Lesson 3: IPV4 & IPV6 in IP addressing Mechanism.

What is IP Addressing?
IP Addressing is the method of assigning a unique identifier to each device connected to a
network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main
functions: identifying the host or network interface and providing the location of the device
in the network.
Types of IP Addresses
1. IPv4:

o Format: Four decimal numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

o Range: Each number can range from 0 to 255, leading to approximately 4.3
billion unique addresses.
o Structure: Consists of a network part and a host part.
2. IPv6:
o Format: Eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
o Range: Designed to replace IPv4 due to the exhaustion of addresses, offering a
vastly larger address space.
o Enhanced features: Improved security and efficiency.

Subnetting
 Definition: The process of dividing a larger network into smaller, manageable sub-
networks (subnets).
 Purpose: Improves network performance and security, and helps in efficient IP address
management.
Significance of IP Addressing in Networking
1. Unique Identification:
o Each device on a network must have a unique IP address to communicate
effectively. This uniqueness prevents conflicts and ensures reliable data
transmission.
2. Routing:
o Routers use IP addresses to determine the best path for data packets to travel
across networks. Proper addressing is crucial for efficient routing and delivery
of data.
3. Network Management:

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 o Understanding IP addressing aids in managing and troubleshooting networks.
Network administrators can identify devices, monitor traffic, and configure
network settings based on IP addresses.
4. Security:
o IP addressing plays a role in network security. Firewalls and security policies
often rely on IP addresses to allow or deny traffic. Proper management can help
mitigate unauthorized access.
5. Scalability:
o Knowledge of IP addressing is essential for designing scalable networks. As
organizations grow, effective IP address management ensures that new devices
can be integrated without issues.
6. Communication:
o IP addressing is fundamental to how devices communicate over the internet. It
enables various applications, services, and devices to connect and interact
seamlessly.

Understanding IP Addressing
1. Classes of IP Addresses
IP addresses are divided into classes based on their range and purpose:
 Class A:
o Range: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0

o Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (/8)

o Used for large networks.
o Example: 10.0.0.0 (private range).
 Class B:
o Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0

o Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (/16)

o Used for medium-sized networks.
o Example: 172.16.0.0 (private range).
 Class C:
o Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0
o Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24)

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 o Used for small networks.
o Example: 192.168.1.0 (private range).

2. Private and Public IP Ranges

 Private IP Ranges:
o Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
o Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
o Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

o Used for internal networks (not routable on the internet).

 Public IP Ranges:
o All IPs outside the private ranges.
o Used for devices accessible over the internet.

3. Network Addressing and Masking

 Network Address: Identifies the network (e.g., 192.168.1.0).
 Subnet Mask: Defines the network portion of the IP address (e.g., 255.255.255.0).
 Host Address: Identifies the device within the network (e.g., 192.168.1.10).

4. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

 CIDR allows flexible allocation of IP addresses by specifying the number of bits in the
subnet mask.
 Example: 192.168.1.0/24 means the first 24 bits are the network portion.

Subnetting
1. Subnetting Basics

 Subnetting divides a large network into smaller, manageable subnets.

 Benefits:
o Efficient use of IP addresses.
o Improved network performance and security.

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2. Subnet Masks
 A subnet mask defines the network and host portions of an IP address.
 Example: 255.255.255.0 (/24) means the first 24 bits are for the network.

3. Creating Subnets and IP Range Calculation

 Steps:
1. Determine the number of subnets and hosts required.
2. Calculate the subnet mask.

3. Determine the IP ranges for each subnet.

 Example:
o Network: 192.168.1.0/24
o Required: 4 subnets with at least 50 hosts each.
o Subnet Mask: /26 (64 hosts per subnet).

o Subnets:
 192.168.1.0/26 (Hosts: 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.62)
 192.168.1.64/26 (Hosts: 192.168.1.65 to 192.168.1.126)
 192.168.1.128/26 (Hosts: 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.190)
 192.168.1.192/26 (Hosts: 192.168.1.193 to 192.168.1.254)

4. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking)

 VLSM allows subnets of different sizes within the same network.
 Example:
o Network: 192.168.1.0/24

o Subnets:
 Subnet 1: 100 hosts (192.168.1.0/25)
 Subnet 2: 50 hosts (192.168.1.128/26)
 Subnet 3: 10 hosts (192.168.1.192/28)
What is IPv6 in Networking?
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, designed
to replace IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4). It was developed to address the limitations of

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IPv4, particularly the exhaustion of available IP addresses due to the rapid growth of the
internet and connected devices.
Key Features of IPv6
1. Larger Address Space:
o IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format, allowing for approximately 340 undecillion
unique addresses (2^128). This is a significant increase from the 32-bit address
space of IPv4, which supports about 4.3 billion addresses.
2. Address Format:

o An IPv6 address is represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits,

separated by colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

3. Simplified Addressing:
o IPv6 supports various types of addressing, including:
 Unicast: One-to-one communication.
 Multicast: One-to-many communication.
 Anycast: One-to-nearest communication.

4. Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC):

o Devices can automatically configure their own IPv6 addresses when connected
to a network, simplifying network setup and management.
5. Improved Security:
o IPv6 was designed with security in mind, integrating IPsec (Internet Protocol
Security) as a standard feature for encryption and authentication.
6. No More NAT:
o IPv6 aims to eliminate the need for Network Address Translation (NAT) by
providing enough address space for every device to have a unique public IP
address. This simplifies peer-to-peer communication and improves
connectivity.
7. Efficient Routing:
o IPv6 supports hierarchical addressing, which reduces the size of routing tables
and improves the efficiency of data packets traveling across networks.
8. Support for Mobile Devices:

o IPv6 includes features that enhance support for mobile devices, allowing for
seamless connectivity as devices move between networks.
Why is IPv6 Important?

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 Address Exhaustion: With the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the increasing
number of internet-connected devices, the need for a larger address space has
become critical.
 Future-Proofing: As IPv4 addresses run out, transitioning to IPv6 is essential for
ensuring the continued growth and functionality of the internet.
 Enhanced Performance: The improvements in routing, security, and efficiency make
IPv6 a necessary evolution for modern networking.
Importance of Learning IPv6 Addressing in Networks
1. Address Space Exhaustion
 IPv4 Limitations: With only about 4.3 billion unique addresses, the IPv4 space has
been exhausted due to the rapid growth of devices connected to the internet.

 IPv6 Solution: IPv6 provides a vastly larger address space (approximately 340
undecillion addresses), ensuring that there are enough IP addresses for the
foreseeable future.
2. Improved Routing Efficiency

 Hierarchical Addressing: IPv6 uses a more hierarchical addressing structure, which

simplifies routing and improves efficiency. This reduces the size of routing tables and
speeds up packet processing.

3. Enhanced Security Features

 Built-in Security: IPv6 was designed with security in mind. It includes features like IPsec
(Internet Protocol Security) as a fundamental part of the protocol, enhancing data
integrity and confidentiality during transmission.
4. Better Multicast and Anycast Support
 Multicast: IPv6 improves support for multicast (sending data to multiple destinations)
and anycast (routing to the nearest device), which optimizes bandwidth use and
enhances service delivery.
5. Simplified Network Configuration
 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC): IPv6 allows devices to configure
themselves automatically when connected to a network, simplifying network
management and reducing the need for manual configuration.
6. Future-Proofing
 Long-Term Viability: As the internet continues to grow, understanding and
implementing IPv6 ensures that networks remain relevant and capable of supporting
new technologies and services.
7. Compatibility with Modern Applications

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  Emerging Technologies: Many modern applications and services, including IoT
(Internet of Things) devices, are designed to work with IPv6. Familiarity with this
addressing scheme is essential for working with these technologies.
8. Transition Strategies
 Dual-Stack Networks: Many organizations are currently running dual-stack networks
(supporting both IPv4 and IPv6). Understanding IPv6 is critical for managing these
transitional environments.

3. IPv6 vs. IPv4

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address Size 32-bit 128-bit

Address Format Decimal (e.g., 192.168.1.1) Hexadecimal (e.g., 2001:db8::1)

Subnetting Uses subnet masks Uses prefix length (e.g., /64)

Address Space Limited (4.3 billion) Extremely large (3.4 × 10³⁸)

Security Optional (IPSec) Built-in (IPSec)

Case Study: Subnetting and IP Range Calculation

Scenario:
A company has the network 192.168.1.0/24 and needs to create subnets for:
 2 departments with 60 hosts each.

 1 server subnet with 10 hosts.

 1 guest subnet with 20 hosts.

Solution:
1. Department Subnets:

o Subnet Mask: /26 (64 hosts per subnet).

o Subnets:
 192.168.1.0/26 (Hosts: 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.62)

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  192.168.1.64/26 (Hosts: 192.168.1.65 to 192.168.1.126)
2. Server Subnet:
o Subnet Mask: /28 (16 hosts per subnet).

o Subnet: 192.168.1.128/28 (Hosts: 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.142)

3. Guest Subnet:
o Subnet Mask: /27 (32 hosts per subnet).
o Subnet: 192.168.1.160/27 (Hosts: 192.168.1.161 to 192.168.1.190)
4. Remaining IPs:

o Unused range: 192.168.1.192/26 (Hosts: 192.168.1.193 to 192.168.1.254)

IPv6 Addressing Exam Question and Calculations

Exam Question
Question:
You are given the following IPv6 address: 2001:0db8:1234:0000:0000:abcd:0001:0001.
1. Determine the network and host portions of the address if the subnet mask is /64.

2. Convert the address to its compressed form.

3. Calculate the total number of possible addresses within this subnet.
Answers
1. Network and Host Portions
 IPv6 Address: 2001:0db8:1234:0000:0000:abcd:0001:0001

 Subnet Mask: /64

In IPv6, the first 64 bits represent the network portion, and the remaining 64 bits represent
the host portion.
 Network Portion: 2001:0db8:1234:0000 (the first 64 bits)
 Host Portion: 0000:abcd:0001:0001 (the last 64 bits)
2. Compressed Form of the Address

IPv6 addresses can be compressed by removing leading zeros and using double colons (::) to
denote consecutive sections of zeros.

 Original Address: 2001:0db8:1234:0000:0000:abcd:0001:0001

 Compressed Form:

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 o Remove leading zeros: 2001:db8:1234:0:0:abcd:1:1
o Replace consecutive zeros: 2001:db8:1234:0:abcd:1:1
o Final compressed form: 2001:db8:1234::abcd:1:1

3. Total Number of Possible Addresses within the Subnet

For a subnet mask of /64, the remaining 64 bits are used for host addresses.
 Calculation:
o Total addresses = 2642^{64}264
o Total addresses = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616

Summary of Answers
1. Network Portion: 2001:0db8:1234:0000
Host Portion: 0000:abcd:0001:0001
2. Compressed Form: 2001:db8:1234::abcd:1:1
3. Total Possible Addresses: 18,446,744,073,709,551,616
Further Reading Materials for IPv6
https://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/publication_3_30615_1425.pdf

https://www.routeralley.com/guides/ipv6.pdf

IPv6 Basics for Beginners

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7Al3P8ShM8
IPv6 Subnetting Made Simple – Explained in Detail

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPTa_752jhw
IPv6 Addresses Explained | Cisco CCNA 200-301
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irhS0ASkvy8

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