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DIP Lect 5

The document discusses point operations and multiple image operations in digital image processing, highlighting their applications in enhancing visual appearance, motion tracking, and preprocessing. It explains the importance of image histograms for understanding image features like color intensity, contrast, and brightness, and how they can be used for segmentation. Additionally, it covers intensity transformations to improve contrast in poorly contrasted images through methods such as gamma correction and histogram equalization.

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24 views21 pages

DIP Lect 5

The document discusses point operations and multiple image operations in digital image processing, highlighting their applications in enhancing visual appearance, motion tracking, and preprocessing. It explains the importance of image histograms for understanding image features like color intensity, contrast, and brightness, and how they can be used for segmentation. Additionally, it covers intensity transformations to improve contrast in poorly contrasted images through methods such as gamma correction and histogram equalization.

Uploaded by

ams2010sams2010s
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Image Processing

Assoc. Prof. Mina Ibrahim


Lecture 5
POINT OPERATIONS
Multiple Image Operations
Perform operations between two images or more
for:
 Enhance the image visual appear.

 Getting specific part of image between similar images.(eg.


motion tracking)

 For some preprocessing purposes.

Hint: prepare the two images (size and color)


Multiple Image Operations
Assume two images x1 and x2: the possible operations
between x1 and x2:
Example
Operation Results
Background Subtraction
Background Subtraction
Background Subtraction
Image Histogram

 It is a graph indicating the number of times


each grey level occurs in the image.
Color Image Histogram

4 5
x 10 x 10
9 9000 3.5

8 8000
3

7 7000

2.5
6 6000

2
5 5000

4 4000
1.5

3 3000
1

2 2000

0.5
1 1000

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Color Image Histogram

4 4
x 10 x 10
10 12000 2.5

10000
8 2

7
8000

6 1.5

5 6000

4 1

4000
3

2 0.5
2000

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Color Image Histogram

4 5 5
x 10 x 10 x 10
10 3 3.5

9
3
2.5
8

2.5
7
2

6
2

5 1.5

1.5
4

1
3
1

2
0.5
0.5
1

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Why Histogram?

To know image features:


 Most color(intensity) in the image
 Image Contrast
 Image Brightness
For segmentation purpose
 A threshold can be used to segment the image
into parts.
Histogram Image features
In a dark image, the grey levels would be clustered at
the lower end.
In a uniformly bright image, the grey levels would be
clustered at the upper end.
In a well contrasted image, the grey levels would be
well spread out over much of the range.
Image Contrast
The contrast of an image is its distribution of light and
dark pixels.
Low contrast images are mostly dark, mostly light, or
mostly gray. The histogram of the low contrasted
image are concentrated on the left, right, or middle.
High contrast images have regions of both dark and
light. The image utilize the full range available. The
problem is that they have large regions of dark and
large regions of white.
Image Contrast
Image Contrast
Image Contrast
Image Contrast
Intensity Transform
Given a poorly contrasted image, we would like to
enhance its contrast, by spreading out its histogram.
Intensity Transform is a point process that coverts an
old pixel into a new pixel based on some predefined
function like Gamma correction, Histogram
stretching, Histogram equalization, and Histogram
matching (specification)
These transformations are easily implemented with
simple look-up tables.

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