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Bone lecture

Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides support, facilitates movement, and protects organs, composed of a calcified extracellular matrix and various bone cells. It undergoes continuous remodeling, balancing resorption and formation, and serves essential functions such as mineral storage and structural integrity. The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, categorized into compact and cancellous types, and formed through intramembranous and endochondral ossification processes.

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5 views

Bone lecture

Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides support, facilitates movement, and protects organs, composed of a calcified extracellular matrix and various bone cells. It undergoes continuous remodeling, balancing resorption and formation, and serves essential functions such as mineral storage and structural integrity. The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, categorized into compact and cancellous types, and formed through intramembranous and endochondral ossification processes.

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علي عباس صبار مشكور
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bone

Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides structural support, facilitates


movement, and protects vital organs.

Bone is composed of calcified extracellular matrix with collagen fibers and bone cells (osteocytes
,osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteogenic cells). Uncalcified matrix of the bone is called osteoid
which becomes mineralised by the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite, thus giving the bone
considerable rigidity and strength.

The adult human skeleton is composed of 206 bones.

Bone has nerve and blood supply.

It also has four main types of cells:

1. Osteoblast: Bone forming cell

2. Osteoclast: Bone resorbing cell originates from circulating monocyte..

3. Osteocytes: Osteocytes are found in cavities or lacunae between the


layers of the bone matrix and assist with the nutrition of the bone.

Bone is covered by periosteum and lined by endosteum.

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4. Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cell : Stem cell found on outer surface
(periosteum) and inner surfaces endosteum) of the bone responsible for
continuous formation of new generations of osteoblast.

The bone is in continuous process of remodeling or renewal through the


life.

The remodeling involves resorption by osteoclast and formation of new


bone by osteoblast. The adult skeleton is renewed by remodeling every 10
years.

Why remodeling of the bone is important:

1. Allows bone to respond to loads (stresses ( :This important in


orthodontic.

2. Maintain materials properties.

3. Allows repair of microdamage.

4. Participates in serum Ca2+ regulation.

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Functions of Bone:
*Structural support

*Protection

*Movement

*Mineral storage for calcium and phosphate ions : These ions are taken
during the process of resorption of the bone and taken back to the blood
circulation when the level of these ions is decreased in the other parts of the
body.
• Bone composition
2+ -
– 70% mineral (Ca and PO4 as hydroxyapatitie)
– 22% protein (95% Type I collagen + 5%
proteoglycans and other materials)
– 8% water
• Two major types of bone
– Compact (cortical, i.e., long bones)
Which gives mechanical and protective functions
Cancellous (spongy, i.e., vertebrae.

Volkmann's canal: small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from
the periosteum into the bone and that lie perpendicular to and
communicate with the Haversian canals.

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Types of bone:

1. Primary bone (embryonic) : All the bones of the embryo are primary
bones when first formed. They are usually temporary and, except in a very
few places in the body (eg, near the sutures of the flat bones of the skull).
Other characteristics of primary bone tissue are a lower mineral content.

2. Secondary Bone has two types:

a. Compact bone : is usually found in adults. It characteristically shows


collagen fibers arranged in lamellae that are parallel to each other or
concentrically organized around a vascular canal called Haversian canal.

b. Cancellous or spongy bone: is a network of interconnecting trabeculae


orientated in a position to provide the maximum strength for the minimum
mass.It is found in the bones of skull, the head of the femur, and part of the

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alveolar bone. The trabeculae have a thin external coating of endosteum
containing osteoblasts.

The image is showing the Haversian canal in compact bone

Bone formation (ossification): Ossification is the process of the


synthesis of bone. There are two types of ossification.

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N.B.: Osteoid, which is the unmineralized matrix composed of type I
collagen and glycosaminoglycans.

1. Intramembranous ossification: forms flat and irregular bones. It takes


place within condensations of mesenchymal tissue. In this process,
mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts; specialized cells
that secrete bone matrix. . The process begins when groups of cells
differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts produce bone matrix and
calcification follows.. The osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes and their
processes are enclosed within canaliculi as the matrix becomes calcified.

2. Endochondral ossification : Occurs in long and short bones.

Endochondral (Gr. endon, within, + chondros, cartilage) ossification takes


place within a piece of hyaline cartilage whose shape resembles a small
version, or model, of the bone to be formed. This type of ossification is
principally responsible for the formation of short and long bones.

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The epiphyseal growth plate lies at the interface between the shaft
and the epiphysis and is the region in which cartilage proliferates to cause
the elongation of the bone.

7Page Dr. Akram Yousif Yasear

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