – 0.707FC j + 0.5FC k} kN

r   − 1i + 2 j + 2k 
FD = FD   = FD  
r  (− 1) + (2) + (2) 
2 2 2

= −0.333FD i + 0.667FD j + 0.667FD k


◦ W = {-981k} N
 For equilibrium:
◦ ∑F = 0; FB + FC + FD + W = 0
◦ {FB – 0.5FC – 0.333FD} i +
◦ { -0.707FC – 0.667FD} j +
◦ {0.5FC + 0.667FD – 981} k = 0

◦ ∑Fx = 0; FB - 0.5FC – 0.333FD = 0 (1)


◦ ∑Fy = 0; – 0.707FC + 0.667FD= 0 (2)
◦ ∑Fz = 0; 0.5FC + 0.667FD - 981= 0 (3)
 Solve these equations simultaneously:

◦ FC = 813 N
◦ FD = 862 N
◦ FB = 694 N

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