INDEX

PHRASAL VERBS …………………………………..………………………..3

UNIT 1 – I LIKE PEOPLE WHO ARE FRIENDLY.…..…………….………6
UNIT 2 – I’D LIKE TO WORK IN THE VIDEO GAME INDUSTRY.…….25
UNIT 3 – I WAS WONDERING IF YOU COULD HELP ME.……….……44
UNIT 4 - I WAS REALLY LUCKY!……………….…………………………64
UNIT 5 – CULTURAL EXPERIENCE………………………………………83
UNIT 6 – IT KEEPS FLICKERING!…………..……………………..…….101
UNIT 7 – WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT?…………….………..……….120
UNIT 8 – THE BEST WAY TO LEARN!……………. ………………..….139
UNIT 9 – DID YOU HAVE YOUR HAIR CUT?……...………………..….154
UNIT 10 – FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTURE…….……………….…173
UNIT 11 – I WAS SO IMMATURE!…………….………………………….197
UNIT 12 – LET’S SET UP A COFFEE SHOP!…….…………………….215
UNIT 13 – HE COULD HAVE HAD AN EMERGENCY.………..…..…..232
UNIT 14 – CREATIVE JOBS.………………………..……………..….….250
UNIT 15 – THAT SHOULDN’T BE PERMITTED!…..…………….……..270
UNIT 16 - ACCOMPLISHMENTS……………….…………………..….…289
GRAMMAR REFERENCES……………….………….……………..….…310

Games to practice
Scan on your phone or click on the link to start playing!

https://istudylc.glideapp.io/

2
 Phrasal Verbs
" The phrasal verbs are made up a verb + a particle.
" Particles are part of the verb phrase, and they often change the meaning of the verb.
Examples:
She looked up a word in her dictionary.

The particle looks like a

preposition, but it doesn’t
function as a preposition.

" Many phrasal verbs and one-word verbs have similar meanings.
Examples:
wake up = awaken
go on = continue
take off = remove

$Note:
#
"
Phrasal verbs are less formal and
more common in everyday speech. ( Usage Note:
'
&
%
See the complete list of Phrasal
Verbs on page 315.
" Most common phrasal verbs:
Phrasal Verbs Meaning(s)
1. go on to continue
2. carry on to continue
3. keep on to continue
4. try on to put on a cloth in order to check if it fits
5. put on to cover the body (with clothes or lotion)
6. look up to search (in a book / on Internet)
7. give up to quit
8. wake up to awake
9. wash up to wash one's face and hands / to clean or clear away by washing
10. drink up to drink completely
11. clean up to clean completely
12. pick up to lift
13. use up to use completely
14. take off to remove / to depart (plane)
15. turn off to switch off

3
 Phrasal Verbs Meanings
16. drop off to take someplace in a car and leave there
17. call off to cancel
18. put off to postpone / to delay
19. fill in to complete with information
20. hand in to give a paper (boss, teacher) / to submit
21. pick out to select
22. keep / stay out to remain outside
23. turn out to result / to become at the end
24. try out to test or check if it works
25. keep / stay away to not go near someone or something
26. go away to leave a place
27. do over to do again
28. get over to recover from
29. look over to examine briefly
30. cut down on to eat, drink or do something less often

Practice
Complete the following sentences and questions. Use the words in the box.

go on fill in give up take off put off take off

turn off carry on put on try on look up
stay out wake up wash up

1. Could you ______________ this application form, please?

2. I’m tired because I ______________ too late last night.
3. The plane _______________ late because of the bad weather.
4. The plane doesn’t ________________ till 5 o’clock.
5. The meeting has been _______________ till next month.
6. Don’t forget to _______________ all the lights when you leave.
7. Excuse me, could I _______________ this dress, please?
8. Are you still ________________ with your tennis lessons?
9. It was a bit chilly, so she ______________ her jacket.
10. I didn’t know that word, so I _____________ it ___________ in a dictionary.
11. Don’t ______________. You can do it if you try hard.
12. When I _____________ in the middle of the night, I had some temperature.

4
Match the phrasal verbs with their corresponding synonyms.
1. pick out a. cancel
2. call off b. switch off
3. look over c. choose
4. keep out d. continue
5. carry on e. stay out
6. turn off f. examine

Write sentences according to the words in parentheses.

1. (call back) __________________________________________________________

2. (clean up) ___________________________________________________________

3. (drop off) ____________________________________________________________

4. (hand in) ____________________________________________________________

5. (try out) _____________________________________________________________

6. (use up) ____________________________________________________________

7. (cut down on) ________________________________________________________

8. (look over) __________________________________________________________

9. (do over) ___________________________________________________________

10. (get over) __________________________________________________________

5
 UNIT 1 – I LIKE PEOPLE WHO ARE FRIENDLY
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about personalities. You will learn how to use
relative pronouns. You will also learn how to use adverbial clauses with when.

6
UNIT 1 – VOCABULARY

7
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Read the sentences. Are they True or False?

8
 Vocabulary Practice 2
Complete each sentence with the best word to match the description. Use the words in the list.

egotistical outgoing stingy temperamental

unreliable inflexible supportive

1. “It’s hard to plan things with my brother. He is often late or doesn’t show up at all.”
He is _____________________________.

2. “They love spending time with people.”

They are __________________________.

3. “She started an argument with the waiter! I can never tell

what she’s going to do next.”
She is ____________________.

4. “He thinks he’s so wonderful, but really he’s not!”

He is ____________________________.

5. “He wouldn’t even let me borrow $3.00 for the taxi!”

He is ________________________________.

6. “She told me that I should keep looking for jobs even after I wanted to give up. She helped
me believe in myself!”
She is _______________________________.

7. “He will never change his mind once he makes a decision. He’s very stubborn.”
He is ________________________________.

9
Vocabulary Practice 3

Vocabulary Practice 4

10
CONVERSATION | What are you looking for?

11
 Relative Pronouns
" WHO and THAT are relative pronouns. They join two ideas, or add information to the main
sentence.
Examples:

$Sara likes guys. They aren’t too serious.

#
Sara likes guys who aren’t too serious. = Sara likes guys that aren’t too serious.

Relative Relative
Pronoun Pronoun

" The Relative Pronouns can be the subject or the object in a clause.
" When the Relative Pronoun (who/that) substitutes the subject, it is always necessary.
Examples:
$ Dylan enjoys people. They have a good sense of humor.
#

Subject Subject

Dylan likes people that / who have a good sense of humor.

Relative
Pronouns

" When the Relative Pronoun is substituting an object, the Relative Pronoun (who/that) is
optional.
Examples:
$ Taylor is a friend. I have fun with him.
#

Object

Taylor is a friend (that) I have fun with. = Taylor is a friend

(who) I have fun with

$ I’d prefer someone. I can talk to her/him easily.

#

Object

I’d prefer someone (that) I can talk to easily. = I’d prefer someone (who) I can talk to easily.

12
Read the sentences. Is each one written correctly or incorrectly? Choose the answers.

13
Complete the sentences with who or that and your own information or ideas.

14
LISTENING | What’s new?

Writing
Think about a good friend. Answer the questions and write a paragraph. Use at least
180 words.
What is the person like? How are you similar?
How long have you known each other? How are you different?
How did you meet? What makes your relationship special?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

15
16
 It Clauses + Adverbial Clauses with When
" We can use it as a subject or as an object in a clause.

SUBJECT

Clause with it Adverbial clause with when

It Verb object When Subject Verb
It bothers me when my sister takes my stuff.
It upsets me when a friend arrives late..
It makes me happy when my mom cooks for me.

OBJECT

Clause with it Adverbial clause with when

Subject Verb It When Subject Verb
I don't like it when a cell phone rings
I hate it when people scream.
I can't stand it when people spit.

Ways to Agree
" You can agree in different ways:

I feel the same way. Absolutely!

I know what you mean! Me too / Me neither.
You can say that again!

17
Complete the following phrases according to you.

1. I hate it when _______________________________________________

2. I don’t like it when ___________________________________________

3. I can’t stand it when __________________________________________

4. It upsets me when ___________________________________________

5. It bothers me when __________________________________________

6. I love it when _______________________________________________

7. I don’t mind it when __________________________________________

8. It makes me happy when ______________________________________

Put the words in the correct position to make sentences.

1. my / when / I / brings / husband / love / me / flowers / it

________________________________________________________
2. when / my / I / cold / it / is / stand / can’t / soup
________________________________________________________
3. we / I / when / beach / like / go / the / it / to
________________________________________________________
4. happy / friend / gives / it / a / makes / me / nice gift / a / me / when
________________________________________________________
5. co-worker / when / upsets / It / a / me / unreliable / is
________________________________________________________
6. in the morning / bothers / get / I / when / early / phone calls / me / It
________________________________________________________
7. mind / it / homework / teacher / assigns / I / when / my / don’t
________________________________________________________

18
19
20
21
Time to Speak!

22
 Reading Comprehension

Read the passage. Answer True or False.

Types of Personalities
There are many different theories of personality, but one of the most
widely recognized is the Big Five personality traits. These traits
include openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism. People who score high in
openness tend to be imaginative, curious, and creative, while those
who score high in conscientiousness tend to be organized,
responsible, and dependable. Extraverted individuals are outgoing,
talkative, and sociable, while agreeable individuals are kind,
sympathetic, and cooperative. Finally, those who score high in
neuroticism tend to be anxious, moody, and sensitive.
Another popular theory of personality is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), which
categorizes people into one of 16 different personality types based on four dichotomies: extraversion vs.
introversion, sensing vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving. For example, someone
who is an ESTJ (extraverted, sensing, thinking, judging) is likely to be practical, logical, and assertive,
while someone who is an INFP (introverted, intuitive, feeling, perceiving) is likely to be empathetic,
creative, and flexible.
A third theory of personality is the Freudian theory of psychoanalysis, which suggests that
personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences. According to Freud, the
personality is divided into three parts: the id (which represents primitive desires and impulses), the ego
(which mediates between the id and the external world), and the superego (which represents internalized
moral standards). This theory has been criticized for being overly deterministic and difficult to test
empirically, but it remains influential in the field of psychology.

1. The Big Five personality traits include extraversion, agreeableness, and neurosis. True / False
2. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator categorizes people into one of 12 different
personality types based on four dichotomies. True / False
3. Freudian theory suggests that personality is shaped by conscious conflicts
and adult experiences. True / False
4. The Big Five personality traits are based on extensive empirical research
and are widely accepted by psychologists. True / False
5. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a highly reliable and valid measure of
personality. True / False

23
Unit 1 Self-Assessment

24
 UNIT 2 – I’D LIKE TO WORK IN THE VIDEO GAME INDUSTRY.
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of
various jobs and careers. You will learn how to use gerunds as subjects and objects.
They will also learn how to use comparatives.

25
UNIT 2 – VOCABULARY

26
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Put each job under the correct category.

software developer landscaper newspaper columnist

health informatics technician restaurant reviewer clothes designer
overseas volunteer author journalist organic farmer
social media manager flight attendant international business consultant
jeweler sculptor

Jobs for people who like writing Jobs for people who like traveling

Jobs for people who like to work

with their hands
Jobs for people who like technology

Vocabulary Practice 2
Complete the sentences. Write the missing job names.
1. I help people look their best. I am a hair ___________________________.
2. I help high school students choose the classes they need to graduate and get into college. I
am a guidance _____________________.
3. I want to be a _______________________ and work in the government. I might even run
for president someday.
4. I am a ___________________. I assist customers with simple financial transactions, like
depositing or withdrawing money.
5. I work at a hospital and give people medicine when they are sick. I am a
___________________.
6. I am a ________________________. I want to be like Jerry Seinfeld and tell jokes for a
living.
7. I can repair your laptop. I am a computer __________________________.

27
Vocabulary Practice 3

28
 Gerunds and Infinitives
" Notice the difference in writing between an infinitive and a gerund.

Infinitives Gerunds
(to + base form of the verbs) (verb + ing)
to go going
to send sending
to play playing
to watch watching
to study studying
to get getting
to read reading

" A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. It is always singular.

" Use a third-person singular verb after a gerund.
Examples:
Working as a teacher is a valuable job.

gerund singular

Being a flight attendant sounds exciting.

gerund singular

" You can also use modal verbs after gerunds.

Examples:
Directing a movie would be interesting.

gerund modal

Working as a chef could be tiring.

gerund modal

Being a doctor must be exciting.

gerund modal

29
Complete the following sentences using your own ideas. Use modals when possible.

1. Working as a police officer ______________________________________

2. Taking care of children __________________________________________
3. Being a teacher _______________________________________________
4. Making living as an artist ________________________________________
5. Having your own business _______________________________________
6. Working as an accountant _______________________________________
7. Being a soccer player ___________________________________________

Gerunds as Objects
" A gerund can be the object of certain verbs.
Examples: $Remember!
#
"
I’d love working as a pilot. I would = I’d

gerund

I’d enjoy directing a movie.

gerund

" Always use gerunds after these verbs:

admit, allow, avoid, can’t help, celebrate, consider, delay, deny, discontinue, discuss,
dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, explain, feel like, finish, forgive, go, imagine, keep, mind,
miss, postpone, practice, prevent, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, recommend, report,
resist, suggest, support, tolerate, understand.
Examples: (Usage Note:
'
&
%
I miss going to the park with my friends. See the page 318 for the complete
list of Gerunds and Infinitives.
gerund

I feel like eating sushi.

gerund

30
" You can use gerunds or infinitives after these verbs:
love, hate, like, begin, start, prefer, continue.
Examples:
I love to read. = I love reading.

infinitive gerund
They started to do exercise. = They started doing exercise.

infinitive gerund
She likes to dance. = She likes dancing. (Usage Note:
'
&
%
See the page 318 for the complete
infinitive gerund
list of Gerunds and Infinitives.
"&
' Always use gerunds after prepositions:
in, on, at, about, around, of, for, etc.
Examples:
I’m tired of working so much.

prep. gerund

Thanks for coming!

prep. gerund

I’m good at cooking.

prep. gerund

#Don’t confuse gerunds with the present continuous verb form.

"
Examples:
The accountant is working in his office. present continuous

The accountant hates working on Sundays. Simple Present (gerund)

31
Complete the following sentences according to you or your opinion. Use gerunds when necessary.
1. I enjoy ________________________________________________________
2. I feel like ______________________________________________________
3. I like __________________________________________________________
4. I dislike ________________________________________________________
5. I hate __________________________________________________________
6. I miss __________________________________________________________
7. Being famous ____________________________________________________
8. I’m tired of ______________________________________________________

Complete the following sentences using infinitives or gerunds.

1. After his insulting comments, I thought Jack deserved __________________ (be) fired.
2. Max avoided _____________ (use) his cell phone when other people were in the room.
3. Don't worry; I don't mind ________________ (make) dinner. I think I'll make fish
with steamed vegetables and a big salad on the side!
4. She refused ________________________ (speak) to me after our fight.
5. Don't hesitate __________________(ask) for help if you don't understand the directions.
6. I don't know what she wants __________________ (do) tonight. Why don't you ask her?
7. We decided _____________________ (buy) a new car.
8. They've got some work _______________________ (do).
9. Peter gave up _______________________ (smoke).
10. He'd like ________________________ (fly) an airplane.
11. I enjoy __________________________ (write) picture postcards.
12. Do you know what ______________________ (do) if there's a fire in the shop?
13. Avoid _______________________ (make) silly mistakes.
14. My parents wanted me _______________________ (be) home at 11 o'clock.
15. I dream about ______________________ (build) a big house.
17. I'm hoping _______________________ (see) Lisa.
18. Frank offered ______________________ (help) us paint the house.
19. Stephanie dislikes _____________________ (work) in front of a computer all day.
20. ____________________ (swim) helped me strengthen my injured leg.
21. Let’s go _______________________. (dance)
22. Some people dislike _________________________ (watch) television.
23. What time did you start _______________________ (watch) television?

32
Put the words in the correct position. Make sentences.

1. being / I / a / very / challenging / seems / think / doctor

___________________________________________________

2. being / enjoy / police / I’d / officer / a

___________________________________________________

3. to work / wouldn’t / He / like / in / a / restaurant

___________________________________________________

4. could / opinion / an English class / teaching / my / be / interesting / In

______________________________________________________

5. love / for a living / photographs / She’d / to take

____________________________________________________

6. office / stressful / in / must / Working / be / large / a

____________________________________________________

7. tired / I’d / of / commuting / work / to / get

_____________________________________________________

8. would / fantastic / be / new business / a / Starting

_____________________________________________________

33
34
 Writing
What would you like to have: a job that you love that doesn’t pay well, or a high-paying
job that you don’t like? Write a paragraph justifying your answer. Use at least 180
words.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

CONVERSATION | It doesn’t pay as much

35
 Comparatives

" Use comparatives with adjectives:

tall, big, interesting, dangerous, beautiful, wonderful, etc.
Examples:
Being a scientist is harder than being a salesman.

one-syllable word

Being a firefighter is more dangerous than being a lawyer.

three-syllable word

Being a police officer isn’t as dangerous as being a landscaper.

as + adjective + as

" Use comparatives with nouns:

disadvantage, education, work, hours, time, etc.
Examples:
Being a doctor takes more time than being a
pharmacist.
more + nouns

Being a journalist isn’t as much work as being a

reporter.
much + non-count nouns
many + count nouns

An intern has better hours than a landscaper.

better / worse + nouns

36
" Use comparatives with verbs:
earn, work, travel, do, etc.
Examples:
A manager works more than an intern.

verb + more

A vet earns as much as a dentist.

verb +as much as

A flight attendant doesn’t earn as much as a pilot.

verb +as much as

" Use comparatives with past participles:

paid, trained, prepared, etc.
Examples:
A TV director is better paid than a comedian.

better / worse + verb in past participle

A counselor is as well prepared as a psychologist.

as well + verb in p.p. + as

A bricklayer isn’t as well paid as a lawyer.

as well + verb in p.p. + as

37
Complete the sentences with comparatives. Write the missing words. Use the correct form of
the words in parentheses.

1. I think a fashion designer’s job is interesting. I think a pharmacist’s job is boring.

I think a pharmacist’s job is ___________________________ (interesting) a fashion
designer’s job.

2. Sarah gets paid $20 per hour. John gets paid $10 per hour.
Sarah is _______________________________ (paid) John.

3. My math class is difficult. My history class is easy.

My history class is not ____________________________ (difficult) my math class.

4. My new job is very challenging. My last job was not challenging.

My new job is ____________________________________ (challenging) my last job.

5. An accountant earns a lot of money. A teacher doesn’t earn a lot of money.

A teacher earns ___________________________________ (money) an accountant.

6. I have two college degrees. Jim has one college degree.

I have _______________________________ (education) Jim.

38
First, use the words from the list to complete each job title. Then choose the best
expressions to compare the jobs in each sentence.

39
40
Time to Speak!

41
 Reading Comprehension
Read the passage. Then read the sentences. Are they True or False?
Millennials in the Workplace
Millennials (those born between the early 1980s and the early 1990s) make up a huge part of our workforce
but they seem to lack loyalty to the companies and the leaders they work for. Multinational companies are
noticing larger turnover rates of millennials as employee retention rates fall. This report looks at the findings
of two large-scale surveys on the mindset of the millennial generation and explores how organizations can
strive to address these needs, increase employee engagement and encourage retention.
In a global survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), more than 40,000 millennial (born
between 1983 and 1993) and non-millennial responses were collected on the topics of workplace culture,
communication and working styles, pay structure, career development, work–life balance, etc.
In a separate global survey conducted by Deloitte, more than 10,000 millennials participated in a study about
their perceptions of the threats and opportunities in the complex world of work.
• Millennials are as committed to their work as their more senior colleagues.
• Millennials want flexibility in their working hours and are willing to give up pay increases and
promotions for a flexible working schedule. They believe that success should be measured by
productivity and not by the number of hours they are seen in an office.
• Millennials want more opportunities to develop their skills. These include technological skills,
teamwork and interpersonal skills.
• Millennials believe that businesses and business leaders should contribute to the improvement of
society and they are more likely to be loyal to a company with strong ethics.

Organizations and managers wanting to retain millennials should consider:

• monitoring their workload and satisfaction levels with their work–life balance
• offering help and support in continuing professional development
• changing the organization’s goals from being mainly about profit-making to motives that address
social concerns and solve wider societal problems.

1. This report is based on surveys that only questioned people born

between 1983 and 1994. True / False
2. The surveys were conducted in several different countries. True / False
3. Millennials are less loyal to their companies than non-millennials. True / False
4. Millennials believe that their technological skills are sufficiently advanced. True / False
5. Managers should be aware of how happy their staff are with the amount
of work they have been given. True / False
6. Managers should worry about their own work–life balance and not concern
themselves with problems in society. True / False

42
Unit 2 Self-Assessment

43
 UNIT 3 – I WAS WONDERING IF YOU COULD HELP ME
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about favors, messages, and requests. They
will learn how to use modals, gerunds and if clauses . You will also learn how to leave
messages using indirect requests.

44
UNIT 3 – VOCABULARY

45
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Complete the collocations. Write the missing verb. Use the verbs in the list.

accept decline receive return

accept do give receive

1. Thanks for helping me move. Let me know if I can _______________ the favor sometime.

2. You must learn to ___________________ an apology.

3. Many people like to __________________ gifts.

4. We have to ________________ your request for a loan. You have too much debt already.

5. I’d really appreciate it if you could ______________________ me this favor.

6. I don’t like to _________________ compliments. They make me feel embarrassed.

7. Did you __________________ Kim a compliment on her new hairstyle?

8. I heard you got invited to Joe and Laura’s wedding. Are you going to
______________________ the invitation?

46
Vocabulary Practice 2

Vocabulary Practice 3

47
48
 Requests with Modals
"Use Can and Could to ask favors. Use the base form of the verb after them.
Examples:
Can I borrow your pen, please?

base form

Could you lend me your cellphone?

base form

Requests with If Clauses 1

"Use Is it OK if…? or Do you mind if…? and the Present Tense to ask favors.
Examples:
Is it OK if I use your bathroom?

Simple
Present
Do you mind if I use your computer?

Simple
Present

Requests with If Clauses 2

"Use Would it be OK if…? or Would you mind if…? and the Past Tense to ask favors.
Examples:
Would it be OK if I used your car?

Simple Past

Would you mind if I checked your homework?

Simple Past

49
 Requests with Gerunds
"Use Would you mind …? and the gerunds to ask favors.
Examples:
Would you mind staying extra hours?

gerund

Would you mind walking my dog?

gerund

Requests with if Clauses and Modals

"Use wonder + if and modals to ask favors. Notice that they are not questions.
Examples:
I wonder If I could borrow some money.

modal

I was wondering If I could use your notes.

modal

Ways to Respond
Sure, that’s fine.
Of course
No problem.
Sorry + explanation

50
Complete the conversations with the correct phrases.
Do you mind if I was wondering if Would it be alright if
Is it Ok if Would it be alright if Would you mind

1. A: _________________________ I could borrow your truck.

B: Of course.

2. A: ___________________________ I used your cell phone?

B: I’m sorry, but I’m expecting a call right now.

3. A: ______________________ I am late to class tomorrow? I have a doctor’s appointment.

B: No, I don’t mind, but please be quiet when you come in.

4. A: _______________________ I borrowed your pen for a second?

B: No problem!

5. A: ________________________ getting some milk at the store?

B: Sorry, but I can’t. I’m already late.

6. A: _________________________ I invite Joey to see the movie with us?

B: Yes, that’s fine with me!

Imagine that a friend is asking you the following favors. Use responses.
1. Can you lend me $500 MX?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Would you mind passing me the homework?
_______________________________________________________________
3. Is it OK if I copy from your exam?
_______________________________________________________________
4. Would it be all right if I use your e-mail?
_______________________________________________________________
5. Would you mind helping me to paint my house?
_______________________________________________________________

51
Rewrite the following sentences to make them more formal requests.
1. Come to my cousin’s wedding.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Can I borrow your notes to study for the test?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Can you lend me your camera to take with me on my vacation?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Drive me to the airport.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Help me paint my apartment.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. I’d like to borrow your cell phone to call a friend in London.
_____________________________________________________________________

52
53
54
 Writing
Write a message to a friend asking for several favors. Explain why you need help.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

55
 Indirect Requests
"Use indirect requests when you want someone to give a message to someone else.

Mary’s boss Mary’s assistant Mary

Statements

Can/ Could you tell (that) original sentence

$Example:
# Mary, the meeting is tomorrow morning. Original
Sentence

Can you (please) tell Mary that the meeting is tomorrow morning?

"Note 1: That is optional.

$
# Original
$Note 2: You can also use would.
#
" Sentence

Imperatives

Can/ Could you tell (not) infinitive

$Example 1:
# Mary, call me at 8:00 a.m.

Could you (please) tell Mary to call me at 8:00 a.m.?

infinitive

$Example 2:
# Mary, don’t be late.
Can you (please) tell Mary not to be late?

infinitive negative

56
 Yes/No Questions

Can/ Could you ask if SVO

whether statement

$Example 1:
# Mary, are you busy now? Yes/No
Question

Can you (please) ask Mary if she is busy now?

SVO

Yes/No
$Example 2:
# Mary, do you have the documents?
Question

Could you (please) ask Mary whether she has the documents?

SVO

Wh-Questions

Can/ Could you ask wh-Word SVO

statement

Example 1: Mary, when do you need the documents?

Can you (please) ask Mary when she needs the documents?

SVO
Example 2: Mary, when is the meeting?

Could you (please) ask Mary when the meeting is?

SVO

57
Put the words in the correct position. Make questions.

1. and get some vegetables / if / the drying cleaning / her / ask / pick up / she / Can / will / you
_____________________________________________________________________

2. will / he / not / or / ask / him / on time / be / whether / Could / you

_____________________________________________________________________

3. Could / them / ready / is / dinner / tell / that / you

_____________________________________________________________________

4. ask / her / the / is / appointment / Can / you / time / what

_____________________________________________________________________

5. you / early / left / why / ask / Could / him / he

_____________________________________________________________________

6. you / them / Can / loud / not / to / so / tell / be

______________________________________________________________________

7. him / when / ask / should / Can / him / I / you / pick / up

______________________________________________________________________

8. train / I / missed / her / the / Could / tell / you

______________________________________________________________________

58
1. ____Could you ask Mary if she got my message about her phone?______
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________

59
60
Time to Speak!

61
 Reading Comprehension

Read the employees’ statements. Then read the sentences. Are they True or False?

The Call Center

The following employees work at Intellicall, an office that receives telephone

requests for a high-tech manufacturer. Read the employees’ descriptions about
what it is like to have a job at a call center.

Rick: “I like this job. Customers usually just call to order new computers and
printers. Usually I get over fifty orders in one day.”

Lisa: “Many customers are angry or upset when they call because they think
their brand-new computer doesn’t work. Sometimes, I just have to tell them
where the power switch is located!”

Frank: “One customer said, ‘Give me my rebate money!’ I told him that we don’t have access to
any of the company’s funds. Then he hung up on me. A few minutes later, he called back. This
time he politely asked, ‘Could you ask your company how I can get my rebate?’ He even tried
to change his voice so I wouldn’t know it was him again!”

Oscar: “After requesting a new laptop charger, a customer asked to speak to my manager. I
wondered what I did wrong. After my manager talked to the customer, she said he thought I was
very nice and polite. In fact, he told my manager I deserved a raise!”

62
Unit 3 Self-Assessment

63
 UNIT 4 – I WAS REALLY LUCKY!
Learning Objectives: You will focus on storytelling. You will describe past events
using the simple past and the past continuous tenses. You will tell stories using the
past perfect tense.

64
UNIT 4 – VOCABULARY

65
 Vocabulary Practice 1
Complete the conversations. Write the missing word. Use the words in the list. There is one
extra word.

coincidence dilemma emergency triumph

lucky break mishap mystery

1. A: I started my new job last week, and guess what. My office is in your building!
B: What a ____________________!

2. A: I’m having a(n) ______________________. I got a new job, but it’s in another town far
away. I really need the money, but I don’t want to leave my friends and family.
B: That is a difficult decision.

3. A: 911. What’s your ________________________?

B: Yes! Our garage is on fire!

4. A: Alexa was shopping in New York, and a photographer asked her if he could take her
photo. Now she’s a model!
B: What a _____________________!

5. A: Who hit your car while it was parked outside?

B: It’s a _________________________ to me. They didn’t leave a note.

6. A: While we were on vacation, we lost our camera at a café. Then, on

the flight home, the airline damaged our luggage! We have the worst luck.
B: What a _________________________! I’m sorry to hear that.
Vocabulary Practice 2

66
 Past Continuous vs. Simple Past
( Use the simple past with the past continuous to describe an action that was interrupted
by another action.
Examples: As Jake was running, he tripped over a rock.

past continuous simple past

( Use when with the simple past to indicate that the action was interrupted.
Examples: I was having lunch when I spilled coffee on my clothes.
The band was performing when the lights went out.

( Use while or as with the past continuous to indicate that the action was in progress.
Examples: While I was shopping one day, a celebrity walked into the store.

As he was escaping from the bank, the robber got caught in the revolving door.

( You can use while to indicate that two actions were in progress at the same time in the
past.
Examples: While I was running, I was listening to music.
I was having a cup of coffee while I was reading.

( The time clause (= the part with while or when) can come at the
beginning or the end of the sentence.
Examples: The light went out while I was watching my favorite movie.
While I was watching my favorite movie, the light went out.

67
Putt he words in the correct position.
1. he / caves / mountain / discovered / , / he / As / climbing / was / the / the
____________________________________________________________

2. their / robbed / house / , / visiting / were / was / While / Japan / they

____________________________________________________________

3. was / her / down / driving on Main Street / broke / when / She / car
____________________________________________________________

4. the / hurricane / hit / He / was / working / overseas / when

____________________________________________________________

5. tower / earthquake / the / were / when / building / the / workers / began / Several
_____________________________________________________________

6. tripped on / the / , / race / curb / she / the / was / As / she / running in

_____________________________________________________________

7. the / the / test / While / taking / students / alarm / fire / a / were / went off / ,
_____________________________________________________________

68
69
70
71
 Writing
Write about an experience, problem or accident that you had. Use past continuous and
simple past. Use at least 180 words.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

72
 Past Perfect
" Use the Past Perfect to show that one past action happened before another past action.
Examples:
The museum closed because a thief had stolen a famous painting earlier.
Past Perfect

Past Perfect

I had forgotten my final project so I came back home.

" You can also use Simple Past or Past Continuous with Past Perfect.
Examples:
When I came back, someone had stolen my wallet.
Simple Past

73
 When I was getting to school, the class had started.

past continuous

STRUCTURE
Affirmative and Negative Sentences

Subject had (not) verb in past participle complement

He had gone there.

You had visited that museum.

I hadn’t been here before.

Question form

Had subject verb in past participle complement

Had you gone there?

Had she visited that museum?

Had we been here before?

74
 Put the sentences under the correct category.

I saw a celebrity. I had studied all night. We talked about a new plan.
I went to London He had taken the bus to work. I had gone to the mall.
I had visited Paris. We had decided not to go. He worked here last year.
She had earned extra money last month. She was able to buy the tickets.
I took a test.

Simple Past Past Perfect

Complete the sentences using Past Perfect

1. A: __________ Jim ever (fly) ______________ before his flight last week?
B: Yes, he __________.
2. A: __________ your sister (eat) _________________ breakfast before she left?
B: No, she __________.
3. James said he ___________ already (see) _________________ the movie last year.
4. I got lost because I (forget) __________ _________________ to bring a map.
5. They (not study) __________ _________________ English before last year.
6. She (live) __________ _________________ in Leeds before she moved to London.
7. The baby (fall asleep) __________ _________________ before eight o’clock.
8. I (not think) __________ _________________ of that question before.
9. Sue got wet because she (not bring) __________ _________________ an umbrella.
10. He (own) ___________ _________________ his car for a year before he sold it.
11. I didn’t notice that the traffic light (turn) __________ _________________ red.
12. He (order) __________ _________________ rice, but the waiter served him soup.

75
 Writing 2
Choose one event from the list and write about it. Use at least 180 words.
coincidence dilemma disaster emergency
lucky break mishap mystery triumph
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

76
77
78
Time to Speak!

79
 Reading Comprehension

Read the short story and answer the questions.

A Short Story
Sam squinted against the sun at the distant dust trail raked up by the car on
its way up to the Big House. The horses kicked and flicked their tails at flies,
not caring about their owner's first visit in ten months. Sam waited. Mr. Carter
didn't come out here unless he had to, which was just fine by Sam. The more
he kept out of his boss's way, the longer he'd have a job.
Carter came by later while Sam was chopping wood. Carter lifted his hat as if
he were waiting for an appointment with the town priest, and then removed it
completely as if he were talking to his mother. He pulled out a pile of paper
from his back pocket and held it out.
'Don't pick up your mail often, do you?'
Sam took it without a glance and dropped the envelopes onto the bench.
'Never,' he replied and waited for Carter to say why he was here. The fact it
was Carter's house was no explanation and they both knew it. Carter twisted his hat round and round,
licking his lips and clearing his throat.
'Nice work fixing those fences,' he said finally.
'I'll be back to the beginning soon,' Sam said. It wasn't a complaint. A fence that took a year to repair
meant another year's work to the man who did it well.
'Don't you ever want to take a holiday?'
'And go where?' A holiday meant being back out in the real world, a place even people like Carter
travelled to escape from. Sam's escape was his reality and he wasn't going back.
Mr Carter wiped the sweat from the back of his neck. The damp patches on his shirt drew together like
shapes in an atlas. His skin was already turning ruddy in the June sun. Otherwise he had the indoor tan
of a man that made money while other people did the work.
'I've brought my son with me on this trip. He's had some trouble at school.' Mr Carter's eyes flicked up,
blinked rapidly and then shifted back to the hat occupying his hands. 'Not much trouble out here for a
young boy.' He attempted a laugh but it came out like a dog's bark.
The two men looked towards the northern end of the property. It stretched as far as the eye could see.
Even the fences were barely visible from where they stood. However bored and rebellious a teenage boy
might get, it wasn't possible to escape on foot. Sam looked at the biggest of the horses, kicking at the
ground with its heavy hooves. Could the boy ride? he wondered. There was a whole load of trouble a
good rider could get into out here, miles away from anyone. But maybe there was even more trouble for
someone who knew nothing about horses and wanted to get away from his father.

80
Answer the following questions according to the short story.

1. What is Sam's reaction to his letters?

___________________________________________________

2. Why does Sam not take holidays from work?

___________________________________________________

3. What can we guess about Mr Carter?

___________________________________________________

4. What does Sam think Carter's son might do during his stay at the farm?
___________________________________________________________

5. How does Mr Carter feel while he's talking to Sam in this scene?
___________________________________________________________

6. Why has Mr Carter come to his house?

___________________________________________________________

81
Unit 4 Self-Assessment

82
 UNIT 5 – CULTURAL EXPERIENCE
Learning Objectives: You will discuss among customs, the joy and difficulties of living
in a foreign country. You will use noun phrases and relative clauses. You will describe
expectations using when and if clauses. .

83
UNIT 5 – VOCABULARY

84
 Vocabulary Practice 1
Complete the sentences. Write the missing words. Use the words in the list. There is an extra
word.

anxious confident curious homesick

uncertain enthusiastic uncomfortable

1. Ever since I moved to the United States, I really miss my old life in Japan. I guess I’ve been
feeling ___________________.

2. He is majoring in psychology because he is very ___________________ about how the

mind works. He loves studying and learning new details about it.

3. Flying on airplanes makes her _____________________, so she does not travel very much.

4. He will do very well on the job interview because he is so ____________________. He

believes he will succeed.

5. My boss is ____________________ about new ideas. She always encourages me to make

suggestions and seems eager to hear what I have to say.

6. It made me _______________________ when Bill and Mary argued at the party. They
should do that in private.

85
86
Vocabulary Practice 2

87
 Noun Phrases Containing Relative Clauses
( Use Relative Clauses to be more specific about what/who you are describing.
( Relatives Clauses add more information about any noun or noun phrase in your speaking
or writing.

Examples: One thing (that) I’d really miss is my mom’s cooking. They have the
same meaning.
My mom’s cooking is one thing (that) I’d really miss.

Two things that I’d be worried about are traveling alone and communicating with foreigners
Traveling alone and communicating with foreigners are two things that I’d be worried about

Structure of Relative Clauses as Subjects

Relative Clause Verb Noun Phrase
Something (that) I’d be worried about is the local food.
One thing (that) I’d really miss is hanging out with my friends.
The people (who/that) I’d miss the most are my parents.

Structure of Relative Clauses as Objects

Noun Phrase Verb Relative Clause
The local food is something (that) I’d be worried about.
Hanging out with my friends is one thing (that) I’d really miss.
My parents are the people (who/that) I’d miss the most

88
Put the words in the correct position. Make sentences.

1. he’d / people / are / like / visit / grandmother and grandfather / Two / his / to
_______________________________________________________________

2. are / wouldn’t / two / foods / I / eat / oysters / Sushi / that / and

_______________________________________________________________

3. like / something / class / is / a / to / do / that / I’d / Taking / history

_______________________________________________________________

4. nervous / is / that / be / One / public / speaking / thing / about / I’d / in

_______________________________________________________________

5. I / are / best / that / see / every / friends / month / My / people

_______________________________________________________________

6. her / job / depressed / she’d / about / is / Something / be / losing

_______________________________________________________________

7. car / new / that / thing / be / Choosing / is / about / a / uncertain / one / I’d

_______________________________________________________________

8. I’d / who / nephew / person / my / miss / One / is

_______________________________________________________________

89
1._Public transportation is something I’d be anxious about. I’d be afraid of getting lost.
2. _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9. _________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

90
 Speaking Practice
Ask the following questions to a classmate. Write the responses. Add two more
questions.
What country would you like
to live in? Why?

What country wouldn’t you

like to live in? Why?

Who is the person you would

most like to go abroad with?

What is something you would

never travel without?

Who is the person you would

email first after arriving
somewhere new?
What would be your two
greatest concerns about
living abroad?
What is the thing you would
enjoy the most about living
abroad?

91
92
 Expectations: If / When Clauses
" Expectations are feelings or beliefs about the way something should be or how someone
should behave.
Examples:

When you meet someone for the first time, you’re supposed to shake his or her hand

" To express expectations you can use these phrases: you’re (not) supposed to, you’re

(not) expected to, it’s (not) the custom to, it’s (not) acceptable to + the base form of the
verb.
Examples:
When you visit someone, you aren’t supposed to arrive early.

base form

If you want to bring someone, it’s not acceptable to arrive without calling first.

base form

If you want to bring someone, you’re expected to call first and ask.

base form

Complete the following sentences according to your culture.

1. If someone invites you to a party, ________________________________________

2. If a friend gets engaged to be married ____________________________________

3. When a relative has a birthday __________________________________________

4. If a friend is in the hospital _____________________________________________

5. When someone is going to have a baby ___________________________________

6. When you go out on a date _____________________________________________

93
Choose the correct phrases to complete the sentences.

it’s not acceptable to discard it on the sidewalk it’s the custom to shake hands
you’re not supposed to use your cellphone you’re expected to take off your hat
you’re supposed to call and let the person know you’re supposed to pay attention

1. When you sit down at a dinner table, _______________________________________

2. If you are running late to an appointment, ___________________________________

3. When you meet someone for the first time, __________________________________

4. When you’re in a movie theater, ___________________________________________.

5. If you have something to throw away, _______________________________________.

6. When someone speaks in a meeting, _______________________________________.

94
95
96
 Writing
Write about living in a foreign country. In the first paragraph, write about two things you
would enjoy. In the second paragraph, write two things you might worry about. Use at
least 180 words.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

97
Time to Speak!

98
 Reading Comprehension
Proxemics
Proxemics is the study of how people use space in communication. It
explores how we use distance, posture, and other nonverbal cues to convey
meaning and establish relationships. Proxemics can vary depending on
cultural, social, and personal factors, and it can play an important role in
everything from business negotiations to intimate relationships.
One example of proxemics in action is the way people use personal
space to convey intimacy or distance. In some cultures, people stand much
closer together than in others, and this can signal a closer relationship or a
more formal one. For example, in Latin American countries, people often
stand very close together when speaking, even with strangers. In contrast, in
Northern European countries, people tend to stand further apart, even with close friends.
Another example of proxemics is the way people use space to establish power dynamics. In
business negotiations, for example, the person who occupies more space and sits in a higher
position may be seen as having more power. This is why CEOs and other executives often sit at the
head of the table during meetings. Similarly, in courtrooms, judges sit on a raised platform to convey
their authority.
Finally, proxemics can also play a role in the way people interact with technology. For
example, the way people position their computer screens and office chairs can signal whether they
want to interact with others or be left alone. In open-plan offices, people often use headphones or
other signals to convey that they are working and do not want to be interrupted, while in more
collaborative spaces, people might leave their doors open and position their chairs to face each
other.

Answer True or False.

1. Proxemics is the study of how people use time in communication. True / False
2. Personal space can be used to convey intimacy or distance. True / False
3. Proxemics is the same in every culture. True / False
4. The way people use space can be used to establish power dynamics. True / False
5. Proxemics has no role in the way people interact with technology. True / False

99
Unit 5 Self-Assessment

100
 UNIT 6 – IT KEEPS FLICKERING
Learning Objectives: You will practice making complaints and describing problems. You will
use nouns and past participles as adjectives. You will discuss about fixing needs using need +
passive infinitives and gerunds, and keep with gerunds.

101
UNIT 6 – VOCABULARY

102
 Vocabulary Practice 1
Complete the chart with the correct gerunds.

crashing dying flickering

freezing jamming skipping

Problem Description It keeps ...

The cell phone battery doesn’t last long. _____________________________
The computer screen flashes on and off. _____________________________
The DVD jumps to the next scene. _____________________________
The image on the TV screen won’t change. _____________________________
The paper gets stuck in the printer. _____________________________
The laptop turns off unexpectedly. _____________________________

Vocabulary 2
Complete the sentences with the correct words.

crashing dropping leaking

stained sticking torn

1. If you have a pipe that is _______________, you need to call the plumber immediately.

2. If your calls keep _______________, you should switch to another cell phone service
provider.

3. If your shirt is _______________, take it to a tailor to be sewn back together.

4. If the buttons on your keyboard keep _______________, you should wipe them off with a
cloth.

5. If the hard drive on your computer keeps ______________, you will lose your saved files.

6. If the carpet is _________________, you should try cleaning it yourself first.

103
Vocabulary Practice 3

104
 Describing Problems 1

" To describe problems you can use past participles as adjectives or nouns.
" Look at the following chart and notice the differences:
Verb Past Participles Nouns
to tear torn a tear
to chip chipped a chip
to scratch scratched a few scratches

Examples:
My jeans are torn = My jeans have a tear in it.

The cup is chipped = The cup has a chip in it.

My sunglasses are scratched = There are a few scratches on them.

0Exception:
/
The sink is leaking. = The sink has a leak.

Complete the following chart with your professor’s help.

chip dent crack scratch stain tear leak break

glass

china

paper

cloth

plastic

wood

metal

105
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. There are two extra words.

chip chipped damage damaged

stain stained tear torn

1. Will you bring me another cup? This one is _________________.

2. Oh, no! My shirt is _________________.

3. You can’t ride your bike now with all that ______________ to the tire.

4. Yesterday my new car got ____________ in the parking lot.

5. This change purse is useless. It has a big _____________ in it.

6. Call the landlord. Our ceiling has a ________________.

106
1. ___This one is cracked._________________________________________________
_____It has a dent._______________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

107
What is wrong with these things? Use the words from the box to write each one.

chip crack dent leak

scratch stain tear

108
109
 Describing Problems 2

" Use keep + a gerund to describe a problem.

Examples:
My coffee mug keeps leaking.

gerund

My jeans keep shrinking.

gerund

" Use need + a gerund or passive infinitive to describe a problem.

Examples:
The oven needs fixing.

gerund

The oven needs to be fixed.

passive infinitive

The rug needs cleaning.

gerund

The rug needs to be cleaned.

passive infinitive

110
Write sentences using need + gerund or passive infinitives.
1. The printer (fix)
_____________________________________________________
2. The fridge (clean)
_____________________________________________________
3. The computer (update)
_____________________________________________________
4. The dishes (wash)
_____________________________________________________
5. The T.V. (adjust)
_____________________________________________________

Complete the sentences. Write the correct present tense form of need or keep. Add to be when
necessary.
1. The floor ________________ cleaned.

2. The dishes ________________________ washing.

3. Your clothes ____________________ picked up off the floor.

4. Our sinks _____________________ leaking.

5. The car alarm ___________________ going off.

6. The temperature control _____________________ adjusted.

7. The clothes ___________________ ironing.

8. Her refrigerator __________________ making noise.

111
112
113
 Writing
Imagine that you order a product online, but when you received it, you were unhappy
with it. Write a critical online review. Describe what you ordered. Explain all of the
problems with it and why you think others shouldn’t buy it. Use at least 180 words.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

114
Time to Speak!
STUDENT A.- Look at this apartment. What’s wrong with it? Tell your classmate all of
the problems you notice.

115
Time to Speak 2!
STUDENT B.- Look at this apartment. What’s wrong with it? Tell your classmate all of
the problems you notice.

116
 Reading Comprehension
Live Chat with Dr. Problem Solver

117
Read the live advice column. Then read the sentences. Are they True or False?

1. Dr. Problem Solver describes how to fix a computer’s hard drive. True / False

2. The first person who writes Dr. Problem Solver asks what to do
when a keyboard is crashing. True / False

3. The second person who writes Dr. Problem Solver has a hole
in his or her pocket. True / False

4. Two of the people who write Dr. Problem Solver have

something that is stained. True / False

5. Dr. Problem Solver says the wedding dress is not ruined. True / False

6. The people who write to Dr. Problem Solver get an answer

back the same day. True / False

118
Unit 6 Self-Assessment

119
 UNIT 7 – WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT?
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about social problems and environment concerns. You will use
present continuous and present perfect passive tenses, as well as prepositions of cause. You will discuss
about what they can do about problems using infinitive clauses and phrases.

120
UNIT 7 – VOCABULARY

Vocabulary Practice 1

121
Vocabulary Practice 2

Vocabulary Practice 3

122
 Vocabulary Practice 4

Complete the conversations with the correct words or phrases.

government corruption infectious diseases unemployment

global warming poverty violence

1. A: I am really worried about _____________________ . It seems like it’s getting worse.

B: I agree. Politicians are often dishonest, and money has too much influence over our laws.

2. A: I think the high rate of _______________________ is a real problem in

our state.
B: I know. My brother has been looking for a job for two months, and he still
hasn’t found any good options.

3. A: I read the other day that ___________________ are becoming more common.
B: Really? Why is that?
A: People are traveling more and more people are living in cities, so we’re in contact with a lot
more germs.

4. A: What are some of the effects of _____________________?

B: It causes Earth’s glaciers to melt and creates more destructive weather patterns, like
hurricanes.

5. A: These days it seems that the only news is about people hurting each other.
B: I actually read that the rates of ____________________ are improving worldwide.

6. A: If wealth were distributed more evenly, there wouldn’t be as much _________________.

B: I disagree. I think money just needs to be spent more wisely.

123
 Vocabulary Practice 5

Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.

1. Americans create a lot of (traffic / poverty / waste). They throw away millions of plastic
bottles every hour.

2. I am not concerned about a (violence / famine / recession). New jobs are being created
and businesses are doing well.

3. (Government corruption / Famine / Global warming) claims many lives per year. People
cannot survive without food to eat.

4. Unfair government practices tend to cause (political unrest / global warming / poverty)
among citizens.

5. People should develop energy-saving habits to conserve (food / farmland / electricity).

6. If (air / water / landfill) pollution gets worse, we will no longer have clean rivers and lakes.

7. I’m worried about (global warming / infectious diseases / violence). People need to
admit our planet is in danger and make changes to be more environmentally responsible.

124
125
 Passive Voice
Present Continuous

"Use the passive voice when the object is more important than the subject.
"Use by, as a result or due to to describe the cause.
Structure
by
Be (am / is / are) + being Past Participle Verb as a result of
due to

Examples:
Fumes from cars and trucks are polluting the air. (Active)
The air is being polluted by fumes from cars and trucks. (Passive)

Heavy traffic is damaging city streets. (Active)

City streets are being damaged as a result of heavy traffic. (Passive)

The use of leather clothes is killing a lot of animals. (Active)

A lot of animals are being killed due to the use of leather. (Passive)

Change the following sentences into Passive Voice.

1. People are wasting a lot of water. (by)

_________________________________________________________

2. Agricultural runoff is contaminating the water supply. (due to)

__________________________________________________________

3. The use of pesticides is affecting people’s health. (as a result of)

__________________________________________________________

4. E-waste is affecting the land. (due to)

__________________________________________________________

5. Garbage is contaminating the marine life. (by)

___________________________________________________________

126
 Passive Voice
Present Perfect

"Use the passive voice when the object is more important than the subject.
"Use by, through or because of to describe the cause.
Structure

have / has been Past Participle Verb through

because of

Examples:
Littering has harmed the ecosystems. (Active)
The ecosystems have been harmed because of littering. (Passive)

The government of USA has decreased the drug trafficking. (Active)

The drug trafficking has been decreased through the government of USA. (Passive)

Change the following sentences into Passive Voice.

1. Cancer has affected a lot of people. (by)

_________________________________________________________

2. Humans beings have cut down too many trees in the last few years. (by)
_________________________________________________________

6. Pollution has caused the global warming. (because of)

__________________________________________________________

7. Mankind has damaged nature. (by)

__________________________________________________________

8. The global warming has twisted the seasons. (because of)

__________________________________________________________

9. Famine has killed many children in Africa. (through)

__________________________________________________________

10. The unemployment has increased the poverty in Mexico. (because of)
__________________________________________________________

127
Put the words in the correct position. Make sentences.

1. polluted / being / Lakes / waste / factories / by / are / from

_____________________________________________________________

2. being / is / because / Air quality / of / from / ruined / exhaust / cars and buses
_____________________________________________________________

3. Forests / been / due / tree harvesting / have / destroyed / to

______________________________________________________________

4. has / of / Farmland / been / as / lost / a / result / growing suburbs

______________________________________________________________

5. spills / being / oil / are / Beaches / polluted / by

______________________________________________________________

6. as / result / been / of / health problems / More / a / have / diagnosed / smog

______________________________________________________________

7. prices / are / In many countries, / raised / the low oil supply / of / being / because / gas
_______________________________________________________________________

128
Rewrite the sentences using the passive voice.
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________

129
130
131
 Giving Solutions with Infinitive Clauses and Phrases
"Use (One way/Another way / the best way) + infinitive + is/are + infinitive to give a
solution of a problem.
Examples:
One way to reduce famine is to donate food to organizations.

infinitive be infinitive

Another way to stop drug trafficking is to legalize marihuana.

infinitive be infinitive

The best ways to decrease the diabetes is to eat healthy and do

exercise.
infinitive be infinitive

The best way to develop a country is to invest in education.

infinitive be infinitive

Give a solution to each problem. Use One way / Another way/ The best way.
1. government corruption
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Global warming
_____________________________________________________________________
3. overpopulation
_____________________________________________________________________
4. poverty
_____________________________________________________________________
5. animal extinction
_____________________________________________________________________

132
Complete the sentences. Write the infinitives. Use the verbs in the list.

conserve do donate educate fight

reduce teach use

1. One way _______________ poverty is _________________ food to people in need.

2. The best way for people _________________ air pollution is ______________ fewer cars.

3. One thing _________________ about global warming is ________________ energy.

4. Another way _________________ people about recycling is _______________ children

about it in school.

133
134
 Writing
Choose one of the problems from the unit. Describe it and give solutions to solve it.
Use at least 180 words.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

135
 Reading Comprehension
Are Zoos a Good Thing?
Zoos are hugely popular attractions for adults and children alike. But are
they actually a good thing?

Critics of zoos would argue that animals often suffer physically and
mentally by being enclosed. Even the best artificial environments can't
come close to matching the space, diversity, and freedom that animals
have in their natural habitats. This deprivation causes many zoo animals
to become stressed or mentally ill. Capturing animals in the wild also
causes much suffering by splitting up families. Some zoos make animals
behave unnaturally: for example, marine parks often force dolphins and
whales to perform tricks. These mammals may die decades earlier than
their wild relatives, and some even try to commit suicide.

On the other hand, by bringing people and animals together, zoos have the potential to educate
the public about conservation issues and inspire people to protect animals and their habitats.
Some zoos provide a safe environment for animals which have been mistreated in circuses, or
pets which have been abandoned. Zoos also carry out important research into subjects like
animal behavior and how to treat illnesses.

One of the most important modern functions of zoos is supporting international breeding
programmes, particularly for endangered species. In the wild, some of the rarest species have
difficulty in finding mates and breeding, and they might also be threatened by poachers, loss of
their habitat and predators. A good zoo will enable these species to live and breed in a secure
environment. In addition, as numbers of some wild species drop, there is an increased danger
of populations becoming too genetically similar. Breeding programmes provide a safeguard:
zoo-bred animals can be released into the wild to increase genetic diversity.

However, opponents of zoos say that the vast majority of captive breeding programmes do not
release animals back into the wild. Surplus animals are sold not only to other zoos but also to
circuses or hunting ranches in the US or South Africa, where some people are willing to pay a
lot of money for the chance to kill an animal in a fenced enclosure. Often, these animals are
familiar with humans and have very little chance of escaping.

So, are zoos good for animals or not? Perhaps it all depends on how well individual zoos are
managed, and the benefits of zoos can surely outweigh their harmful effects. However, it is
understandable that many people believe imprisoning animals for any reason is simply wrong.

136
 Exercise
Answer True or False

1. Modern zoos can offer animals a living environment that is as

good as their natural habitats. True / False
2. One of the reasons zoo animals become distressed is because
they are separated from their families. True / False
3. Dolphins and whales usually live longer in zoos than in the wild. True / False
4. People who have visited zoos are more likely to support animal
conservation and protection. True / False
5. Zoos protect animals from being used for scientific research. True / False
6. Endangered animals kept in zoos are less likely to meet a mate
and breed. True / False
7. In their natural habitats, animals suffer problems related to human
activity. True / False
8. Endangered species often lack genetic diversity in their population. True / False
9. Zoos promote genetic diversity by breeding animals and then releasing
them back into the wild. True / False
10. If zoos have more animals than they can look after, they always
give them to another zoo or release them back into the wild. True / False
11. Animals that have been bred in captivity quickly adapt to life in
hunting ranches. True / False
12. The author thinks that, on balance, zoos are generally a
good thing. True / False

137
Unit 7 Self-Assessment

138
 UNIT 8 – THE BEST WAY TO LEARN!
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about learning preferences and types of
learning styles. You will use would rather and would prefer. You will discuss ways to
learn and personal qualities using by + gerund for manner.

139
UNIT 8 – VOCABULARY

140
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Read the sentences about personal qualities. Are they True or False?

Vocabulary Practice 2

Read the sentences. Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. My brother has so much (self-confidence / creativity / concern for others). He is always

very sure of himself and never seems shy.

2. My sister gets her (communication skills / creativity / cooperation) from our parents.
They are artists.

3. I have terrible (time management / competitiveness / communication skills). I am

taking a course this summer on how to feel more comfortable talking to people.

4. I learned concern for (others / competitiveness / perseverance) from my father. He was

always very kind and considerate.

141
Vocabulary Practice 3

Vocabulary Practice 4

142
143
 Would Rather and Would Prefer
"Use would rather + (not) + base form of verb to talk about choices.
Examples:
I’d rather get money on my birthday.
base form
I’d rather not receive gifts on my birthday.
base form

"Use would prefer + (not) + infinitive to talk about choices.

Examples:
I’d prefer to be rich and ugly.
infinitive

I’d prefer to do exercise than to eat healthy.

infinitive

Complete the sentences to express or ask about preferences. Write rather (not) or prefer (not).

1. I’d ___________________ to take a course this summer. I want to travel instead.

2. Would you _____________________ to major in history or economics?

3. She’d _________________ have a job that has flexible hours. She likes to make her own
schedule.

4. Chris does not like science or math. He’d ______________________ study either.

5. We’d ____________________ have our club meetings in the evening. We have to work in
the mornings and afternoons.

6. Would he ___________________ to take the bus or carpool to school?

7. I’d ___________________ have evening classes than morning classes.

8. They’d ____________________ eat lunch in the cafeteria than at a restaurant.

144
145
146
 By + gerund to describe how to do things
"Use by + gerund to:
1. say how something can happen.
2. describe how something was done.
3. describe how something could be done.

Examples:
You can improve your English by doing a lot of reading.

gerund

I learned a lot of new words by watching movies.

gerund

How did the people accomplish these things? Put the words in the correct positions to make
sentences.
1. My / college / classes / sister / summer / in three years / graduated / by / each / taking
______________________________________________________________________

2. improved / his / basketball skills / afternoon / practicing / My / every / brother / by

______________________________________________________________________

3. great cook / a / by / became / mother / her mother’s recipes / My / following

_______________________________________________________________________

4. learned / My / neighbor / living / Spanish / in / Chile / by

_______________________________________________________________________

5. fixed / referring / by / uncle / My / to / computer / his / the user’s guide

________________________________________________________________________

6. to / My / lessons / learned / cousin / the guitar / play / by / taking

_________________________________________________________________________

7. own / father / his / tools and / built / by / using / materials / My / the birdhouse
_________________________________________________________________________

147
148
149
 Writing
Think of a skill you have learned. Read these questions and make a paragraph. Use at
least 180 words.
What is required to be successful at it?
What are some ways people learn to do it?
How did you learn it?
What was difficult about learning it?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

150
Time to Speak!

151
 Reading Comprehension
Choosing a Musical Instrument
Choosing the right musical instrument to learn is an important decision that can
greatly affect your musical journey. It is essential to take some time and carefully
consider your options before making a choice. Here are some factors to consider
when choosing the right musical instrument for you.
Firstly, consider your musical preferences and the type of music you want to
play. Certain instruments are better suited for different genres of music. For instance,
if you love classical music, you might consider learning the piano, violin or cello. On
the other hand, if you are interested in playing jazz, you might consider the
saxophone, trumpet, or guitar. By choosing an instrument that aligns with your
musical preferences, you are more likely to enjoy practicing and playing it.
Secondly, consider the physical demands of the instrument you want to learn. Some instruments
require a lot of physical strength, such as the drums or tuba, while others require a lot of finger dexterity,
like the guitar or piano. Consider your physical abilities and limitations before choosing an instrument.
You don't want to choose an instrument that is physically challenging and may cause injury or frustration.
Lastly, consider the cost of the instrument and the lessons required to learn it. Certain instruments
can be quite expensive, such as the piano or drums, while others are relatively inexpensive, like the
harmonica or ukulele. Additionally, some instruments may require more expensive lessons or specialized
instruction, such as the violin or clarinet. Take into account the cost of both the instrument and the lessons
when making your decision.
Overall, choosing the right musical instrument to learn requires careful consideration of your
musical preferences, physical abilities, and budget. By taking the time to make an informed decision, you
are more likely to find an instrument that you enjoy playing and that suits your needs.

Answer True or False.

1. Choosing the right musical instrument to learn can greatly impact
your musical journey. True / False
2. When choosing an instrument, it's important to consider your
musical preferences. True / False
3. The physical demands of an instrument should not be considered
when choosing which one to learn. True / False
4. The cost of an instrument and lessons should be taken into account
when making a decision. True / False
5. Once you choose an instrument, it's important to stick with it even
if you don't enjoy it. True / False

152
Unit 8 Self-Assessment

153
 UNIT 9 – DID YOU HAVE YOUR HAIR CUT?
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about services. You will learn how to talk about
services using causatives. You will learn about three-word phrasal verbs and make
suggestions.

154
UNIT 9 – VOCABULARY

155
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Choose the correct phrases to complete the sentences.

1. If a person is excited about something, he or she is (keeping up with / taking care of /

looking forward to) it.

2. If David and Juanita have ended their relationship, it means they have (gotten along /
broken up / put up).

3. If you (keep up with / cut down on / put up with) something unpleasant, you tolerate it.

4. If you (break up with / cut down on / put up with) something, you reduce the quantity of it.

5. If two people have a good relationship, they (get along with / look forward to / keep up with)
each other.

6. If someone (keeps up with / looks forward to / comes up with) something, he or she has a
new idea.

7. I (take care of / get along with / come up with) my pets, which means I am responsible for
them.

Vocabulary Practice 2

Complete the sentences. Write up, to, with, of, or on.

1. This year, I plan to exercise more and cut down ______ fast food.

2. We are really looking forward ______ our trip to Paris!

3. Our teacher will not put _______ with students being late to class.

4. My friend Kim is a great parent. She really knows how to take care ______ her family.

5. He doesn’t get along ______ his coworkers. He might even quit his job.

6. The movie was so complicated and fast-paced that I couldn’t keep ______ with it.

7. My brother came up _______ a good suggestion for the wedding.

8. I’m really sorry that Carlos broke _______ with you. You’ll find someone else who makes
you happier.

156
 Vocabulary Practice 3
Choose the correct phrasal verbs.

157
158
 GET OR HAVE SOMETHING DONE
" Use get/have + object + past participle of the verb to describe a service performed for
you by someone else.
Examples:
$ When you do something yourself:
#
SIMPLE PRESENT

I always cut my hair.

verb object

2 When someone else does something for you:

1
I always have my hair cut at a Barber Shop.

have + object + verb in p.p.

$ When you do something yourself:

#
He is washing his car.
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

verb object

2 When someone else does something for you:

1
He is having his car washed (by a guy).

have + object + verb in p.p.

$ When you do something yourself:

#
We fixed the computer.
SIMPLE PAST

verb object

2 When someone else does something for you:

1
We got the computer fixed (by an engineer).

get + object + verb in p.p.

159
 GET OR HAVE SOMETHING DONE
$ When you do something yourself:
#
YES / NO QUESTIONS
Did you repair your cell phone?

verb object

2 When someone else does something for you:

1
Did you get your cell phone repaired (by someone)?

get + object + verb in p.p.

$ When you do something yourself:

#
Where can I print these pictures?
WH-QUESTIONS

verb object

2 When someone else does something for you:

1
Where can I get these pictures printed?

get + object + verb in p.p.

ANSWERS
Where can I have my hair cut? You can have it cut at Yorz Barber Shop.
Where can I get my nails done? You can have them done at Uñas Nice.
Where can I have my phone repaired? You can have it repaired at Phone House.

160
Change the following sentences using get/have + object + verb in past participle.

1. I fixed my watch. ____________________________________

2. He mows the lawn every two weeks. _____________________________
3. We are painting the house. _____________________________________
4. I am checking my blood pressure. ____________________________________
5. Where can I wash my clothes? _______________________________________

Put the words in the correct position to make statements or questions.

1. month / cleaned / office / once / his / He / gets / a

_______________________________________________________

2. can / they / framed / their / Where / get / pictures / ?

_______________________________________________________

3. Did / you / lawn / have / your / mowed / ?

_______________________________________________________

4. had / painted / her / house / Jim / She / by

_______________________________________________________

5. by / car / my / I / repaired / them / having / am

_______________________________________________________

6. hair / morning / having / are / this / cut / their / They

________________________________________________________

161
162
163
164
 Giving Suggestions
" Use What about / Have you thought about + gerund to give advice.
Examples:
$ Situation: I’m sort of sad. I can’t find a girlfriend/boyfriend.
#
What about going to parties every weekend?

gerunds

Have you thought meeting new people?

gerunds

" Use It might be a good idea / One thing you could do is + infinitive to give advices.
Examples:
$ Situation: I can’t lose weight.
#
It might be a good idea to join a gym.

infinitive

One thing you could do is to play a sport that you like.

infinitive

" Use Maybe you could + base form to give suggestions.

Examples:
$ Situation: I need money now.
#
Maybe you could sell some things.

base form

" Use Why don’t you + base form to give advice. (Question)
Examples:
$ Situation: I’m so sad. My boyfriend/girlfriend broke up with me.
#
Why don’t you hang out with your friends?

base form

165
Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the suggestions.

1. (Maybe you could / Why don’t you / One thing you could do) try cooking dinner at
home to save money.

2. (Why don’t you learn / What about / Have you) learn to play guitar?

3. It (should / must / might) be a good idea to take a web design class.

4. What about (sign / signed / signing) up for a gym membership?

5. Have you (thinking / think / thought) about joining a book club?

6. (One opinion is / What about / Maybe you could) to bake them a casserole.

7. Why doesn’t he (taking / take / takes) a nap if he’s tired?

166
167
 Writing
Look at the following posts. Give advice for the two problems. Use at least 180 words.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

168
Time to Speak!

169
 Reading Comprehension
Ask E-tutor
Hi! I’m E-tutor, or Emma. I’m here to help with any study-related problems, whether big or small. Post a
message on the forum below.

170
 Are the sentences true or false?

1. Meg doesn’t respect her sister. True / False

2. Meg finds it difficult to talk to her sister. True / False
3. E-tutor thinks Meg’s problem is unusual. True / False
4. Rudy believes he has an impossible task. True / False
5. E-tutor thinks Rudy needs to start studying immediately. True / False
6. Rudy needs to study a little and often. True / False
7. Hayley is confident that her problem can be solved. True / False
8. E-tutor recommends that Hayley studies with a teacher. True / False

Who is it about? Put the sentences in the correct groups.

This person has exam in two weeks. This person shares study space with a member of the family.
This person is advised to study with other people. This person is advised to create a detailed plan for studying.
This person is panicking because insufficient time. This person is advised to study a little every day.
This person is advised to study outside the house. This person isn’t sure about which things need to be studied.
This person feels embarrassed about a problem.

Meg Rudy

Hayley

171
Unit 9 Self-Assessment

172
 UNIT 10 – FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTURE
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about historic events around the world. You will
learn how to talk about past events using time references. You will learn how to use
future with a variety of structures.

173
UNIT 10 – VOCABULARY

174
 Vocabulary Practice 1
Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.

1. A(n) (assassination / epidemic / election) is when an influential person is killed for political
reasons.

2. A (revolution / terrorist act / natural disaster) is an act of violence inflicted upon a country
to make a political or religious statement.

3. In the United States, there is a presidential (election / revolution / achievement) every

four years.

4. Tornadoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis are examples of (epidemics / assassination /

natural disasters).

5. Before the (achievement / discovery / revolution) that planets are round, people thought
the Earth was flat.

6. A(n) (natural disaster / terrorist act / epidemic) is an outbreak of disease that affects a
large amount of people at the same time.

Vocabulary Practice 2
Complete the sentences. Write the missing word or phrase. Use the words in the list. There is
one extra word.
achievement assassination discovery revolution election
terrorist attack terrorist act epidemic natural disaster

1. I can’t wait to see who wins the ________________________! I voted last night.

2. Hurricane Katrina was a devastating ____________________ that still affects New Orleans
today.

3. President Lincoln’s _______________________ in 1865 shocked and saddened the nation.

4. Thousands of people died during the malaria ___________________ in Egypt in the 1940s.

5. Strong airport security is one way of trying to prevent a __________________________.

6. In history class, we studied the French _________________________, during which the

monarchy was overthrown.

7. The __________________ of penicillin in 1928 was very significant for the medical industry.

8. My brother just finished law school. For graduation, we had a party to celebrate this
remarkable ____________________________.

175
Vocabulary Practice 3

Vocabulary Practice 4

176
177
 Referring to time in the past

" Use in / ago / during to talk about a point of time in the past.

Look at the following timeline:

Examples:

Rock ‘n’ roll became popular 69 years ago.

Disco became a craze in 1975.

Rubik’s Cubes were popular during the 1980s.

Rubik’s Cubes were popular in the 1980s.

" Use from… to / for to talk about a period of time in the past.

Look at the following timeline:

Examples:

The Jonas Brothers were together from 2005 to 2013.

The Jonas Brothers were together for 8 years.

178
" Use since / for to talk about a period of time that continues into the present.

Look at the following timeline:

Examples:

Fox has broadcasted The Simpsons since 1989.

The Simpsons has been broadcasted for 30 years.

Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. My mother was an artist (since / from / during) the 1970s.

2. I moved to the United States six years (ago / during / since).

3. Cell phones started to become popular (for / since / in) the 1990s.

4. My favorite show, American Idol, has been on television (during / since / from) 2002.

5. John F. Kennedy was president (from / during / for) 1961 (to / in / for) 1963.

6. To get a college degree in the U.S., you take classes (during / from / for) approximately
four years.

7. My parents met in high school, so they have known each other (since / for / in) over 20
years.

179
180
 Writing
Write a biography of a person you admire. Use at least 180 words.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

181
 The Future
Review
Affirmative Form
" Use will to predict future events or situations.
Subject will verb (base form)
I
You
He will travel to the space.
She
It
We
They

Examples: We will have flying cars Contractions

People will wear self-fitting clothes. I will I’ll
You will You’ll
He will He’ll
She will She’ll
It will It’ll
We will We’ll
They will They’ll

Negative Form
" Use will not in negative form. The contraction is won’t.
Examples: We won’t have to go to supermarkets.
People won’t have to walk anymore.

Questions
" Use will at the beginning for questions. Short Answers
Subject will verb (base form)
Affirmative Negative
I
Yes, I will No, I won’t
you
Yes, you will No, you won’t
he
Yes, he will No, he won’t
Will she live more years?
Yes, she will No, she won’t
it
Yes, it will No, it won’t
we
Yes, we will No, we won’t
they
Yes, they will No, they won’t
Note: Don’t use contractions in
affirmative short answers.
Example: Yes, I’ll "
Yes, I will #

182
 Time markers
tomorrow
next week
next year
in two years
soon

What do you think? Write ‘will’ or ‘won’t’ in the sentences to make predictions.

1. Children _________ go to school in the future.

2. I ________________ go to university.
3. In the future, people _____________ grow and make all their own food.
4. I ______________ live in a different country one day.
5. We ____________ have a robot to do all the household jobs in the future.
6. I ______________ have the same friends in 10 years’ time.
7. In the future, computer games _____________ be downloaded into our heads!
8. When I grow up, I _______________ be famous.
9.___________ we find life in other planets?

183
 Future Continuous
" Use the future continuous with will to talk about actions that will be in progress at a
specific time in the future.

Examples:
By this day in December, I’ll be graduating from school.

" Use the future continuous with will to predict ongoing actions.

Examples:
By 2030, robots will be performing surgeries.

" Structure:
Subject will be verb-ing complement
Human beings will be living in another planet.
We will be buying everything online.
People will be living under the sea.

184
Use the words to write sentences with Future Continuous. Use ‘will be’ or ‘won’t be’ or
‘won’t’.

1. (I / not travel / next week) _______________________________________________

2. (Sam / study / at two o’clock) ____________________________________________
3. (you / work / tonight?) __________________________________________________
4. A: (she / study?) ______________________________? B: No, she _____________
5. (they / not drive / tomorrow) _____________________________________________
6. A: (you / sleep?) _________________________________ B: Yes, I _____________
7. (we / watch TV / tonight) ________________________________________________
8. (Mr. Smith / fly to Italy / soon) ____________________________________________
9. (the sun / set / at seven o’clock) __________________________________________
10. A: (we / eat / soon?) ______________________________ B: Yes, we ___________
11. (where / you / stay?) ___________________________________________________
12. (I / do my homework / tonight) ____________________________________________
13. (how / they / get to work?) _______________________________________________
14. A: (she / play?) _______________________________? B: No, she _____________
15. (I / get a haircut / this afternoon) __________________________________________

Complete the following sentences using the words in the list.

arrive give leave drive

sun-bath work speak do

1. We _________________________ in an hour or so, so make sure your suitcase is packed.

2. I _________________________ my car until next week, so you can borrow it if you like.
3. Dr. Lin _____________________ the same talk in room 103 at 10 next Thursday.
4. What do you think you _______________________ at this time next Saturday.
5. My relatives __________________________ here next Friday morning.
6. By Christmas I _____________________ English like a pro.
7. Just think, next Monday you _______________________ in your new job.
8. This time next week I _____________________ in Cancun.

185
 Future Perfect

" Use Future Perfect to predict actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future.

Examples:
Scientists will have discovered the cure of baldness.

Examples:
Within 25 years, the NASA will have found life in another planet.

" Structure:
Subject will have verb in past participle complement
I will have finished my project by Saturday.
She will have started a new job by Monday.
You will have received your promotion by next month

186
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences using Future Perfect.

1. I’m hungry now. I (eat) __________ __________ __________ dinner before you get home.
2. A: __________ the sun (rise) __________ __________ by the time you get up tomorrow?
3. B: Yes, it __________.
4. How many kids __________ you (have)__________ __________ by the time you are 35?
5. My classmate (not / finish)__________ __________ __________ his homework before class.
6. Don’t worry. I (return) __________ __________ __________ the library books by tomorrow.
7. I think robots (take over) _________ _________ _________ _________ the world by 2050!
8. A: _________ they (arrive) __________ __________ at the airport in time to catch their flight?
9. B: No, they __________.
10. Why (not / fix) __________ the mechanics __________ __________ your car by Tuesday?
11. A: How many hours of TV __________ you (watch) __________ __________ by this time
tomorrow?
12. B: Actually, I (not / watch) __________ __________ __________ any TV!
13. By what age __________ Sarah __________ __________ from college?
14. A: Do you think people (land) __________ __________ __________ on Mars by 2030?
15. B: No, I __________.

Writing
Write about yourself. How will your life be in 20 years? What have you finished? What will you
be doing? Use Future, Future Continuous and Future Perfect. Write at least 180 words.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

187
Put the words in the correct position to make sentences.

1. the / moon / for vacation / will / to / Soon / travel / people

____________________________________________________

2. years / 50 / will / In / in / working / be / robots / restaurants / ,

_____________________________________________________

3. a / By / have / will / , / cure for cancer / 2040 / doctors / found

_____________________________________________________

4. a / , / 50 / car / flying / years / built / will / engineers / have / Within

_______________________________________________________

5. need / paper / everything / we / won’t / Soon / be / electronic / because / will

_______________________________________________________________

6. discovered / to / have / 50 / breathe underwater / a / , / Within / years / scientists / will / way /

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Many / will / 2025 / robotic pets / be / buying / people / by

_________________________________________________

188
189
190
 Writing
Write about how you think technology will affect people’s life in the next 20 years. Use
at least 180 words.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

191
Time to Speak!

192
193
 Reading Comprehension
Read the article.

Predictions from the Past

Do you ever wonder what people in the past thought the future would be
like? For them, the year 2000 seemed like science fiction. Here are a
couple of predictions people made over 100 years ago.

Some early predictions ended up being absolutely correct. In the

December 1900 issue of the Ladies Home Journal, John E. Watkins, Jr.
predicted, "The American will be taller by one to two inches" and will live
longer ("fifty years instead of thirty-five at present"). It is true that due to
improvements in medicine and diet, the average American lives longer
than he or she did in 1900.

Watkins also predicted that by 2000, "wireless telephones will span the world," allowing people
to call China as easily "as we now talk from New York to Brooklyn." Now that most people own
a cell phone, this statement could not be truer.

However, most predictions from long ago did not come true. For example, Watkins predicted that
"strawberries as large as apples will be eaten by our great-great grandchildren," and that
"cranberries will be as large as oranges." He also said that there will be no more mosquitoes,
flies, or roaches because they all will have been exterminated by 2000. These ideas are
intriguing, but little has changed in the size of fruit and the population of insects since 1900!

Other incorrect predictions underestimated the success of certain then-new technologies. For
instance, Simon Newcomb said that "flight by machines heavier than air is unpractical, if not
utterly impossible." About a year later, the first airplane flight was completed. In 1903, the
president of Michigan Savings Bank said, "The horse is here to stay, but the automobile is only
a novelty – a fad." He couldn't have been more wrong.

Think how different the world is now than it was in 1900! These predictions show just how much
can change in just 100 years.

Sources: http://webfreebies4u.blogspot.com/2009/09/37-failed-technology-predictions-
from.html; http://www.yorktownhistory.org/homepages/1900_predictions.htm

194
 Exercise 1
Read the sentences. Are they True or False?

Exercise 2
Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.

1. The year 2000 might have "seemed like science fiction" to people in 1900 because they thought
(humans would be extinct by then / it was so far in the future / humans would be living in the
space).

2. The main idea of the second paragraph is that (most predictions from the 1900s were false /
some predictions from the 1900s came true / many new technologies were successful).

3. In 1900, long-distance telephone calls were probably (quite common / difficult to make /
wireless).

4. Watkins thought that by 2000, (fruit would be much larger / there wouldn’t be any more apples
or oranges / vegetables would replace fruits).

5. Airplane flight is an example of a(n) (achievement / revolution / discovery) that changed the world.

6. People might have thought that airplane flight was impossible because machines are too (small to
ride / expensive to build / heavy to fly).

7. The predictions show (how much better life in the 1900s was / how wrong scientists cab be /
how different the world is now).

195
Unit 10 Self-Assessment

196
 UNIT 11 – I WAS SO IMMATURE!
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about major life events, personal situations, and
types of behavior. You will learn how to talk milestones in their lives using variety of
time clauses. You learn how to use should have + past participle.

197
UNIT 11 – VOCABULARY

198
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Match the words with their definitions.

a) ambitious ( ) having experience, knowledge, and good judgement

b) carefree ( ) likely to go against rules, resisting convention
c) naïve ( ) worldly, intelligent, refined
d) pragmatic ( ) aspiring, goal-driven
e) rebellious ( ) sensible, realistic, practical
f) sophisticated ( ) lighthearted, having no troubles or concerns
g) wise ( ) innocent, unworldly, simple

Vocabulary Practice 2

Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

ambitious argumentative carefree sophisticated

dependable naïve pragmatic sensible

1. It seems like Denise doesn’t worry about anything. She is always so __________________.

2. My best friend can be very ____________________ . Last night, we fought about what
movie to see!

3. Hanna is quite ______________________ . She is smart, classy, and mature.

4. Jeff is very _______________________ . He works hard and sets high goals for himself.

5. Harold is so ____________________ ! He makes decisions carefully and would never be

impulsive.

6. She is a great friend because she is so ___________________ . I can always count on her
and she never breaks a promise.

7. He is not _______________________ at all! I think he is wise and experienced.

8. The older I get, the more _____________________ I become. Over time, I’ve learned how
to be practical and less idealistic.

199
Vocabulary Practice 3

Vocabulary Practice 4

200
201
 Time Clauses
" Use once / as soon as when one event happens and another event happens soon
afterward.
Examples: Once I had my job, I became more independent.

First, I found a job. Then, I became

more independent.

As soon as I got my own bank account, I started to be more responsible.

First, I opened a Then, I started to be

bank account. more responsible.

" Use the moment with a particular point of time when two events happen together.
Examples: The moment John got married, he felt like an adult.

Two events happen at the same time.

" Use until when something begins and something ends.

Examples: Until I met Donna, I hadn’t known what friendship was.

I began knowing
friendship.

" Use By the time when one event is completed before another event.
Examples: By the time I graduated, I had already found a good job.

2 1
Then, I First, I found a
graduated. good job.

$Note: Use the Past Perfect in the main clause with

,
+
*
)
(
'
&
%
until and by the time. This shows that one of the past
events happened before the other.

202
Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.

1. (Until / Once) I had children, I learned how to be much more responsible.

2. (By the time / After) I graduated from college, I moved to California to look for work.

3. (Before / As soon as) I met my boyfriend, I was very lonely.

4. (Until / The moment) I got my first job, I started to feel like an adult.

5. (Until / Once) he traveled to India in 2008, he had never been out of the United States.

6. (After / By the time) she turned 21 years old, she had already graduated college.

7. (As soon as / Until) we got married, we started to look for houses to buy.

203
204
205
 Past Modals
Regrets
" Use should have + past participle to give an opinion in the past, but the opinion you are
giving is too late.
past
Examples: would have participle

You should have gone to the party.

(You didn’t go to the party and now it is too late)

past
would have participle

I shouldn’t have sent that text message.

(I sent it and now it is too late)

" Use If + Past Perfect and would have + past participle to express probable outcomes
in hypothetical situations.
If Past Perfect would have + past participle
If I had listened to my father I would have learnt to play a musical instrument.
If I had accepted that job I would have been rich
If I hadn’t gotten married I would have had more money.
If I hadn’t been so irresponsible I could have gotten better grades.
If I hadn’t smoked so many years I could have had a healthier life.

) Note: People usually pronounce would have and should have as shoulda and woulda,
+
*
but it is never written like this.

Examples: woulda called

I would have called her.

shoulda gone

You should have gone to the dinner.

206
Complete the sentences. Write had, hadn’t, should have, shouldn’t have, would have, wouldn’t
have, or could have.

1. If that company _____________ offered me the job, I __________________ taken it. I really
need to find a new one.

2. If he ___________ wrecked his car, he __________________ driven us to the concert this

weekend. However, because he doesn’t have a car anymore, we didn’t ask him.

3. If my best friend _____________ had that party, I ___________________ met my husband.

I’m glad she had that party, because my husband and I are so happy together.

4. We _____________________ gotten here so late. Now we will miss the beginning of the
movie!

5. If he _______________ been more carefree, he ____________________ gotten so

stressed out.

6. If she _____________ learned Mandarin, maybe she _____________________ gotten a

job in China. But since she can’t speak the language, she didn’t apply for any.

7. I ____________________ gone to Brazil when I was offered a job there. I’m sorry now that I
didn’t.

207
Write sentences about your regrets. Use should (not) have.

208
209
210
 Writing
Write about something you regret doing and you want to apologize for. Consider the
questions below. Use at least 180 words.
What did you do?
What were the consequences?
Is there any way you can undo those consequences?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

211
Time to Speak!

212
Answer True or False.
1. You can do this quiz to find out if you are a good friend. True / False
2. In question 1, your friend can easily get a bus or taxi. True / False
3. In question 2, you can give your friend math’s classes without causing difficulties for yourself. True / False
4. In question 3, you think the person you like would prefer to go out with your friend. True / False
5. In question 4, your friend is thinking about a permanent change to his/her body. True / False
6. If you answer mostly Cs, you are not a good friend. True / False

213
Unit 11 Self-Assessment

214
 UNIT 12 – LET’S SET UP A COFFEE SHOP!
Learning Objectives: You will talk about successful people, business, and products,
as well as, advertising.

215
UNIT 12 – VOCABULARY

216
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Choose the correct adjectives to complete the sentences.

affordable entertaining knowledgeable
muscular persuasive well written

1. A car salesperson must be _____________________.

2. Athletes are usually ________________ because they exercise so often.

3. To run a successful jewelry shop, it’s a good idea to have ______________ prices.

4. A college professor needs to be ___________________.

5. For an actor to be successful, he must be ___________________.

6. In order for a novel to be popular, it must be _____________________.

Vocabulary Practice 2
Complete the sentences. Write the words. Use the words in the list.

attractive charming fashionable industrious informative tough

1. My boss is __________________. She works hard and is very productive.

2. This newspaper is very popular because it is so _______________. You can learn a lot by
reading its articles.

3. The trendiest clothing store in this city is Style Beat. It has the most ____________ clothes.

4. My real estate agent is very _________________. She has a delightful personality that
helps her sell houses.

5. A model must be _________________ because her job is to make clothing look good.

6. Actors must be ________________ because they receive a lot of criticism and rejection.

217
Vocabulary Practice 3

Vocabulary Practice 4

218
219
 Describing Purpose
( Use to / in order to + verb (base form) to talk about purposes or reasons.
Examples:
In order to run a popular internet café, it’s a good idea to have plenty of computers.

verb (base form)

In order to operate a successful movie theater, you need to make sure it shows the latest
movies.
verb (base
form)

( Use for / in order for + noun + to + verb to talk about purposes or reasons.
Examples:
In order for a music store to be successful, it has to have a variety of instruments.

In order for an English school to succeed, it must have great teachers.

#Be careful! Don’t use for immediately before an infinitive

"
To have a successful business, you need a lot of luck. $
For to have a successful business, you need a lot of luck. &

220
Put the words in the correct positions to make sentences.

1. to / a website / To / important / good computer skills / have / design / , / it’s

_______________________________________________________________

2. to your customers / it’s / In order / to have / to listen / a good idea / a successful business / , /
___________________________________________________________________________

3. it needs / to succeed / interesting / For / articles / a magazine / to have / , /

_____________________________________________________________

4. to be / , / In order for / the latest / brands / a clothing store / to carry / it has / profitable
_______________________________________________________________________

5. Too keep / to have / , / in business / a / important / it’s / café / a popular menu

________________________________________________________________

6. reviews / a book / For / to have / good / to succeed / , / it needs

_______________________________________________________

7. to run / In order / to have / a / , / evening hours / salon / it’s / a good idea / profitable
_____________________________________________________________________

221
222
223
 Giving Reasons
" Use because / since to give reasons.
● They mean the same, although since is more formal.
●They are followed by Subject + Verb.
●They can begin or end a sentence, but when they begin, use a (,).

Examples:
Since the service is great, I love Starbucks.

Since the music is great, I like Coco Bongo.

" Use because of / due to to give reasons.

● They mean the same, although due to has often a negative connotation.
● They are followed by a noun or noun phrase.
● They can begin or end a sentence, but when they begin, use a (,).

Examples:
Because of the great food, IHOP is my favorite restaurant.

Due to the crowds, it’s very hard to enter at Coco Bongo.

" Use for to give reasons.

● It’s followed by a noun or noun phrase.

Examples:
IHOP is famous for its pancakes.

noun phrase

" Use the reason (that/why) …is… to give reasons.

● Use an infinitive after that.

Examples:
The reason that I go to IHOP is to eat pancakes.

infinitive

224
Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.

1. This bakery is famous (for / since / the reason that) its amazing cupcakes.

2. (The reason why / Since / Due to) it is so popular, there is always a long line outside the
store.

3. The website is well-known (because of / since / because) its hilarious viral videos.

4. (Since / Due to / Because) the low prices, people drive into town just to shop there.

5. Rolling Stone magazine is well-known (because / since / for) its accurate music reviews.

6. We like the pet store in the mall (because of / due to / because) it has a good variety of cat
food brands.

7. (Due to / Because / The reason why) we eat at that diner is just to save money.

225
226
227
 Writing
Choose one of your favorite products. Write a one-minute commercial TV or online
commercial. You can use the questions below.
What’s good or unique about the product?
Why would someone want to buy or use it?
Can you think of a clever name or slogan?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

228
Time to Speak!

229
 Reading Comprehension
How to Be an Entrepreneur?
Being an entrepreneur can be an exciting and rewarding journey, but it also
requires a lot of hard work and dedication. Here are three key steps to
becoming a successful entrepreneur:

1. Develop a business plan: A business plan is a blueprint for your

business that outlines your goals, strategies, target market, financial
projections, and more. It's important to take the time to create a
detailed and realistic plan that will guide you in building and growing
your business. Your plan should also include a competitive analysis to
help you understand your industry and market, as well as a marketing
plan to help you reach and engage with your target audience.

2. Build a strong network: As an entrepreneur, building relationships and connections with others is
essential to your success. This includes networking with other entrepreneurs, industry experts,
mentors, and potential customers. Attend networking events, join industry groups, and seek out
opportunities to meet and connect with others who can help you grow your business.

3. Stay adaptable and flexible: As an entrepreneur, it's important to be able to adapt and pivot when
necessary. You may encounter unexpected challenges or changes in the market, and you need
to be able to adjust your strategies and plans accordingly. Stay up-to-date with industry trends
and be willing to experiment and try new approaches in order to find what works best for your
business.

Becoming a successful entrepreneur is a process that requires careful planning, hard work, and
adaptability. By developing a solid business plan, building a strong network, and staying flexible, you can
increase your chances of success and achieve your entrepreneurial goals.

Answer True or False.

1. Developing a business plan is not necessary to become a successful entrepreneur. True / False
2. Building a strong network is not important for entrepreneurs. True / False
3. Being adaptable and flexible is not necessary for entrepreneurs. True / False
4. Networking with potential customers is not important for entrepreneurs. True / False
5. Becoming a successful entrepreneur is an easy and quick process. True / False

230
Unit 12 Self-Assessment

231
 UNIT 13 – HE COULD HAVE HAD AN EMERGENCY.
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about social habits, predicaments, and mysteries. You
will give explanations, reasons, and suggestions using past modals: must have, may have,
and could have. You will give opinions and advice with past modals: should have, could
have, and would have.

232
UNIT 13 – VOCABULARY

233
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Read the sentences. Are they True or False?

1. A criticism is when someone says what he or she expects

to happen in the future. (True / False)
2. A suspicion is a fact you know to be true. (True / False)
3. A demand is when a person tells someone to do something
or asks for something in a forceful way. (True / False)
4. A suggestion is when someone offers an idea or piece of
advice to someone else. (True / False)
5. An assumption is when a person accepts something as true
without checking it or getting proof. (True / False)
6. A warning is a state of uncertainty and doubt. (True / False)
7. An excuse is a reason a person offers to explain why
something happened. (True / False)

Vocabulary Practice 2
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. A: If you are late to class again, you will have to write an extra essay. Consider this your
(prediction / warning / criticism).
B: OK. It won’t happen again.

2. A: We were supposed to meet at the cafe at 7:00, but Jim got there at 8:30!
B: Did he have a good (assumption / excuse / warning) for being late?

3. A: I think my neighbor Fiona got the new job she had interviewed for. I saw her wearing a
suit when she left her house this morning.
B: That seems like a reasonable (warning / demand / assumption).

4. A: You might want to aim the basketball a little more to the right. It seems like it keeps
landing left of the basket.
B: I think you’re right! Thanks for the (suggestion / demand / excuse).

5. A: If you want to join our cooking club, we have one (criticism / demand / suggestion):
you must share all your recipes with us!
B: No problem.

234
235
 Past Modals for Degree of Certainty
" Use may / might / could + have + past participle to talk about possibilities in past.
Examples:
Situation: I asked my boyfriend to get here at 7:00 p.m., but it’s already 7:30 p.m.

He could have forgotten the time.

could + have + verb in p.p.

He could have gone with his friends.

could + have + verb in p.p.

He might not have remembered.

could + have + verb in p.p.

" Use could not + have + past participle to say that something is impossible.
Examples:
Situation: I asked my boyfriend to get here at 7:00 p.m., but it’s already 7:30 p.m.

He couldn’t have forgotten.

could not+ have + verb in p.p.

" Use must (not) + have + past participle to say that something is certain in the past.
Examples:
Situation: My girlfriend asked me to be here at 7:00 p.m., but I’m late. It’s already 7:45 p.m.

She must have left already.

must+ have + verb in p.p.

She must not have waited for me.

must+ have + verb in p.p.

236
Put the sentences in the correct categories.
She may have missed her appointment last week.
He couldn’t have been at the library yesterday. It was closed!
They have gone to the wrong restaurant.
They must have forgotten to check their email.
She couldn’t have called in sick today. I saw her in the parking lot this morning.
His cell phone might not be working. He usually answers every call.
He must not have bought the tickets yet.
The class could have been canceled. The room was empty this morning.

It’s almost certain

It’s possible

It’s not possible

© Cambridge University Press and UCLES 2020

237
238
239
240
 Past Modals
Regrets

" Use would have + past participle to give an opinion in the past, but the opinion you are
giving is too late.
would have past participle
Examples:
You would have gone to the party.
(You didn’t go to the party and now it is too late)

would have past participle

I wouldn’t have sent that text message.

(I sent it and now it is too late)

" Use could have + past participle to give an opinion in the past, but the opinion you are
giving is too late.
Examples:
could have past participle

I could have studied more.

(You didn’t study enough and now it is too late)

could have past participle

Dad, you could have dressed up for my graduation.

" Use should have + past participle to give a suggestion in the past, but the suggestion
you are giving is too late.

Examples: should have past participle

You should have told her the truth.

(You didn’t tell her the truth and now is too late)

should have past participle

You shouldn’t have taken that money.

(You took that money and now is too late, you’re going to jail)

241
 Wh-Questions
Wh-Questions would pronoun have past participle
should
What would you have done?
Where would he have gone?
What should I have done?
What should I have said?

You should have gone to the dinner. .Note: People usually pronounce would
-
I would have called him. have and should have as shoulda and
woulda. But it is never written like this.

Complete the sentences with could, should, shouldn’t, would, or wouldn’t. More than
one answer may be possible.

1. I’m so tired this morning! I ____________ have stayed up so late last night.

2. You _______________ have studied harder for the final exam if you wanted
to get a better grade in the class.

3. If I had been at the party, I ___________________ have talked to John. I’m

still so mad at him and not ready to have a conversation about it yet.

4. If I were you, I ____________________ have taken a taxi home last night. It can be
dangerous walking alone.

5. They brought their car. They _____________________ have given you a ride.

6. I _______________________ have taken my vacation last month. This month I’m too busy
to go out of town.

7. Sarah ____________________ have watered your plants. She lives right next door.

8. He ______________ have borrowed your bicycle without asking you first. That wasn’t right.

242
243
244
245
 Writing
Read the situations and write what the person would / could / should have done. Use at
least 180 words.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

246
Time to Speak!

247
 Reading Comprehension
Embarrassing Moments
Situation 1
Imagine you're giving a presentation in front of a large audience. You're nervous,
but you've practiced for weeks and you feel prepared. As you're speaking, you
notice that people in the audience are whispering and pointing. Suddenly, you
realize that your fly is down and has been the entire time you've been presenting.
You feel your face turn bright red as you quickly try to fix the situation. You
can hear some people chuckling and others trying to stifle their laughter. You try to
continue with your presentation, but you can't shake the embarrassment and
discomfort you feel.
Later on, you find out that your presentation was well-received and that people were impressed
with your knowledge and delivery. However, the memory of your embarrassing moment lingers and you
cringe every time you think about it. Despite this, you remind yourself that embarrassing moments
happen to everyone and that it's important to laugh it off and move forward.
Situation 2
Imagine you're at a dinner party with your friends, and you accidentally spill your drink on your lap. You
try to clean it up discreetly, but the stain is visible, and everyone at the table notices. You feel your face
turn red with embarrassment as you try to make small talk and ignore the awkwardness.
Later on, as you're leaving the party, you accidentally knock over a decorative vase, causing it to
shatter into a million pieces. Everyone turns to look at you, and you feel like you want to disappear. You
apologize profusely and offer to pay for the damages, but the embarrassment lingers long after you leave.
Despite the mishaps, your friends understand that accidents happen, and they don't hold it against
you. However, you can't help but feel like you've made a fool of yourself and vow to be more careful in
the future.
Answer True or False.
1. The situation 1 is a common type of embarrassing moment. True / False
2. The situation 1 shows that the presenter's presentation was
not well-received. True / False
3. The situation 1 illustrates that it's important to move forward
after an embarrassing moment. True / False
4. The situation 2 shows that accidents can happen and lead to
embarrassing moments. True / False
5. The situation 2 illustrates that embarrassing moments are always
judged harshly by others. True / False

248
Unit 13 Self-Assessment

249
 UNIT 14 – CREATIVE JOBS
Learning Objectives: You will discuss about the production of movies, TV programs, theater
performances, and newspapers. You will describe processes using the passive. You will also discuss
jobs using defining and non-defining relative clauses.

250
UNIT 14 – VOCABULARY

251
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Choose the correct job titles for the pictures.

club DJ game animator news photographer songwriter

storyboard artist stunt person talk show host

1. 5.

__________________________ _______________________

2. 6.

___________________________ ________________________
3. 7.

___________________________ _________________________
4.

___________________________

252
 Vocabulary Practice 2
Write the correct job titles to complete the sentences. Use the words in the list. There is one
extra word.

band manager editorial director gameplay programmer

storyboard artist stunt person club DJ game animator
quality assurance analyst talk show host web content manager

1. A(n) _____________________ is the person who decides how a

publishing company will make a book.

2. A(n) _____________________ often stands in for an actor to

perform a dangerous task in a movie.

3. Music groups usually hire a(n) __________________________

to handle their business affairs.

4. A(n) _______________________________ writes code that creates video games.

5. A __________________________________ tests websites or software for problems and

makes sure any errors are fixed.

6. A ________________________________ conducts interviews and entertains an audience.

7. A _________________________________ plays music to keep people dancing.

8. A __________________________________ chooses the items that go on a website.

253
Vocabulary Practice 3

Vocabulary Practice 4

254
255
 The Passive to Describe Process
'Remember!
&
"Form the passive voice with be + past participle.
Examples:
A scene isn’t filmed just once.

be + past participle

Only the best shots are used.

be + past participle

"You can also use modals with passive voice.

Examples:

Subject modal be past participle

One scene may be shot.
Only the best shots have to be taken.
Each scene needs to be filmed carefully.

Rewrite the sentences using the passive.

1. An author sends a proposal to a publishing company.
The proposal is sent to a publishing company.________________________________

2. An editor reads the proposal.

The proposal _________________________________________________________.

3. The editor might accept the proposal.

The proposal __________________________________________________________.

4. The author writes the manuscript for the book.

The manuscript _________________________________________________________.

5. Editors have to revise the manuscript.

The manuscript _________________________________________________________.

6. The author may have to rewrite part of the manuscript.

Part of the manuscript ___________________________________________________.

256
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. To make a music video, the scenes have to (be edited / been edited / are edited) to match
the song.

2. Two acting classes (taught / are teaching / may be taught) by the same instructor.

3. Once the film is completed, the movie (showing / is shown / to be shown) in theaters of
major cities.

4. The actors (may be film / aren’t film / aren’t filmed) during rehearsal.

5. For shows that air every day, the script has (to be written / is written / written) overnight.

6. The shooting (may be finish / is finished / has to be finished) only when all the scenes
are approved by the director.

7. Most directors (training / are trained / to be trained) in photography because it helps them
visualize scenes.

8. If a movie shoot (aren’t planned / may not be planned / isn’t planned) well, it will take
much longer to complete.

257
258
Complete the conversation. Use the passive form of the verbs given.

259
Complete this passage. Use the passive form of the verbs given.

260
Describe the six steps in the process of renovating a restaurant. Use the passive form
is the verbs given.

261
 Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses

There are two types of relative clauses:

1. Defining relative clause: it is used when the information in the clause is necessary. It
shows us which person is being described or talked about.
Examples:
The actor is very talented. The actor starred in that movie.
The actor who starred in that movie is very talented.

This information is necessary.

"You can use either who or that in defining relative clauses.

Examples:
A dialect coach is a language specialist. She works with actors on their accents.
A dialect coach is a language specialist who/that works with actors on their accents.

who/that This information is necessary.

2. Non-defining relative clause: it is used when the information isn’t necessary. It is extra
information that is added to the sentence.
Examples:
Tom Cruise is very talented. He starred in the movie Mission: Impossible.
Tom Cruise, who starred in the movie Mission: Impossible, is very talented.

This information isn´t necessary.

"Use commas before and after a non-defining relative clause.

"Use only who in non-defining relative clauses about people.
Examples:
A gossip columnist writes about celebrities and scandals. He or she gets to go to fabulous parties.
A gossip columnist, who gets to go to fabulous parties, writes about celebrities and scandals.

262
Put the words in the correct position to make sentences.

1. of my / write / who / Some / their own / favorite / actors are / comedians / jokes
__________________________________________________________________

2. must / acting coach / who trains / , / An / , / stage experience / actors / have

__________________________________________________________________

3. The / in / , / probably became famous /, / lead actor / who is / will / every scene
___________________________________________________________________

4. a / classes / taught / that / director is / The / professor / has / film

___________________________________________________________________

5. late / in / to / be / extras / are / , / who need / three / , / The / this scene

___________________________________________________________________

6. dance / actors who / are / are / The stars / trained / in

___________________________________________________________________

7. current events / that / on TV or / on the radio / report on / are / journalists / Newscasters

_________________________________________________________________________

263
264
265
 Writing
Choose a job you are interested in. In the first paragraph, describe the job. In the
second paragraph, explain why the job interests you. Use relative clauses in some of
your descriptions. Use at least 180 words.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

266
Time to Speak!

267
 Reading Comprehension
The Life of a “Hollywood Twin”
A double is a person who looks like one of the lead actors in a movie and
stands in for the actor in certain scenes. Usually, the double appears in scenes
where the lead actor’s face is not shown. This is why they are called “Hollywood
Twins”: unlike a real-life twin, doubles are not identical to the person for whom
they are substituting.
Doubles save moviemakers a lot of time and money. For example, if a
director needs to shoot a scene in which the lead actress has her back to the
camera as she watches a football game, a double can be used. This way, the
producers don’t have to pay an expensive, well-known actress for her time.
There are many different types of doubles. Stunt doubles are used for
dangerous scenes. Have you ever seen a movie in which the lead actor
tumbles down a flight of stairs? The person who actually took the fall was most likely a stunt double.
Body doubles are used when special skills are needed. For instance, most lead actors are not
trained dancers. Imagine that a movie needs a scene in which the actor is dancing. A body double that
is trained in dance can be used for the shots of the character’s body moving to the music.
Another common type of double is a hand double. This is a double used for shots in which only a
hand or arm is shown, like when a character is dialing the telephone. Doubles are very valuable to the
film industry. The next time you watch a movie, look for scenes that might use a double. They’re more
common than you might think!

Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. Doubles probably (take less time to eat / are more talented / cost much less) than well-
known actors.

2. A (stunt / hand / body) double may be used for a scene in which a character leaps out of an
exploding car.

3. A (body / hand / stunt) double may be used for a scene in which a character has to play tennis.

4. Doubles probably do not have (dangerous / speaking / important) roles in movies.

5. Because doubles are in movies but are not lead actors, they are similar to (movie extras /
newscasters / talk show hosts).

6. Doubles probably need to have a (face / body type / voice) that is similar to the lead actors.

7. Doubles save time because they (work faster than lead actors / are less expensive / can be
filmed while the lead actor is doing another scene / work faster than lead actors)

268
Unit 14 Self-Assessment

269
 UNIT 15 – THAT SHOULDN’T BE PERMITTED!
Learning Objectives: You will give opinions about laws and social issues. You will make
recommendations using passive modals. You will express opinions with tag questions.

270
UNIT 15 – VOCABULARY

271
 Vocabulary Practice 1

Choose the correct words or phrases to complete the sentences.

1. Regulations on music volume at concert venues are intended to cut down on

(homelessness / noise pollution / company out sourcing).

2. Having police standing on unsafe street corners might help cut down on (overcrowded
classrooms / street crime / stray animals).

3. (Noise pollution / Bullying / The lack of affordable child care) has forced many parents
to stay home with their children rather than be able to find jobs.

4. (Bullying / The lack of affordable child care / Overcrowded classrooms) can make
children feel tempted to skip school because they are afraid of being tormented.

5. (Street crime / Noise pollution / Graffiti) is when someone writes or draws on public
property.

6. If our country continues to have (inadequate health care / homelessness / street crime),
more people will get sick, and the death rate will increase.

7. Diseases like rabies can be spread by (street crime / bullying / stray animals).

272
 Vocabulary Practice 2

Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.

bullying company outsourcing homelessness

overcrowded classrooms graffiti noise pollution street crime

1. Julie lost her job because of ______________________________. Now someone in

another country is doing her job.

2. Children who are victims of ____________________________ suffer a lot of emotional

distress.

3. Poverty has created a lot of _________________________ in urban areas. Many people

there do not have a place to live.

4. Because of _____________________________, many children are not getting a high-

quality education.

5. The amount of _____________________________ in the city has increased. For example,

there were twice as many thefts this year than there were last year.

6. The _____________________________ near the library makes it difficult to study there.

The sounds make it hard to concentrate.

7. The owner of the building next door had to repaint the wall to cover up the
_______________________________ on it.

273
Vocabulary Practice 3

274
 Giving recommendations and opinions
Passive Modals

"Use should (not) / ought to + passive voice when you think something is a good idea.
Examples:
Subject modal verb be past participle complement
Cyclists should be required to wear a helmet.
Pet owners shouldn't be allowed to walk dogs without a leash.
People ought to be required to end parties at midnight.

" Use must / have to + passive voice when you think something is absolutely necessary.
Examples:
Subject modal verb be past participle complement
Laws must be passed to control the noise from car alarms.
People mustn't be permitted to park motorcycles on the sidewalks.
A rule has to be made to require cycling lanes on city streets.
Something has got to be done to stop littering.

Read the recommendations and opinions. Which say something is a good idea, and which ones
say something is necessary? Choose the correct answers.

275
276
277
278
279
280
 Tag Questions for Opinions

" Use tag questions to check information you believe to be true or comment on a situation.
Examples:
Everything is really In the sentence,
the speaker just
expensive nowadays, wants to check
isn’t it? this information.

" Form tag questions with statement + tag. The statement expresses an assumption.
The tag means Right? or Isn’t that true?
Examples:
Kevin and You have a new job,
Lorain bought don’t you?
a new house,
didn’t they?

You will travel

next month,
won’t you?

" If the statement verb is affirmative, the tag verb is negative. If the statement verb is
negative, the tag verb is affirmative.

Graffiti makes People don’t

everything look care about our
ugly, doesn’t it? city, do they?

281
 " Form the tag with a form of be or an auxiliary verb, such as have, do, will, can, or should.
" Use the same auxiliary that is in the statement.
Examples:

You aren’t
You have come married, are you?
here before,
haven’t you?

'Be careful! In the tag, only use pronouns.

&
Examples:
Tom invited you
to the party,
didn’t Tom?
didn't he? ✔-

Complete the tag questions with the correct tag.

1. You didn’t sleep last night, ________________
2. We have problems, _______________
3. Your wife is going to kill you, _________________
4. You don’t have the report, _______________
5. It’s raining, ____________
6. It isn’t easy to find a good job, ______________
7. You haven’t eaten yet, _____________
8. Carl will get married soon, _______________
9. You drank my soda, _______________
10. You like Tom, _______________

282
Complete the questions. Write the tag question.

1. You can’t clean up the graffiti by yourself, _____________ ?

2. That park isn’t safe at night, ______________?

3. Our neighborhood seems much safer now that street crime has decreased, ____________?

4. People don’t litter as much as they used to, _______________ ?

5. There aren’t enough day care centers, _______________?

6. People’s salaries keep decreasing, _________________?

7. Homelessness is a big problem in this city, _______________?

8. Teachers should get paid more, _________________?

283
284
 Writing
Think about a local problem that needs to be solved and write a persuasive essay
suggesting a new law to help solve it. Be creative! Use these questions to help you. Use
at least 180 words.
What is the problem and how does it affect the community?
What can be done to help solve it?
Who might disagree with you, and how will you convince him or her that your law is a good idea?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

285
Time to Speak!

286
 Reading Comprehension
Stray Animals
Stray animals are a growing problem in many communities around the world. Stray
animals are those that are not owned by anyone and are left to fend for themselves.
These animals may be domesticated pets that were abandoned by their owners or
wild animals that roam freely in urban areas. Here are three things to consider
about stray animals:
1. The problem of stray animals: Stray animals can be a nuisance and pose a
health risk to humans and other animals. They can cause property damage,
spread diseases, and cause car accidents. Stray animals may also be
subject to abuse and neglect, as they are often left to fend for themselves
without access to food, water, or shelter.

2. Examples of stray animals: Stray animals can include dogs, cats, and other domesticated pets,
as well as wild animals such as raccoons, possums, and squirrels. In some areas, feral cat
populations have become a significant problem, as they can breed rapidly and damage the local
ecosystem. Stray dogs can also be a danger to humans, as they may bite or attack if they feel
threatened.

3. Solutions to the problem: There are several ways to address the problem of stray animals. One
solution is to encourage responsible pet ownership, which includes spaying and neutering pets,
providing adequate shelter and care, and properly disposing of pet waste. Another solution is to
promote adoption and rescue programs, which can help find homes for stray animals and reduce
their numbers. Finally, some communities have implemented trap-neuter-return programs for
feral cat populations, which can help control their numbers and prevent damage to the ecosystem.

In summary, stray animals are a complex problem that require a multifaceted approach to solve. By
encouraging responsible pet ownership, promoting adoption and rescue programs, and implementing
trap-neuter-return programs, communities can work to reduce the number of stray animals and improve
the health and safety of their residents.

Answer True or False.

1. Stray animals can cause property damage and spread diseases. True / False
2. Feral cat populations are a significant problem in some areas. True / False
3. Encouraging responsible pet ownership is one solution to the problem of stray animals. True / False
4. Promoting adoption and rescue programs can help find homes for stray animals. True / False
5. Trap-neuter-return programs are a way to control feral cat populations. True / False

287
Unit 15 Self-Assessment

288
 UNIT 16 – ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Learning Objectives: You will learn about past and future accomplishments using present perfect,
simple past and future perfect.

289
UNIT 16 – VOCABULARY

290
 Vocabulary Practice 1
What word best describes each person? Choose the correct word for each picture.

courageous resourceful rigid

timid upbeat compassionate

_______________________ _________________________

______________________ ________________________

_______________________ _________________________

291
 Vocabulary Practice 2

Complete the sentences. Write the missing words. Use the words in the list.

adaptable cynical dependent

insensitive self-sufficient unimaginative

1. Paul is very _____________________. He is independent and doesn’t need anyone else to

take care of him.

2. I broke up with Seth because I thought he was too ____________________. He never

seemed to care about how I felt.

3. You shouldn’t be so _____________________. Instead, try to trust people, and don’t be

suspicious of everyone!

4. She is too ______________________ on him. She will feel stronger if she does something
by herself.

5. I’m _________________________. Change is easy for me.

6. We thought the architect’s work was _________________________. The building was plain
and ugly.

292
Vocabulary Practice 3

Vocabulary Practice 4

293
294
 Present Perfect vs. Simple Past
Accomplishments

" Use the present perfect to talk about things that you have finished or accomplished in
an unspecific past.

Example:
I’ve finished my studies.
(We don’t know exactly when you
finished your studies.)

Bob has bought his first car.

(We don’t know exactly when Bob bought
his first car.)

" Use the simple past to talk about things that already finished or accomplished at a
specific time in the past. The exact time is known and sometimes stated.

Example:
I finished my studies last year.
(We know exactly when you finished
your studies.)

Bob bought his first car last Friday.

(We know exactly when Bob bought
his first car.)

295
Put the words in the correct position to make sentences.

1. I’ve / been / money / to save / able / enough / a / house / to buy

____________________________________________________________

2. get / to / managed / the / wanted / I / job / I

____________________________________________________________

3. to / my / haven’t / able / college / yet / I / been / finish / degree

____________________________________________________________

4. didn’t / Spanish / year / to / last / I / learn / manage

_____________________________________________________________

5. to / day / this / week / I’ve / manage / every / exercise

______________________________________________________________

6. countries / summer / able / visit / five / last / Europe / was / I / in / to

______________________________________________________________

7. how / design / I’ve / website / learned / to / a

________________________________________________________________

8. this / catch / able / train / I / morning / to / the / wasn’t

________________________________________________________________

296
297
298
299
 Future Perfect
" Use the Future Perfect to describe an action that will have been completed at a certain
point in the future.

Structure:
Subject will have past participle complement
I will have taken a trip to Europe.
We will have gotten married.
You won't have finished college.

" Use by to refer to a point in the future.

Examples:
By the time I graduate, I will have gotten a job.
(First, I will get a job, then I’ll graduate)

By June, I will have finished the book.

(I will finish the book before June)

- Review
Fill in the blanks using Future Perfect.

1. How many kids __________ you (have)__________ __________ by the time you are 35?
2. My classmate (not / finish)__________ __________ __________ his homework before
class.
3. Don’t worry. I (return) __________ __________ __________ the library books by tomorrow.
4. I think robots (take over) _________ _________ _________ _________ the world by 2050!
5. A: _________ they (arrive) __________ __________ at the airport in time to catch their
flight?
6. B: No, they __________.
7. Why (not / fix) __________ the mechanics __________ __________ your car by Tuesday?
8. A: How many hours of TV __________ you (watch) __________ __________ by this time
tomorrow?

300
 Would like for Future Accomplishments

" Use would like to have + past participle to talk about possible future accomplishments.

Examples:

I would like to have bought my own home.

would like to have + past participle

By the time I get married, I’d like to have traveled a lot.

would like to have + past participle

Part A.- Write about the goals or accomplishments that you have already fulfilled in your life.
Use at least 60 words.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Part B.- Write about the goals you hope to have completed in the next 20 years. Use at least 60
words.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

301
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. Five years from now, I’d like (to visited / to have visited / to have visiting) Paris.

2. I hope I (having / ‘ll have / had) more time to spend with my family.

3. By this time next year, I’d like (to have won / to winning / win) at contest.

4. By the time I’m 40, I’d like (to have had / have / to having) two children.

5. In ten years, I hope I (am owning / ‘ll own / owned) a house.

6. Three years from now, I hope I ( ‘m learned / have learned / ‘ll have learned) Japanese.

302
 Writing
Imagine you are applying for a school or for a job that requires a personal statement.
Use these questions to organize your ideas. Use at least 180 words.
What has your greatest accomplishment been? Has it changed you in any way? How?
What are some interesting or unusual facts about yourself that make you a good choice for the job or school?
What is something you hope to have achieved 10 years from now? When, why and how will you reach this goal?
Will achieving it change you? Why or why not?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

303
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

304
Time to Speak!
Interview your partner. Would he or she be a happy digital nomad?

305
 Reading Comprehension
A Successful Job Interview
A successful job interview is a crucial step in securing a job offer. It is an opportunity for a job
candidate to showcase their skills, experience, and personality to a potential employer. Here are five
key factors that can contribute to a successful job interview:

1. Preparation: Preparation is key to a successful job interview. This includes researching the
company and the position, reviewing the job description and requirements, and practicing
common interview questions. It is important to come to the interview with a clear
understanding of what the employer is looking for and how you can meet their needs.

2. Confidence: Confidence is important in a job interview, as it shows that you believe in your
abilities and are prepared for the job. It is important to demonstrate confidence in your
responses, body language, and overall demeanor. However, it is important to strike a balance
between confidence and humility, as appearing too arrogant can be a turn-off to potential
employers.

3. Communication: Effective communication is essential in a job interview. This includes being

able to articulate your skills and experience, actively listening to the interviewer's questions,
and asking thoughtful questions about the position and the company. It is important to speak
clearly, use appropriate language, and maintain good eye contact throughout the interview.

4. Personality: Employers often look for candidates who will fit in with the company culture and
work well with others. It is important to show your personality and highlight your strengths
and interests that make you a good fit for the position and the company. This can help you
stand out from other candidates and increase your chances of being offered the job.

5. Follow-up: Following up after a job interview can demonstrate your professionalism and
continued interest in the position. This can include sending a thank-you email or letter to the
interviewer, reiterating your interest in the job and your qualifications. Following up can help
keep you on the employer's radar and increase your chances of receiving a job offer.

In summary, a successful job interview requires preparation, confidence, effective communication,

showcasing your personality, and following up. By demonstrating these qualities, you can increase
your chances of impressing the employer and receiving a job offer.

306
 Exercise

Read the sentences. Are they True or False?

1. Preparation is an important factor in a successful

job interview. True / False
2. Confidence is not important in a job interview. True / False
3. Effective communication is not essential in a job
interview. True / False
4. Employers are not interested in a candidate's
personality. True / False
5. Following up after a job interview is not necessary. True / False
6. A job candidate should not research the company
and the position before the interview. True / False
7. A job candidate should not ask any questions
during the interview. True / False
8. A job candidate should not send a thank-you note
after the interview. True / False
9. Being too confident can increase the chances
of being offered the job. True / False
10. Demonstrating professionalism can increase
the chances of receiving a job offer. True / False

307
Unit 16 Self-Assessment

308
GRAMMAR REFERENCES

IRREGULAR VERBS

309
310
 Extra Information
Complex Noun Phrases Containing Gerunds
" Complex Noun Phrases Containing Gerunds are made up of three parts.

Noun Phrase Preposition Gerund Phrase Main Verb Complement

The most rewarding thing about helping them is learning from their years of experience.
One of the most difficult aspects of working abroad is being away from my family.
One of the rewards of working with them is experiencing their youthful energy.

2 Remember!
1
Always use a gerund after a preposition

" Different prepositions follow different nouns.

" Use about with thing(s).
Examples:
What’s the best thing about working from home?

" Use of after challenge(s), reward(s) and aspect(s).

Examples:
A: What’s one of the rewards of being a social worker?
B: One of the best aspects of being a social worker is helping people.

" Use of or about with part(s).

Examples:
A: What’s the best part about being a mom?
B: The best part of it is being a witness to your children’s lives.

311
PARTS OF SPEECH

PRESENT TENSES

312
PAST TENSES
Verb Other Used to Past Past Present Perfect
“be” verbs + verb Continuous Perfect Continuous
I was worked used to work was working had worked had been working
You were worked used to work were working had worked had been working
He
She was worked used to work was working had worked had been working
It
You were worked used to work were working had worked had been working
We were worked used to work were working had worked had been working
They were worked used to work were working had worked had been working

FUTURE TENSES
BE GOING TO WILL Future Perfect
I am going to work will work will have worked
You are going to work will work will have worked
He
She is going to work will work will have worked
It
You are going to work will work will have worked
We are going to work will work will have worked
They are going to work will work will have worked

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FORMING NEGATIVES

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 PHRASAL VERBS
" TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

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316
" INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

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 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

" VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS (BASE FORM OF VERB + -ING)

" VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES (TO + BASE FORM OF VERB)

"VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

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" VERBS FOLLOWED BY OBJECT + INFINITIVE

" ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

" NOUNS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

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PREPOSITIONS

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" ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

" VERB + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

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PARTICIPAL ADJECTIVES

PHRASES INTRODUCING INDIRECT QUESTIONS

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MODALS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

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 IDIOMS AND SAYINGS
IDIOMS MEANING EXAMPLE
1. A fuddy-duddy Someone who is unwilling to Norah is such a fuddy-
try new things. duddy. She never wants to
come out with us on
Saturday night.
2. A blessing in disguise Something that seems bad, Losing my office job was a
but is actually good. blessing in disguise. My new
job is much more
interesting.
3. A night owl Someone who likes to stay Lech is a night owl. He
up late at night. never goes to bed before
midnight.
4. A pain in the neck Very annoying or Doing the dishes after a
problematic. dinner party is a pain in the
neck.
5. A chitchat A chat or a gossip I always enjoy a chitchat
with my sister over coffee.
6. A fat cat An overpaid and lazy person My boss is a fat cat. He
earns lots of money, but
doesn´t work very hard.
7. A problem shared is a If you tell someone about a I´m so glad I told Amira I
problem halved problem, you´ll feel better. was stressed at work. A
problem shared is a problem
halved.
8. A couch potato A lazy person who watches Jennifer is such a couch
too much television potato. She never goes out
and watches TV all
weekend instead.
9. Break a leg Good luck (said before I hope the performance
performing on a stage) goes well, Adam. Break a
leg!
10. Better safe than sorry Be careful so that you avoid I always wear goggles when
problems later. l do an experiment. Better
safe than sorry.
11. Break the news Revealed important (and The tour rep broke the news
usually bad) news. to us that our flight had been
canceled.
12. Chicken out of Is too scared too I chickened out of diving off
the top board in the pool. It
was too high!

13. Cry over spilled milk Getting upset about Don´t get so upset about
something that has already burning the cookies. It´s not
happened. use crying over spilled milk.
14. Call in sick Call my employer to say I I´m not well enough to go to
am too sick to work work today, so I´m going to
call in sick.

15. Drive my nuts Annoying me This terrible weather is

driving me nuts.

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16. Don´t count your Don´t assume that Don´t count your chickens
chickens before they hatch something will happen before they hatch, Kim! The
before the outcome is game isn´t over yet.
certain.
17. Eat like a bird Eat in a very small amount Wayne eats like a bird. He
only ever orders a small
salad for lunch.

18. Easy peasy Easy Finding Angela´s house was

easy peasy. I have a GPS.
19. Feel blue Feeling sad Liz was feeling blue when
her best friend left the
country.

20. Get cold feet Become too nervous to do Scarlett got cold feet about
something going on the rollercoaster.
.
21.. Get my goat Irritates me It really gets my goat when
someone eats smelly food
on the train.
22. Get on my nerves Annoying me I wish Nathan would turn his
music down. It´s getting on
my nerves.
23. Go bananas Is out of control with The children all went
excitement bananas when I took them
to the playground.
24. Her bark is worse than Someone´s not as scary as Don´t be afraid of Linda. Her
her bite she/he seems. bark is worse than her bite.
25. Hang up my boots Retire After working at the bank for
30 years, it was time for me
to hang up my boots.
26. Hit the road Begin a trip or a drive After squeezing our luggage
into the car, we were ready
to hit the road
27. Keep in touch with Continue to be in contact I´ve kept in touch with Lin
with since we left college 25
years ago.
28. Keep in mind Remember something You should keep in mind
important that might be that it gets cold in the winter
useful later. and pack some warm
clothes.
29. Kick off Began The New Year´s
celebrations kicked off with
a band playing rock music.
30. Keep an eye on Take care of something, or I asked my brother to keep
watch something carefully. an eye on the dinner while I
was talking on the phone.

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31. Like two peas in a pod Extremely similar to each Mateo and his brother Lucas
other are like two peas in a pod. I
can´t tell them apart.

32. I´m all ears I´m eager to hear about it Jenny, please tell me how
the interview went. I´m all
ears.
33. In a nutshell In a few words Our snack bars are
delicious, healthy and
affordable. In a nutshell,
your customers will love
them.
34. My lips are sealed I will keep it a secret I promise I won´t tell Lizzie
you´re going to propose to
her. My lips are sealed.
35. Make my mouth water Made me hungry, or want to The sight of the cake in the
eat something. café window made my
mouth water.
36. Newbie Someone starting an activity The pottery course was far
or a job for the first time. too difficult for a newbie like
me.
37. None of your business Private information I´m not going to tell you how
much my house cost. It´s
none of your business.
38. Nail it Is successful, popular, or Jane really nailed it with her
accurate jokes. The audience loved
her.
39. Over the moon Delighted, extremely happy I was over the moon when I
won the best actor award.
40. On the tip of my tongue Almost but not quite The answer to the teacher´s
remembered question was on the tip of
my tongue.
41. Once in a blue moon Very rarely Huan only cooks at home
once in a blue moon.
42. Practice makes perfect Practicing something will I´ve been playing the
make you very good at it. trumpet every day and I´m
really improving. Practice
makes perfect.
43. Rain cats and dogs Raining heavily It´s raining cats and dogs. I
wish I hadn´t forgotten my
umbrella.
44. Rip-off Far more expensive than it The popcorn in this movie
should be theater is a rip-off! I prefer to
bring my own snacks.
45. Send shivers down my Made my feel very That horror movie sent
spine. frightened shivers down my spine. It
was so scary!
46. Slip my mind Forget I´m sorry I didn´t get you a
present. It slipped my mind
that it was your birthday.

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47. The apple of my eye A person I am very fond or My granddaughter is the
proud of apple of my eye. I´m so
proud of her.
48. Under the weather Not well, slightly sick or ill Ayano was feeling under the
weather, so she left work
early.
49. When pigs fly Never; it is very unlikely Kerry will only clean up her
room when pigs fly!
50. Young at heart Youthful, despite being old Angela might be 84, but she
is young at heart.

328