GRE® Equation Guide

Essential GRE® Quant Skills Multiplying Fractions Converting a Fraction to a Percent Properties of a Number Between 0 and 1

a d ad To convert a fraction to a percent, convert If 0 < x < 1 , it must be true that x2 < x < x
Adding Fractions × = the fraction to a decimal, multiply the
b c bc The Zero Product Property
Same Denominator decimal by 100 and attach the percent
Example: sign. If a × b = 0, then one of the following is true:
a c a+c
+ =
b b b 2 5 10 → a=0
× = → b=0
Different Denominators
3 7 21 Linear & Quadratic Equations
→ a and b = 0
a c ad + bc
+ = Factoring Out Common Factors
b d bd Dividing Fractions Example:
Expression Set Equal to Zero
Example: a c a d ad → ab + ac = d
÷ = × = x can equal 0
2 5 14 + 15 b d b c bc → a(b + c) = d
+ =
3 7 21 Since a is common to all of the terms on the → x(x + 100) = 0
left side of the equation, it can be factored → x = 0 or x + 100 = 0
Example:
out.
Subtracting Fractions 2 5 2 7 14
÷ = × = Example:
Same Denominator 3 7 3 5 15 General Form of a Quadratic Equation
→ 4x + 4y = 7
a c a−c → 4(x + y) = 7 ax2 + bx + c = 0
. − = .
b b b Reciprocals Since 4 is common to all of the terms on the Before a quadratic equation can be
left side of the equation, it can be factored factored, it must be written in the general
Different Denominators To get the reciprocal of a non-zero form.
out.
number, divide 1 by that number.
a c ad − bc
− =
b d bd Squares of Fractions
Factoring a Quadratic Equation
Example: Comparing Fraction Size: Bow Tie Method 2 2
⎛ a ⎞ a x2 + bx + c = 0 factors to:
2 5 14 − 15 a c ⎜ ⎟ = 2 (x + p)(x + q) = 0
− = > if ad > bc ⎝ b ⎠ b
3 7 21 b d → p and q must multiply to c
Example: Square Roots of Fractions → p and q must add to b.

The Distributive Property 3 5 because 21 > 20

>
4 7 x x Example:
=
a+c a c y y
= + x2 – 3x – 28 = 0 factors to:
b b b (x – 7)(x + 4) = 0

→ -7 and 4 multiply to -28

→ -7 and 4 add to -3
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 GRE® Equation Guide

FOILing Quadratic Equations PEMDAS: The Order of Mathematical Prime Numbers Less Than 100 A Formula for Division
Operations
Example: 2, 3 , 5 , 7 , 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, x remainder
Parentheses 43, 47, 53 , 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 = Quotient +
y y
( x − 7 )( x + 4) = 0
Exponents
Example:
Multiply the First terms:
→ Multiplication and Division Multiplication and Division of Numbers 23 3
( x ) × ( x ) = x2 with the Same Sign
=4+
Addition and Subtraction
5 5
(+)(+) = (+) (-)(-) = (+) Divisibility Rules
→ Multiply the Outside terms:
( x ) × ( +4 ) = +4x Number Divisible by 2
Properties of Numbers
( +) ( −) A number is divisible by 2 if the ones digit
Multiply the Inside terms:
= ( +) = ( +) is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8
→ Even/Odd Rules for Addition/Subtraction ( +) ( −)
( −7 ) × ( x ) = −7x Number Divisible by 3
→ (odd) + (odd) = even A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of all
→ Multiply the Last terms: → (even) + (even) = even Multiplication and Division of Numbers the digits is divisible by 3.
( −7 ) × ( +4 ) = −28 → (even) + (odd) = odd with Different Signs
Number Divisible by 4
→ (odd) – (odd) = even
2
= x − 3x − 28 = 0 (+)(-) = (-)
( +) If the last two digits of a number are a
→ (even) – (even) = even = ( −) number divisible by 4, then the number is
( −)
divisible by 4.
Factors
Multiplication Rules for Even and Odd Number Divisible by 5
Numbers If y divides evenly into x, we say y is a A number is divisible by 5 if the last digit is
3 Common Quadratic Identities factor of x. a 0 or 5.
2 2 2 → even × even = even
1. (x + y) = (x + y)(x + y) = x + 2xy + y
Example: Number Divisible by 6
→ even × odd = even
2 2 2 What are the factors of 16? A number is divisible by 6 if the number is
2. (x - y) = (x - y)(x - y) = x - 2xy + y → odd × even = even
divisible by both 2 and 3.
→ odd × odd = odd → 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16
2 2
3. (x + y)(x - y) = x - y Number Divisible by 8
If the last three digits of a number are a
Division Rules for Even and Odd Numbers number divisible by 8, then the number is
Multiples
Some Examples of a Difference of divisible by 8.
Squares even A multiple of a number is the product of
is even Number Divisible by 9
odd that number and any integer.
2 A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of all
(
⇒ x −9 = x −3 x+3 )( ) odd Example: the digits is divisible by 9.
2
⇒ 4x − 100 = ( 2x − 10 )( 2x + 10 ) is odd
odd
What are the multiples of 4? Number Divisible by 11:
⇒ x 2 y 2 − 16 = ( xy − 4 )( xy + 4 )
even A number is divisible by 11 if the sum of the
2 2 is even or odd → 4,8,12,16,20,….,4n odd-numbered place digits minus the sum
⇒ 330 − 230 = ( 315 ) − (215 ) = ( 315 + 215 )( 315 − 215 ) even of the even-numbered place digits is
divisible by 11.
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 GRE® Equation Guide

The Range of Possible Remainders Step 4: Multiply together what you found in Steps 2 and 3: Terminating Decimals
Steps 2 and 3. The result is the least
A remainder must be a non-negative 22 , 31 The decimal equivalent of a fraction will
common multiple. →
integer that is less than the divisor. terminate if and only if the denominator of
Example: Step 4: the reduced fraction has a prime
The LCM of 24 and 60 factorization that contains only 2s or 5s, or
→ 4 × 3 = 12 both.
Finding the Number of Factors in a Step 1:
Particular Number Examples:
→ 24 = 23 × 31
1
Step 1: Find the prime factorization of the 60 = 22 × 31 × 51 → = 0.05
→ LCM × GCF 20
number.
Step 2: If the LCM of x and y is p and the GCF of x 1
Step 2: Add 1 to the value of each and y is q, then xy = pq → = 0.08333333…
→ 23 , 31 12
exponent. Then multiply these results and
the product will be the total number of Step 3:
factors for that number. Patterns in Units Digits
→ 51 Any Factorial ≥ 5!
Number 0:
Example:
Step 4: Any factorial ≥ 5! will always have zero as All powers of 0 end in 0.
The number of positive factors of 240 → 8 × 3 × 5 = 120 its units digit.
Number 2:
→ 240 = 24 × 31 × 51 The units digits of positive powers of 2 will
→ (4 + 1) × (1 + 1) × (1 + 1) = 20 follow the four-number pattern 2-4-8-6.
Trailing Zeroes
Finding the GCF
Number 3:
→ 240 has a total of 20 The number of trailing zeros of a number is
Step 1: Find the prime factorization of each The units digits of powers of 3 will follow
positive factors the number of (5 × 2) pairs in the prime
number. That is, prime factorize each the four-number pattern 3-9-7-1.
factorization of that number.
number and put the prime factors of each
Finding the LCM number in exponent form. Examples: Number 4:
The units digits of powers of 4 follow a
Step 1: Find the prime factorization of each Step 2: Of any repeated prime factors ⇒ 520 can be expressed as 52 ×
two-number pattern: 4-6. All positive odd
integer. That is, prime factorize each among the numbers, take only those with 10 = 52 × (5 × 2) and thus has
powers of 4 end in 4, and all positive even
integer and put the prime factors of each the smallest exponent. (If no repeated one trailing zero.
powers of 4 end in 6.
integer in exponent form. prime factors are found, the GCF is 1.)
⇒ 5,200 can be expressed as
Number 5:
Step 2: Of any repeated prime factors Step 3: Multiply together the numbers that 52 × 100 = 52 × 102 = 52 × (5 × 2)2 and
among the integers in the set, take only All positive integer powers of 5 end in 5.
you found in step 3; this product is the has two trailing zeros.
those with the largest exponent. For GCF. Number 6:
example, if we had 32 and 33, we’d choose
Leading Zeroes in a Decimal All positive integer powers of 6 end in 6.
33 and not 32. If we’re left with two of the Example:
same power (for example, 32 and 32), just Number 7:
If X is an integer with k digits, then 1/x will
take that number once. The GCF of 24 and 60
have k – 1 leading zeros unless x is a perfect The units digits of positive powers of 7 will
Step 3: Of what is left, take all non- Step 1: power of 10, in which case there will be k – 2 follow the four-number pattern 7-9-3-1.
repeated prime factors of the integers. leading zeroes.
→ 24 = 23 × 31 Number 8:
→ 2
60 = 2 × 3 × 51 1 The units digits of positive powers of 8 will
follow the four-number pattern 8-4-2-6.
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 GRE® Equation Guide

Number 9: Non-perfect Square Roots to Memorize Exponents to Memorize Multiplication of Different Bases and Like
The units digits of powers of 9 follow a Exponents
Bases of 2
two-number pattern: 9-1. All positive odd 2 ≈ 1.4 , 3 ≈ 1.7 , 5 ≈ 2.2
powers of 9 end in 9, and all positive even 20 = 1 21 = 2 22 = 4 (xa )(ya) = (xy)a
23 = 8 24 = 16 25 = 32
powers of 9 end in 1.
26 = 64 27 = 128 28 = 256
Multiplying Radicals 29 = 512 210 = 1,024
Division of Different Bases and Like
m
Perfect Squares a × m b = m ab and
Bases of 3
Exponents
A perfect square, other than 0 and 1, is a 31 = 3 32 = 9 33 = 27 a
number such that all of its prime factors m
ab = m a × m b 34 = 81 35 = 243 x a ⎛ x ⎞
=
have even exponents.
Example: y a ⎜⎝ y ⎟⎠
Example: Bases of 4
5 × 7 = 5 × 7 = 35
41 = 4 42 = 16 43 = 64
→ 144 = 24 × 32 44 = 256
Dividing Radicals Radicals Can Be Expressed In
Exponential Form
Perfect Cubes
n
a n a and n
a na Bases of 5 1 1
= =
A perfect cube, other than 0 or 1, is a
n
b b b nb 51 = 5 52 = 25 53 = 125 x =x 2 , 3
x =x 3 , and in general
number such that all of its prime factors 54 = 625 a
Example: b
have exponents that are divisible by 3.
for any positive number x, xa = x b
54 54
Example: = = 9=3
6 6
Multiplication of Like Bases Example:
→ 27 = 33
1 2
(xa)(xb) = xa+b 2

Two Consecutive Integers Addition and Subtraction of Radicals

( )3
x = 3 x2 = ( x2 )3 = x 3
Division of Like Bases
Two consecutive integers will never share Multiple Square Roots
a+b ≠ a + b a
any prime factors. Thus, the GCF of two x
consecutive integers is 1. Example:
b
= x a−b 1
x a b
⎛ 1 ⎞ a 1 1
×
1
25 + 16 ≠ 5 + 4 x = ⎜ x b ⎟ = x b a = x ab
⎝ ⎠
Roots & Exponents 25 + 16 = 41 ≈ 6.40 Power to a Power Rule Example:
a b ab
Perfect Squares to Memorize (x ) = x
0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, Taking the Square Root of a number ⇒ 3 3 3 = 3× 3× 3
and
169, 196, and 225. and/or Binomial 1 1 1
×
1 1 1
× ×
1 1 1

10 10
(4 ) = 4 100 ⇒ 3 ×3 2 2 2
×3 2 2 2
= 3 × 3 × 38
2 4

Perfect Cubes to Memorize

x2 = x thus (x + y)2 = x + y
1 1 1
+ +
2 4 8
7

0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, and

⇒3 = 38
1,000.
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 GRE® Equation Guide

Nonzero Base Raised to the Zero Power Addition and Subtraction of Like Radicals Case #4 Case #9
Base: less than -1 Base: greater than 1
When a nonzero base is raised to the zero Example:
power, the expression equals 1. Exponent: odd positive integer greater Exponent: positive proper fraction
⇒ 10 3 5 + 5 3 5 + 6 3 5 + 2 3 5 + 2 3 5
than 1 1
⇒ 3 5 ( 10 + 5 + 6 + 2 + 2) 5
⇒ Result is smaller 5 2 <
st 1 1 2 1 6 7 ⇒ Result is smaller (-5)3 < -5
Any Base Raised to the 1 Power ⇒ 3 5 (25 ) = 5 × 52 = 5
3
+
3 1
=5
+
3 3
=5 3

When a base is raised to the first power, Case #5 Case #10

the value of the expression is simply that Base: positive proper fraction Base: positive proper fraction
base. Special Addition Rule with Exponents
Exponent: even positive integer Exponent: positive proper fraction
2n + 2n = 2n+1 1
Raising a Base to a Negative Exponent
⎛ 1 ⎞
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⇒ Result is larger ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 > ⎛ 1 ⎞
3n + 3n + 3n = 3n+1 ⇒ Result is smaller < ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1 1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
x −1 = and in general, x−y = y 4n + 4n + 4n + 4n = 4n+1
x x Case #6
The rule continues on forever with different Base: negative proper fraction
Examples: Square Roots of Large Perfect Squares
bases.
Exponent: even positive integer When a perfect square ends with an even
1 1 1
2−2 = = = 3−3 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
number of zeros, the square root of such a
2 2
4 33 Number Properties of Exponents ⎛ 1 ⎞ perfect square will have exactly half of the
⇒ Result is larger
⎜ − ⎟ > ⎜ − ⎟
−3 3 Case #1 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ number of zeros to the right of the final
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞ Base: greater than 1
nonzero digit as the perfect square.
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ Case #7
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ Base: positive proper fraction
Example:
Exponent: even positive integer
10,000 = 100
⇒ Result is larger 52 > 5 Exponent: odd positive integer greater than 1
3
Addition and Subtraction of Like Bases
⇒ Result is smaller
⎛ 1 ⎞ <
⎛ 1 ⎞
Case #2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
When adding or subtracting expressions
Base: greater than 1 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ Square Roots of Small Perfect Squares
with exponents, consider factoring out
Case #8 If a decimal with a finite number of decimal
common factors. Exponent: odd positive integer greater
places is a perfect square, its square root
than 1 Base: negative proper fraction
Example: will have exactly half of the number of
⇒ Result is larger 53 > 5 Exponent: odd positive integer greater than 1 decimal places. Thus, a perfect square
→ 210 + 211 + 212 decimal must have an even number of
210(1 + 21 + 22) = 210(7) ⎛ 1 ⎞
3
⎛ 1 ⎞ decimal places.
→ Case #3 ⇒ Result is larger ⎜ − ⎟ >
⎝ 5 ⎠
⎜ − ⎟
Base: less than -1 ⎝ 5 ⎠ Example:

Exponent: even positive integer 4 2

0.0004 = = = 0.02
⇒ Result is larger (-5)2 > (-5) 10,000 100

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 GRE® Equation Guide

Cube Roots of Large Perfect Cubes Equations with One Absolute Value Case 2: The quantities within the absolute Word Problems
values are opposites:
The cube root of a perfect cube integer When solving equations with absolute
has exactly one-third of the number of values, we need to solve the equation Basic Word Translations
⇒ 16x + 14 = −(8x + 6)
zeros to the right of the final nonzero digit twice, first for the condition in which the Translations to Memorize:
⇒ 16x + 14 = −8x − 6
as the original perfect cube. expression between the absolute value
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
bars is positive and second for the 5
⇒ 24x = −20 → x = − is =
Example: condition in which the expression is 6
negative. was =
3
1,000,000 = 100
has been =
Example:
Adding Absolute Values more +
2x + 4 = 12 , x =? years older +
Cube Roots of Small Perfect Cubes This is always true: a+b ≤ a + b years younger -
The cube root of a perfect cube decimal ⇒ 2x + 4 = 12 less -
has exactly one-third of the number of A Second Rule When Adding Absolute
⇒ 2x = 8 → x = 4 Values times ×
decimal places as the original perfect cube.
less than -
and When a + b = a + b , this means:
Example: fewer -
as many
3
0.000027 = 3
27
=
3
= 0.03
⇒ −(2x + 4) = 12 → One or both quantities are 0; or ×

1,000,000 100 → Both quantities (a and b) have the factor ×

⇒ −2x − 4 = 12
same sign. of ×
⇒ −2x = 16 → x = −8
Price Per Item
Subtracting Absolute Values
Total Cost
Inequalities & Absolute Values This is always true: a − b ≥ a − b ⇒ Price per Item =
When Two Absolute Values Are Equal to Number of Items
Each Other A Second Rule When Subtracting Values
Absolute Value
If two absolute values are equal, it must be When a − b = a − b , this means:
If a ≥ 0, a =a true that the expressions within the
absolute value bars are either equals or → The second quantity is 0; or The Profit Equation
opposites.
If a < 0, a = −a → Both quantities have the same sign
→ Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost
Example: and the absolute value of a −b is
Examples: or
16x + 14 = 8x + 6 x = ? greater than or equal to the absolute
→ |50| = 50
value of a−b. → Profit = Total Revenue – [Total Fixed
→ |–50| = –(–50) = 50 Case 1: The quantities within the absolute Costs + Total Variable Costs]
values are equal:
Example:
⇒ 16x + 14 = 8x + 6 5 − 0 = 5 − 0 and 5 − 4 = 5 − 4
⇒ 8x = −8 → x = −1 but

0 − 5 ≠ 0 − 5 and 4 − 5 ≠ 4 − 5
6
 GRE® Equation Guide

Simple Interest Consecutive Even or Odd Integers Round-Trip Rate Formula A machine can produce 15 cars in 1
month
→ Simple Interest = Principal × Rate × Can be expressed as: Distance 1 = Distance 2
Time → x Thus, its rate is:
→ (x + 2)
Compound Interest ⎛ 15 cars ⎞ cars
→ (x + 4) Catch-Up Rate Formula ⎜ ⎟ = 15
nt ⎝ 1 month ⎠ month
(x + 6)
⎛ r ⎞
→
Distance 1 = Distance 2
⇒ A = P ⎜ 1 + ⎟ → (x + 8)
⎝ n ⎠ → (x + 2n)
Combined Worker Formula
A = future value
Catch-Up and Pass Formula Work Object 1 + Work Object 2 = WorkTotal
Consecutive Multiples of Integers
P = principal
Δ Distance
Consecutive multiples of 5 can be ⇒ Time =
r = rate of interest expressed as: Δ Rate
Ratios
n = number of times per year interest is → x
compounded → (x + 5) Work Problems 3 Ways to Express a Ratio
→ (x + 10)
t = time in years cats 4
→ (x + 15) Rate-Time-Work Formula =
→ (x + 20) dogs 3
⇒ (Rate × Time) = Work
→ (x + 5n)
→ cats : dogs = 4 : 3
Work
⇒ Time = → cats to dogs = 4 to 3
Linear Growth Formula Rate
Rate Problems Work What Constitutes a Useful Ratio
F = kn + p ⇒ Rate =
Time number of workers 4 +m
n ⇒ =
Rate-Time-Distance Formula number of managers m
Fn = final growth
p = initial value ⇒ Distance = Rate × Time ↑ This is NOT a ratio.
n = nth growth period Distance
⇒ Time =
k = constant increase during each period Rate An Object’s Work Rate number of workers 5m 5
⇒ = = =5:1
Distance Jackie can paint 20 fences in 4 weeks number of managers m 1
⇒ Rate =
Time ↑ This IS a ratio.
Her rate is:
Consecutive Integers
Average Rate Formula ⎛ 20 fences ⎞ fences  
Can
→ bex expressed as: ⎜ ⎟ = 5 Ratio of Part to Total
Total Distance ⎝ 4 weeks ⎠ week
→ (x + 1) ⇒ Average Rate =
Total Time → part 1 = x
→ (x + 2)
→ part 2 = 3x
→ (x + 3)
→ (x + 4) Converging/Diverging Rate Formula Part 1 Part 1 x x 1
= = = =
→ (x + n) Total Part 1 + Part 2 x + 3x 4x 4
dist object 1 + dist object 2 = total dist objects 1 and 2
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 GRE® Equation Guide

Multipart Ratio and the LCM “Percent of” Translations “Percent Greater Than” Translations “Percent Change” Formula
Example: ”Percent of” means to multiply a given ⎛ Final Value - Initial Value ⎞
⎛ % Greater Than ⎞
→ Ratio 1: x : y = 3 : 4 percent by a given value. Final = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ × (Initial) ⎜ ⎟ × 100
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ Initial Value ⎠
→ Ratio 2: x : z = 7 : 11 Examples:
Examples:
To combine ratios find the least common 5 5z z
⇒ 5 percent of z → × (z ) = = → x is 2% greater than y
multiple (LCM) of the given values of x, 100 100 20
which is 21. ⇒ x = 1.02y
36 9k Statistics
⇒ 36 percent of k → × (k ) =
Thus the combined ratio is: 100 25 → x is 60% greater than y
400 ⇒ x = 1.6y Average (Arithmetic Mean)
→ x : y : z = 21 : 28 : 33 ⇒ 400 percent of y → × ( y ) = 4y
100 sum of terms
⇒ average =
number of terms
Percent Word Problems Variable Percent Translations
→ 1x is n percent of y
Converting to a Percent “What Percent” Translation
n Evenly Spaced Sets
Example: ⇒x= ×y
To convert a fraction, decimal, or an 100 Examples:
integer to a percent, multiply the decimal → a is what percent of b?
or integer by 100 and attach the percent a A set of consecutive integers:
sign. ⇒ × 100 = ? → x is n percent less than y → {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
b
Example: n ⎞
⎛ A set of consecutive odd integers:
7 7 ⇒ x = ⎜ 1 − ⎟ × y
→ × 100 = 7 → 7% ⎝ 100 ⎠ → {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
100 100 “Percent Less Than” Translations
⎛ 100 − n ⎞ A set of consecutive even integers:
⇒ x = ⎜ ⎟ × y
⎛ % Less Than ⎞ ⎝ 100 ⎠ → {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Final = ⎜ 1 − ⎟ × (Initial)
⎝ 100 ⎠ A set of consecutive multiples of 5:
Converting from a Percent
→ {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35}
→ x is n percent greater than y
To convert a percent to a decimal, drop the Examples:
percent sign and divide by 100. → x is 2% less than y A set of consecutive multiples of 12:
⎛ n ⎞
Example: ⇒ x = 0.98y ⇒ x = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ × y → {12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84}
⎝ 100 ⎠
5
5% = = 0.05 → x is 60% less than y ⎛ 100 + n ⎞ Counting the Number of Integers in a Set
100 ⇒ x = 0.4y ⇒ x = ⎜ ⎟ × y
⎝ 100 ⎠ of Consecutive integers (inclusive)
Highest Number – Lowest Number + 1

8
 GRE® Equation Guide

Counting the Number of Multiples of an Calculating Median with an Even # of Overlapping Sets
Integer in a Set of Consecutive integers Terms
(inclusive) Number of Members in Either Set
Where n is the number of terms in the set:
⎛ Highest multiple − Lowest multiple ⎞ #(A or B) = #(A) + #(B) – #(A and B)
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ + 1 n
⎝ Given Number ⎠ Median = average of the values at the Example:
2
How many students play football or
and (n + 2) positions soccer? To solve:
Average (Arithmetic Mean) in a Set of 2
Consecutive integers ⇒ Total # football + Total # soccer – #
Both Football and Soccer
Highest Number + Lowest Number Mean = Median
⇒
2 In any evenly spaced set, the mean of the Three Circle Venn Diagram Equations
set is equal to the median of the set.

Weighted Average Equation

Mode
Where dp = data point:
The mode is the number that appears most
(dp 1) × ( freq of dp 1) +...+(dp n) × ( freq of dp n) frequently in a data set.
total freq of dp's

Range
Boundaries of a Weighted Average
= Highest Number in a Set – Lowest
The weighted average of two different data Number in a Set
points will be closer to the data point with When the Number of Unique Items Is
the greater number of observations or with Standard Deviation Range Known
the greater weighted percentage.
→ High Value = mean + x(sd) ⇒ Total # of Unique Members = # [A Only
Median → Low Value = mean – x(sd) + B Only + C Only] + #[(A and B) Only + #(A
and C) Only + #(B and C) Only] + #[(A and B
When a set is numerically ordered, the and C)] + #[Neither A nor B nor C]
median is the value in the middle of the
arranged set. Two Important Standard Deviation Rules
Adding / Subtracting a constant to each When the Number of Unique Items Is
term in a set of numbers Unknown
Calculating Median with an Odd # of → The standard deviation does not ⇒ Total # of Unique Elements = # in
Terms change. (Group A) + # in (Group B) + # in (Group C)
Where n is the number of terms in the set: – # in (Groups of Exactly Two) – 2[#in
Multiplying / Dividing each term in a set (Group of Exactly Three)] + # in (Neither)
(n + 1) of numbers by a constant
Median = position
2 → The standard deviation will also be
multiplied or divided by that amount.
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 GRE® Equation Guide

Combinations & Permutations

The Permutation Formula for Complementary Events
Combinations Indistinguishable Items
→ P(A) + P (Not A) = 1
Order does NOT matter
N!
⇒P =
( 1 ) ( 2 ) (r3 !) × (rn !)
r ! × r ! × The Probability of A and B
If A and B are independent:
N = the total number of objects to be
The Basic Combination Formula arranged. → P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)

n! r = the frequency of each indistinguishable

⇒ n Ck = object If A and B are not independent:
(n − k)!k!
→ P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B | A)
Example:
n = number of objects in the set
What is the number of ways in which the
k = number of objects selected
letters A, A, B, B can be arranged? The Addition Rule

4! 4 × 3 × 2! Mutually Exclusive Events

⇒P = = = 6 ways → P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
2!× 2! 2!× 2!
Permutations
Order DOES matter. Events That Are Not Mutually Exclusive
Circular Arrangements
→ P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
Number of ways to arrange a set of items
in a circle
The Basic Permutation Formula
→ = (k – 1)! Probability of “Choosing At Least 1
n! Object”
⇒ n Pk = k = number of objects to be arranged in the
(n − k)! P(at least 1 item occurs)
circle

n = number of objects in the set → = 1 – P(none of these items occur)

k = number of objects selected
Probability

The Basic Probability Formula

favorable #of outcomes

⇒ Probability =
total # of outcomes

The Probability of a Sample Space

Must sum to 1.

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 GRE® Equation Guide

Geometry Exterior Angle of a Triangle Triangle Inequality Theorem The Ratio of the Sides of a 45-45-90 Right
Triangle
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to In any triangle, the sum of the lengths of
Angles the sum of its two remote interior angles. any two sides of the triangle is greater than
the length of the third side.

Pythagorean Theorem

The Hypotenuse of a 45-45-90 Right

Triangle is the Diagonal of a Square
A square’s diagonal cuts the square into
Parallel Lines Intersected by a Transversal
two 45-45-90 right triangles.

Pythagorean Triples
→ 3-4-5 Right Triangle
→ 5-12-13 Right Triangle

Isosceles Right Triangle

Supplementary Angles
The Ratio of the Sides of a 30-60-90
Angles are supplementary if their
Right Triangle
measures sum to 180°.

Area of a Triangle

base × height 1
area = = bh
2 2

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 GRE® Equation Guide

The Area of an Equilateral Triangle Rectangle The Maximum Area of a Rectangle Hexagons
Given a rectangle with a fixed perimeter,
side2 3 3 3 2
Area = the rectangle with the maximum area is a Area = s
4 square. 2

The Minimum Perimeter of a Rectangle Exterior Angles of Any Polygon

Cutting an Equilateral Triangle in Half Given a rectangle with a fixed area, the They always sum to 360°.
Dropping an altitude from the upper vertex rectangle with the minimum perimeter is a
to the base of an equilateral triangle square.
produces two identical 30-60-90 triangles.
The Longest Line Segment of a Rectangle
The longest segment is the diagonal. The Trapezoid

Diagonal = L2 + W 2

The Square

The Parallelogram
→ Opposite sides are equal Circles
→ Opposite angles are equal

Interior Angles of a Polygon

The sum of the interior angles of a polygon
= (n – 2) × 180, where n = the number of
sides in the polygon.

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 GRE® Equation Guide

Arc Length and Sector Area Right Triangle Inscribed in a Circle The Area of a Circular Ring The Cube

Arc Length
central angle arc length
=
360 circumference
Sector Area
central angle area of sector
=
360 area of circle
The Rectangular Solid
Regular Polygons Inscribed In Circles
Inscribed Angles in Circles
The Cylinder
When a regular polygon is inscribed in a
circle, the polygon divides the circle into
arcs of equal length.

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 GRE® Equation Guide

The Diagonal of a Rectangular Solid or Coordinate Geometry The Slope-Intercept Equation

Cube
⇒ y = mx + b Negative Slope
Cube The Coordinate Plane
where :
Diagonal = side 3 → y = the y-coordinate
→ x = the corresponding x-coordinate
→ m = the slope of the line
→ b = the y-intercept of the line

Positive Slope

Rectangular Solid Slope of a Line

Zero Slope
2 2 2 2
Diagonal = L + W + H Δy y 2 − y 1 Rise
⇒ slope = m = = =
Δx x 2 − x 1 Run
where :
→ y 2 = the second y-coordinate
→ y 1 = the first y-coordinate
→ x 2 = the second x-coordinate
→ x 1 = the first x-coordinate
→ m = slope of the line

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 GRE® Equation Guide

Undefined Slope The Distance Formula Example:

→ 5, 10, 15, 20
Distance = (x2 − x 1 )2 + (y2 − y 1 )2 → 20 = 5 + (4 – 1)5

→ 20 = 20
Midpoint Formula

⎛ x + x 2 y 1 + y 2 ⎞ Sum of the Terms of an Arithmetic

Midpoint = ⎜ 1 , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ Sequence

n
Sn = (a1 + an )
2
4
Functions and Sequences Sn = (5 + 20)
2
Sn = 2(25)
Range
The set of all the numbers a function can
5 + 10 + 15 + 20 = 50
generate (i.e., the set of all outputs) is
Parallel Lines called the range of the function.
Parallel lines have the same slope but Geometric Sequence
different y-intercepts, and as a result, the
A geometric sequence (or geometric
lines will never intersect. Domain progression) is one in which the ratio
The set of all the numbers that a function between every pair of consecutive terms is
can use (i.e., the set of all inputs) is called the same.
Perpendicular Lines the domain of the function.
Formula:
The slopes of two perpendicular lines are
negative reciprocals; negative reciprocals an = a1 × rn−1
multiply to -1. Arithmetic Sequences
Where an is the nth term and a1 is the first
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in term of the sequence, and r is the common
which the difference between every pair of ratio.
Reflections consecutive terms is the same.
Example:
Reflection over the x-axis Formula:
→ 5, 10, 20, 40
(x, y) → (x, -y)
an = a1 + (n – 1)d → 40 = 5 x 24-1
Reflection over the y-axis
Where an is the nth term in the sequence, a1
(x, y) → (-x, y) → 40 = 40
is the first term of the sequence, and d is
Reflection over the origin the common difference

(x, y) → (-x, -y)

15
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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.1: Introduction

6.2: Moving From Words to Equations

6.2.1: Age Problems

6.2.2: Length Problems

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.2.3: Weight Problems

6.2.4: Money Problems

6.2.5: Basic Word Problems Involving Only Variables

6.2.6: Basic Word Translation Skills in Quantitative Comparison Questions

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.3: General Business Problems

6.3.1: Price Per Item

6.3.2: Profit and Loss Problems

6.3.3: Splitting the Cost

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.3.4: Which Salary Should I Choose? / How Much Will I Make?

6.3.5: Which Price Structure Makes the Most Sense? / How Much Will I Pay?

6.4: The Equalization of Rates

6.5: Fraction Word Problems

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.5.1: The Fractional Parts of a Whole Must Sum to the Whole

6.5.2: Hypothetical Changes to a Fraction

6.6: Interest Rate Problems

6.6.1: Simple Interest Problems

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.6.2: Compound Interest Problems

6.6.3: Be Careful With the Number of Compounding Periods

6.7: Linear Growth Problems

6.7.1: The Linear Growth Formula

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.7.2: Making a Growth Table to Solve Linear Growth Problems

6.8: Exponential Growth Problems

6.8.1: To Determine the Amount of Growth, We Must Know the Growth Driver

6.9: Exponential Decay Problems

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.10: Digit Problems

6.11: Consecutive Integer Word Problems

6.11.1: Consecutive Even or Odd Integers

6.11.2: Consecutive Multiples of Integers

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.12: Mixture Word Problems

6.12.1: The Dry Mixture

6.12.2: The Wet Mixture

6.12.3: Solving for Unknown Variables in Mixture Problems

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CH 6: General Word Problems

6.13: Word Problems With Inequalities

6.14: Objects in a Line

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CH 10: Ratios

10.1: Introduction

10.2: Ratios Can Be Written in Three Common Equivalent Forms

10.3: The Information That All Ratios Express

10.4: A Ratio Alone Does Not Provide Actual Quantities

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CH 10: Ratios

10.5: The Ratio Multiplier

10.6: Determining the Ratio Multiplier

10.7: Sometimes the Ratio Multiplier Will Not Be an Integer

10.8: Understanding What Constitutes a Useful Ratio

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CH 10: Ratios

10.9: Using Like Variables in Ratios

10.10: The Multipart Ratio and the Lcm

10.11: Adding and Subtracting to Achieve a Desired Ratio

10.12: Adjusting Ratios With Multiplication and Division

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CH 10: Ratios

10.13: Evaluating Ratios in the Form of Fractions

10.14: Proportions

10.15: Direct Variation

10.16: Inverse Variation

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CH 10: Ratios

10.17: Combined and Joint Variation

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CH 7: Unit Conversions

7.1: Unit Conversions

7.2: The Unit Conversion Process

7.3: Conversions Involving Two Sets of Units

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CH 5: Inequalities and Absolute Values

5.1: The Real Number Line and Inequalities

5.2: Moving From Solving Equations to Solving Inequalities

5.3: Multiplying or Dividing an Inequality by a Negative Number

5.4: Inequalities Can Be Added

page 1 of 5
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CH 5: Inequalities and Absolute Values

5.5: Working With Inequalities and Equations

5.6: Be Careful of Inequalities and Unknown Variables

5.7: The Compound Inequality

5.8: Inequalities With Variables Only

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CH 5: Inequalities and Absolute Values

5.9: Multiple Inequalities

2
5.10: Simplifying Inequalities With X

5.11: The Minimum or Maximum Value

5.12: Absolute Value

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CH 5: Inequalities and Absolute Values

5.13: Equations With Absolute Values

5.13.1: Absolute Value Bars Come Last

5.13.2: When Two Absolute Values Are Equal to Each Other

5.14: Adding Absolute Values

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CH 5: Inequalities and Absolute Values

5.15: Subtracting Absolute Values

5.16: Inequalities With Absolute Values

2
5.17: Inequalities With X vs. |X|

5.18: Checking Solutions in Absolute Value Equations

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CH 9: Work Problems

9.1: Introduction

9.2: Rate Time Work Formula

9.3: Determining an Object's Work Rate

9.4: The Matrix Approach to Solving Work Problems

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CH 9: Work Problems

9.5: The Major Types of Work Problems

9.6: Single Worker Problems

9.6.1: Single Worker Problems With Variables in the Answer Choices

9.7: Combined Worker Problems

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CH 9: Work Problems

9.7.1: Two Objects Work Together for the Same Amount of Time

9.7.2: Two Objects Begin a Job Together, but One Object Stops Before Completion

9.7.3: Two Objects Work Together, but One Object Has an Unknown Time

9.7.4: Percent of a Job Done and Fraction of a Job Done

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CH 9: Work Problems

9.8: Opposing Worker Problems

9.9: Adding Combined Rates

9.10: Relative Rate Work Problems

9.10.1: The Rate of One Worker Is Expressed as a Multiple of the Rate of Another Worker

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CH 9: Work Problems

9.10.2: The Rate of One Worker Is Slower or Faster Than the Rate of Another Worker

9.10.3: One Worker Can Complete a Job in Some Percent (Or Fraction) Greater or Less Than the Time It Takes Another
Worker to Do the Same Job

9.11: Change in Workers Problems

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CH 8: Rate Problems

8.1: Introduction

8.2: Rate Time Distance Problems

8.3: Rate Time Distance Formula

8.4: The Matrix Approach to Solving Rate Time Distance Problems

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CH 8: Rate Problems

8.5: The Major Types of Rate Time Distance Problems

8.6: Elementary Rate Questions

8.7: Elementary Rate Questions With Variables in the Answer Choices

8.8: Average Rate Questions

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CH 8: Rate Problems

8.9: Converging Rate Questions

8.10: Variations of Converging Rate Questions

8.10.1: Variation 1: Both Objects Leave at the Same Time

8.10.2: Variation 2: Two Objects Leave at Different Times

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CH 8: Rate Problems

8.10.3: Variation 3: One Object Travels Faster Than Another Object

8.10.4: Variation 4: One Object Is Relatively Faster Than Another Object

8.11: Diverging Rate Questions

8.12: Round Trip Rate Questions

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CH 8: Rate Problems

8.13: Catch Up Rate Questions

8.14: Catch Up and Pass Rate Questions

8.15: Relative Motion Rate Questions

8.16: If/then Rate Questions

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CH 8: Rate Problems

8.17: Be Careful of Time Zone Changes in Rate Time Distance Problems

8.18: Rate in Miles Per Gallon

8.19: Important Relationships in the Rate Equation

8.19.1: Distance Is Directly Proportional to Rate and Time

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CH 8: Rate Problems

8.19.2: Rate Is Inversely Proportional to Time and Directly Proportional to Distance

8.19.3: Travel Time Is Inversely Proportional to Rate and Directly Proportional to Distance

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CH 15: Combinations and Permutations

15.1: Introduction

15.2: Combinations

15.2.1: Recognizing Combination Problems

15.2.2: Solving Combination Problems

page 1 of 8
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CH 15: Combinations and Permutations

15.2.3: Combinations Involving Multiple Steps

15.2.4: The Fundamental Counting Principle

15.2.5: Choosing Multiple Items From Multiple Groups Using the Word "And"

15.2.6: Choosing Multiple Items From Multiple Groups Using the Word "Or"

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CH 15: Combinations and Permutations

15.2.7: Choosing "At Least" Some Number of Items

15.2.8: Combinations With Restrictions: Some Items Must Be Chosen

15.2.9: Combinations With Restrictions: Some Items Must Not Be Chosen

15.2.10: Some Number of the Items in a Set Must Be Chosen and Another Number of Items Cannot Be Chosen

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CH 15: Combinations and Permutations

15.2.11: Layered Combination Problems

15.2.12: Collectively Exhaustive Events

15.2.13: Some Items Can Never Be Together in the Same Subgroup

15.2.14: The Special Case of Choosing at Least 1 Item From a Group

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CH 15: Combinations and Permutations

15.2.15: Dependent Combinations

15.2.16: Calculating an Unknown Number of Items in a Group

15.3: Permutations

15.3.1: Recognizing Permutations

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CH 15: Combinations and Permutations

15.3.2: Solving Permutation Problems

15.3.3: Be Careful of Indistinguishable Items in Permutation Problems

15.3.4: The Permutation Formula for Indistinguishable Items

15.3.5: Circular Arrangements

page 6 of 8
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CH 15: Combinations and Permutations

15.3.6: Arrangements With Restrictions

15.3.7: Using the Anchor Method to Solve Arrangements With Restrictions

15.3.8: When Some Items Must Be Together, Link Those Items Together

15.3.9: Some Items Can't Be Next to Each Other

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CH 15: Combinations and Permutations

15.3.10: Calculating an Unknown Number of Items in a Group in a Permutation

15.4: Creating Codes

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CH 13: Statistics

13.1: Introduction

13.2: Average (Arithmetic Mean)

13.2.1: Calculating the Average of a Set of Numbers

13.2.2: Finding an Unknown Term in a Set When the Average Is Known

page 1 of 10
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CH 13: Statistics

13.2.3: Averages With Variable Terms

13.2.4: Adding Sums

13.2.5: Maximization/minimization Average Problems

13.3: Evenly Spaced Sets

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CH 13: Statistics

13.3.1: Different Types of Evenly Spaced Sets

13.3.2: The Word "Inclusive" and Finding the Number of Terms in an Evenly Spaced Set

13.3.3: Counting Consecutive Integers, Inclusive of the First and Last Numbers in a Set

13.3.4: Counting Consecutive Multiples in a Set

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CH 13: Statistics

13.3.5: Counting the Number of Consecutive Integers Inclusive of Either Only the First or Last Number in a Set, Not Both

13.3.6: Counting the Number of Consecutive Integers Between the First and Last Numbers in a Set

13.3.7: Two Efficient Ways to Find an Average (Arithmetic Mean)

13.3.8: Using the Average Formula to Find the Sum of a Set of Numbers

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CH 13: Statistics

13.4: Counting the Multiples of Integer a or B in a Set of Consecutive Integers

13.4.1: Counting the Multiples of Integer a or B, but Not of Both, in a Set of Consecutive Integers

13.5: Weighted Averages

13.5.1: Boundaries of a Weighted Average

page 5 of 10
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CH 13: Statistics

13.5.2: Weighted Averages With Percents

13.5.3: Be Careful to Properly Weight the Formula

13.5.4: Using Ratios and Fractions When Solving Weighted Averages

13.6: Median

page 6 of 10
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CH 13: Statistics

13.6.1: The Median of a Set of an Odd Number of Terms

13.6.2: The Median of a Set of an Even Number of Terms

13.6.3: An Alternative Median Strategy

13.6.4: When the Mean Is Equal to the Median

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CH 13: Statistics

13.6.5: Calculating the Median With Unknown Data Points

13.7: Mode

13.8: Range

13.9: Standard Deviation

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CH 13: Statistics

13.9.1: A Measure of Dispersion Around the Average (Arithmetic Mean)

13.9.2: Adding or Subtracting the Same Value to or From All Terms in a Set Does Not Change the Standard Deviation

13.9.3: Multiplying or Dividing the Data Set by the Same Factor Does Change the Standard Deviation

13.9.4: Adding a Number That Is Equal to the Mean Decreases the Standard Deviation

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CH 13: Statistics

13.10: When the Standard Deviation of a Set Is Zero

13.10.1: When the Range of a Set Is Zero, All the Data Points Are the Same

13.10.2: When the Largest or Smallest Value in a Data Set Is Equal to the Mean, All the Data Points Are the Same

13.10.3: When the Standard Deviation of a Set Is Not Equal to Zero

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CH 11: Percent Word Problems

11.1: Introduction

11.2: Percent Word Problems Using a Variable or Picking 100

11.3: Percent Word Problems Five Important Phrases

11.4: "Percent Of" Problems

page 1 of 4
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CH 11: Percent Word Problems

11.5: Various "Percent Of" Translations

11.6: "What Percent" Problems

11.7: "Percent Less Than" Problems

11.8: Various "Percent Less Than" to "Percent Of" Translations

page 2 of 4
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CH 11: Percent Word Problems

11.9: "Percent Greater Than" Problems

11.10: Various "Percent Greater Than" to "Percent Of" Translations

11.11: The Order of Operations in Percents

11.12: Increasing or Decreasing a Value by a Variable Percent

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CH 11: Percent Word Problems

11.13: Successive Percent Changes

11.14: "Percent Change" Problems

11.15: Imbalances in Percent Changes

11.16: Percent Profit

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CH 14: Formula Logic

14.1: Introduction

14.2: By What Factor Has the Formula's Result Changed?

14.3: What Will the Percent Change Be if "X" Occurs?

page 1 of 1
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CH 16: Probability

16.1: Introduction

16.2: The Basic Probability Formula

16.3: A Probability Must Be Between 0 and 1, Inclusive

16.4: The Probability of a Sample Space Must Be 1

page 1 of 7
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CH 16: Probability

16.5: Complementary Events

16.6: The Probability of a and B

16.6.1: Independent Events

16.6.2: Dependent Events

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CH 16: Probability

16.7: Mutually Exclusive Events

16.8: The Addition Rules

16.9: Accounting for Multiple Outcomes

16.10: “At Least” Probability Problems

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CH 16: Probability

16.10.1: The Special Case of "Choosing at Least 1 Object"

16.10.2: Some Important Caveats When Using Complementary Events

16.11: Blending Combinatorics and Probability

16.11.1: The Probability That Some Number of Items Must Be Selected

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CH 16: Probability

16.11.2: The Probability That Some Number of Items Must Not Be Selected

16.11.3: The Probability That Some Number of Items Must Be Selected While Other Items Must Not Be Selected

16.12: The Probability of at Least Some Number of Events Occurring

16.13: More Problems in Which Multiple Outcomes Exist

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CH 16: Probability

16.14: Quadratics and Probability

16.15: A Probability Is a Ratio

16.16: Algebra and Probability

16.17: A Probability Is a Fraction

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CH 16: Probability

16.18: Probability With Permutations

16.19: The Probability of Creating Codes

16.20: Probability of Two Non Mutually Exclusive Events

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CH 19: Functions and Sequences

19.1: Introduction

19.2: Function Notation

19.3: The Range and Domain of a Function

19.4: Compound Functions

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CH 19: Functions and Sequences

19.5: Graphs of Functions

19.6: Determining the Range of a Function

19.7: From F(x) to F(anything)

19.8: Symbolism

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CH 19: Functions and Sequences

19.9: Word Problems Involving Functions

19.10: Sequences

19.11: Recursive Notation

19.12: Arithmetic Sequences

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CH 19: Functions and Sequences

19.13: Sum of the Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence

19.14: Geometric Sequence

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.1: Proper Fractions, Improper Fractions, and Mixed Numbers

1.1.1: The Least Common Denominator

1.1.2: Equivalent Fractions

1.1.3: Adding and Subtracting Fractions With the Same Denominator

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.1.4: Adding and Subtracting Fractions With Unlike Denominators

1.1.5: Adding a Whole Number and a Fraction

1.1.6: Subtracting a Fraction From a Whole Number

1.1.7: Multiplying and Dividing Fractions

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.1.8: Multiplying and Dividing a Whole Number and a Fraction

1.1.9: Try to Simplify Calculations Whenever Possible

1.1.10: Reciprocals and "1 Over a Fraction"

1.1.11: Complex Fractions

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.2: Comparing the Size of Fractions

1.2.1: Using the Bow Tie Method to Compare the Size of Fractions

1.2.2: Using a Common Denominator to Compare the Size of Fractions

1.2.3: Using a Common Numerator to Compare the Size of Fractions

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.3: Adding or Subtracting the Same Constant to the Numerator and Denominator of a Fraction

1.4: Decimals

1.5: Rounding Numbers

1.6: Arranging Decimals by Size

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.7: Percents

1.8: Converting a Fraction to a Percent

1.8.1: Converting a Decimal to a Percent

1.8.2: Converting a Percent to a Decimal

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.9: Squares and Square Roots

1.9.1: Squares and Square Roots of Fractions

1.9.2: Squaring and Taking the Square Root of a Number Between 0 and 1

1.10: Consider Using Strategic Numbers to Test General Rules

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.11: Estimation

1.12: Look for Clever, Time Saving Ways to Solve Problems

1.13: The Number Line and Signed Numbers

1.14: Opposites and Absolute Values

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.15: Pemdas: The Order of Mathematical Operations

1.15.1: The Order of Operations in Fractions

1.16: Time Saving Properties of Addition

1.17: Time Saving Properties of Multiplication

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.18: The Distributive Property

1.18.1: The Distributive Property Allows Us to Factor Out Common Factors

1.19: Re Expressing Numbers With Addition and Subtraction

1.20: Introduction to Factorials

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CH 1: Essential GRE Quant Skills

1.21: Factoring Factorials

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CH 12: Overlapping Sets

12.1: Introduction

12.2: The Blueprint of the Set Matrix

12.3: Using the Set Matrix

12.3.1: Solving Basic Two Set Problems With the Set Matrix

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CH 12: Overlapping Sets

12.3.2: Percents in Overlapping Set Problems

12.3.3: Fractions in Overlapping Set Problems

12.3.4: Percents and Fractions When Any Number of Items Is Defined

12.3.5: Integrating Algebra Into Overlapping Set Problems

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CH 12: Overlapping Sets

12.3.6: Solving for a Combination of Variables in the Set

12.3.7: Number of Members in Either Set

12.3.8: Maximization/minimization Questions Within Sets

12.4: Three Overlapping Sets

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CH 12: Overlapping Sets

12.4.1: Three Overlapping Sets: The Blueprint of the Three Circle Venn Diagram

12.4.2: Solving Three Circle Venn Diagrams When the Number of Unique Items Is Known

12.4.3: Solving Three Circle Venn Diagrams When the Number of Unique Items Is Unknown

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.1: Introduction

20.2: Essential Data Interpretation Statistics Review

20.3: The Arithmetic Mean

20.4: The Median

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.4.1: Determining the Median of a Large Number of Data Values

20.5: The Mode

20.6: Measures of Spread: Range and Standard Deviation

20.7: Range

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.8: Standard Deviation

20.9: Further Study of Charts and Graphs

20.10: Categorical and Numerical Variables

20.11: Frequency Table of Categorical Data

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.12: Pie Chart

20.13: Bar Graph

20.14: Pareto Chart

20.15: Venn Diagrams

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.16: Contingency Table

20.17: Dot Plot

20.18: The Stemplot (Stem and Leaf Plot)

20.19: The Back to Back Stemplot

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.20: Percentiles and Quartiles

20.20.1: Quartiles

20.21: Boxplot or Box and Whiskers Diagram

20.22: The Frequency Table for Numerical Data and the Histogram

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.23: Frequency Polygon

20.24: Line Chart

20.25: Column Chart

20.26: Clustered Column Chart

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.27: Stacked Column Chart

20.28: Timeplot

20.29: The Scatterplot

20.30: Correlation and Linear Regression

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.31: Correlation vs. Causation

20.32: The Scatterplot and Relationships Between Its Variables

20.33: Adding Trend Lines to Scatterplots

20.34: Trend Lines and Slope of a Line

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CH 20: Data Interpretation

20.35: The Correlation Coefficient

20.36: Linear Regression

20.37: The Normal (Bell) Curve

20.37.1: The Normal Distribution and Simple Probabilities

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CH 17: Geometry

17.1: Lines, Rays, and Line Segments

17.1.1: Naming Lines

17.2: Angles

17.2.1: Classification of Angles by Their Measures

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CH 17: Geometry

17.2.2: Naming Angles

17.2.3: Other Things

17.2.4: Intersecting Lines

17.2.5: Perpendicular Lines

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CH 17: Geometry

17.2.6: Supplementary Angles

17.2.7: Parallel Lines Intersected by a Transversal

17.2.8: Vertical Angles Are Equal and Corresponding Angles Are Equal

17.2.9: Supplementary Angles Sum to 180 Degrees

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CH 17: Geometry

17.3: Polygons

17.4: Triangles

17.4.1: Interior Angles of a Triangle

17.4.2: Relationship Between Angles and Sides Within a Triangle

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CH 17: Geometry

17.4.3: The Exterior Angles of a Triangle

17.4.4: An Exterior Angle of a Triangle Is Equal to the Sum of the Two Remote Interior Angles

17.4.5: The Area of a Triangle

17.4.6: Calculating the Height of a Triangle Using an Altitude of the Triangle

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CH 17: Geometry

17.4.7: The Triangle Inequality Theorem

17.4.8: Types of Triangles

17.4.9: The Pythagorean Theorem

17.4.10: The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

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CH 17: Geometry

17.4.11: Pythagorean Triples

17.4.12: The 3 4 5 Right Triangle

17.4.13: The 5 12 13 Right Triangle

17.4.14: The Isosceles Right Triangle (45 45 90 Right Triangle)

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CH 17: Geometry

17.4.15: The Ratio of the Sides of a 45 45 90 Right Triangle

17.4.16: The Area of a 45 45 90 Right Triangle Is One Half of the Area of a Square

17.4.17: The 30 60 90 Right Triangle

17.4.18: The Equilateral Triangle

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CH 17: Geometry

17.4.19: Cutting an Equilateral Triangle in Half Forms Two 30 60 90 Triangles

17.4.20: Similar Triangles

17.5: Quadrilaterals

17.6: The Parallelogram

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CH 17: Geometry

17.6.1: Finding the Area of a Parallelogram

17.7: Rectangle

17.7.1: The Longest Line Segment of a Rectangle

17.8: Squares

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CH 17: Geometry

17.8.1: Area of a Square

17.8.2: Perimeter of a Square

17.9: The Maximum Area of a Rectangle

17.10: The Minimum Perimeter of a Rectangle

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CH 17: Geometry

17.11: Trapezoids

17.11.1: Area of a Trapezoid

17.12: The Interior Angles of a Polygon

17.13: Hexagons

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CH 17: Geometry

17.13.1: The Area of a Regular Hexagon

17.13.2: A Regular Hexagon Can Be Divided Into Six Equilateral Triangles

17.14: The Exterior Angles of Any Polygon Sum to 360°

17.15: Comparing Polygons

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CH 17: Geometry

17.16: Circles

17.16.1: Three Equivalent Circle Ratios

17.17: Inscribed Angles

17.17.1: Triangles Inscribed in a Circle

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CH 17: Geometry

17.17.2: Using a Triangle to Determine the Length of an Arc

17.17.3: The Legs of an Isosceles Triangle Can Be the Radii of a Circle

17.17.4: Equilateral Triangles Inscribed in Circles

17.17.5: An Equilateral Triangle Inscribed in a Circle Breaks the Circle Up Into Three Arcs of Equal Length

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CH 17: Geometry

17.17.6: Circles Inscribed in Equilateral Triangles

17.17.7: Squares Inscribed in Circles

17.17.8: Circles Inscribed in Squares

17.17.9: Triangles Inscribed in a Square

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CH 17: Geometry

17.17.10: Rectangles Inscribed in Circles

17.17.11: Inscribing a Square Within a Square

17.17.12: Rectangles Inscribed in Semicircles

17.17.13: Regular Polygons Inscribed in Circles

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CH 17: Geometry

17.18: Shaded Regions

17.19: Rectangular Uniform Borders

17.20: The Area of a Circular Ring

17.21: Solid Geometry

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CH 17: Geometry

17.22: The Cube and the Rectangular Solid

17.22.1: Volume of a Cube or Rectangular Solid

17.22.2: The Longest Line Segment That Can Be Drawn Within a Rectangular Solid or Cube

17.22.3: Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid or Cube

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CH 17: Geometry

17.23: The Right Circular Cylinder

17.23.1: Volume and Surface Area of a Right Circular Cylinder

17.24: Volume and Rate

17.24.1: Common Volume Rate Traps

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CH 17: Geometry

17.25: Ratios in Geometrical Figures

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.1: Solving an Equation for One Variable

2.2: Solving a System of Equations for Two Variables

2.2.1: The Substitution Method

2.2.2: The Combination Method

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.2.3: Combination by Subtraction

2.2.4: Combination by Addition

2.2.5: Combining Equations When the Coefficients Are Different

2.2.6: Choosing Which Method to Use

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.3: Solving for Variables in Three Equations

2.4: Substituting Variable Expressions

2.5: Equations With Fractions

2.6: Solving for One Variable in Terms of Other Variables

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.7: Factoring Out Common Factors

2.8: When the Product of Two Integers Is 1

2.9: The Zero Product Property

2.9.1: Be Cautious When an Expression Is Set Equal to Zero

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.10: Quadratic Equations

2.10.1: Factoring Quadratic Equations

2.10.2: Foiling Quadratic Equations

2.10.3: Three Common Quadratic Identities

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.10.4: The Difference of Squares

2.10.5: Another Way to Express Negative One

2.10.6: Constant Terms and Coefficients in Quadratic Equations

2.10.7: Quadratic Equations That Result From Removing Fractions

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.10.8: The Quadratic Formula

2.10.9: Determining the Number of Roots of a Quadratic Equation

2.10.10: Comparing the Sum of Variables Squared to Individual Variables Squared

2.11: Gre Equation Traps

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.11.1: Equation Trap: Two Equations Appear Different but Are Actually the Same

2.11.2: Equation Trap: When One Equation Is Sufficient to Determine Unique Values for Two Variables

2.11.3: Equation Trap: Part of an Equation Can Be Substituted Into Another Equation

2.11.4: Equation Trap: There Is a Quadratic Equation Present

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CH 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations

2.11.5: Equation Trap: An Equation Has Three or More Solutions

2.11.6: Equation Trap: Assuming the Value of a Variable Cannot Be Zero

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CH 0: Introduction To The Quantitative Section

0.1: Gre Quantitative Question Types

0.2: Multiple Choice Questions — Select One Answer Choice

0.3: Multiple Choice Questions — Select One or More Answer Choices

0.4: Numeric Entry Questions

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CH 0: Introduction To The Quantitative Section

0.5: The Essence of Gre Quantitative Comparison Questions

0.5.1: On Quantitative Comparison Questions, Do as Few Calculations as Possible

0.5.2: The Black Swan Trap and Quantitative Comparison Questions

0.5.3: Be Sure to Record All of the Given Question Stem Information and Use It to Your Advantage

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CH 0: Introduction To The Quantitative Section

0.5.4: Be Sure to Restate and Simplify Information Given in the Question Stem and Use It to Your Advantage

0.5.5: Using the “Inequality” Technique When Comparing Quantities

0.5.6: When Possible, Substitute the Given Information Into the Quantities

0.5.7: Simplify First; Test Strategic Numbers Second

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CH 0: Introduction To The Quantitative Section

0.5.8: When Both Quantities of a Gre Quantitative Comparison Problem Are Unique Values, the Correct Answer Will
Never Be D

0.6: Data Interpretation Questions

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.1: Introduction

3.2: Integers

3.3: Getting to Know Zero and One

3.3.1: Properties of Zero

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.3.2: Properties of One

3.4: Even and Odd Numbers

3.4.1: Addition and Subtraction Rules for Even and Odd Numbers

3.4.2: Multiplication Rules for Even and Odd Numbers

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.4.3: Division Rules for Even and Odd Numbers

3.5: Absolute Values

3.6: Positive and Negative Numbers

3.6.1: Addition and Subtraction With Signed Numbers

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.6.2: Addition When Both Numbers Are Positive

3.6.3: Addition When Both Numbers Are Negative

3.6.4: Addition When Signs Are Different

3.6.5: Subtraction of Signed Numbers

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.6.6: Multiplication and Division With Numbers of the Same Sign

3.6.7: Multiplication and Division of Numbers With Different Signs

3.6.8: Even and Odd Exponents Versus Positive and Negative Answers

3.7: Factors

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.7.1: The Factor Chart: Finding the Factors of a Number

3.8: Multiples

3.9: Prime Numbers

3.9.1: Prime Factorization

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.9.2: Finding the Number of Factors of a Particular Number

3.9.3: Number of Prime Factors vs. Number of Unique Prime Factors

3.9.4: The Number of Unique Prime Factors in a Number Does Not Change When That Number Is Raised to a Positive
Integer Exponent

3.10: The Least Common Multiple (Lcm)

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.10.1: Finding the Lcm

3.10.2: A Second Approach to Finding the Lcm

3.10.3: When Finding the Lcm of More Than Two Positive Integers, Be Careful of the Repeated Prime Factors in the
Prime Factorization

3.10.4: The Product of Two Positive Integers May or May Not Be the Lcm of Those Numbers

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.11: The Greatest Common Factor (Gcf)

3.11.1: Finding the Gcf

3.11.2: A Second Approach to Finding the Gcf

3.11.3: The Lcm and Gcf When One Number Divides Evenly Into the Other

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.12: Other Important Facts About the Lcm and Gcf

3.12.1: If We Know the Lcm and the Gcf of Two Positive Integers, X and Y, We Know the Product of X and Y

3.12.2: The Lcm Provides Us With All the Unique Prime Factors of Some Set of Positive Integers

3.12.3: Using the Lcm to Solve Repeating Pattern Questions

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.13: Divisibility

3.13.1: Even Division

3.13.2: When Thinking About Divisibility, Think About Prime Factorization

3.13.3: Factors of Factors

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.13.4: Divisibility With Exponents

3.13.5: More on Divisibility

3.13.6: If Z Is Divisible by Both X and Y, Z Must Also Be Divisible by the Lcm of X and Y

3.13.7: Word Problems Involving Divisibility

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.13.8: Divisibility Rules

3.14: Remainder Theory

3.14.1: Division When the Numerator Is a Multiple of the Denominator

3.14.2: Division When the Numerator Is Not a Multiple of the Denominator

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.14.3: A Formula for Division

3.14.4: Converting a Remainder From Fraction Form to Decimal Form

3.14.5: Converting a Remainder From Decimal Form to Fraction Form

3.14.6: Converting a Decimal Remainder to an Integer

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.14.7: Multiplying Remainders

3.14.8: Adding and Subtracting Remainders

3.14.9: The Range of Possible Remainders

3.15: Determining the Number of Trailing Zeros in a Number

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.16: Using Trailing Zeros to Determine the Number of Digits in an Integer

3.16.1: Leading Zeros in Decimals

3.16.2: Determining the Number of Leading Zeros in the Decimal Equivalent of a Fraction in the Form of 1/x, When X Is
an Integer

3.17: Factorial Notation

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.17.1: Division Properties of Factorials

3.17.2: Shortcut for Determining the Number of Primes in a Factorial

3.17.3: Shortcut for Determining the Number of Primes in a Factorial When the Base of the Divisor Is Not a Prime
Number

3.17.4: Shortcut for Determining the Number of Primes in a Factorial When the Base of the Divisor Is a Power of a Prime
Number

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.18: Divisibility Rules of the Product of Consecutive Integers

3.18.1: The Product of Any N Consecutive Integers Is Always Divisible by N!.

3.18.2: The Product of Consecutive Integers in Algebraic Expressions

3.18.3: Products of Consecutive Even Integers

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.19: Perfect Squares

3.19.1: The Prime Factorization of a Perfect Square Will Contain Only Even Exponents

3.20: Perfect Cubes

3.20.1: The Prime Factorization of a Perfect Cube Will Contain Only Exponents That Are Multiples of 3

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.21: Terminating Decimals

3.22: Number Patterns

3.22.1: Remainders Exhibit Patterns

3.22.2: Remainder Patterns in Powers

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.22.3: Patterns in Units Digits

3.22.4: Other Common Patterns

n
3.22.5: Remainders After Division by 10

3.22.6: Remainders After Division by 5

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CH 3: Properties of Numbers

3.23: Evenly Spaced Sets and Consecutive Integers

3.23.1: Consecutive Integers

3.23.2: Two Consecutive Integers Will Never Share the Same Prime Factors

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.1: Introduction

18.2: The Coordinate Plane

18.2.1: The X and Y Axes

18.2.2: Points on the Coordinate Plane

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.3: The Four Quadrants of the Coordinate Plane

18.4: Line Segments

18.4.1: Graphing Lines

18.5: Slope of a Line

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.5.1: The Slope of a Line Can Be Positive, Negative, Zero, or Undefined

18.5.2: Lines With Positive Slopes

18.5.3: Lines With Negative Slopes

18.5.4: Lines With Zero Slope (Horizontal Lines)

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.5.5: Lines With Undefined Slope (Vertical Lines)

18.5.6: The Slope of the Line and Steepness of the Line

18.6: The Slope Intercept Equation

18.6.1: Graphing Lines Using the Slope Intercept Equation

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.6.2: Working With the Slope Intercept Equation

18.6.3: Equations for Horizontal and Vertical Lines

18.6.4: All Points on a Line Are Connected by the Line's Slope Intercept Equation

18.6.5: The Standard Form of the Equation of a Line

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.6.6: The Information Needed to Define a Line

18.7: Parallel Lines

18.8: Perpendicular Lines

18.9: Reflections

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.10: Determine the Distance Between Two Points

18.10.1: Using a Right Triangle to Calculate the Length of a Line Segment

18.11: The Midpoint Formula

18.12: Shapes in the Coordinate Plane

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.13: The Equation for a Circle on the Coordinate Plane

18.14: Graphing Inequalities

18.14.1: The "Greater Than" Inequality

18.14.2: The "Less Than" Inequality

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CH 18: Coordinate Geometry

18.14.3: The "Greater Than or Equal To" Inequality

18.14.4: The "Less Than or Equal To" Inequality

18.14.5: Dealing With Multiple Inequalities

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.1: Introduction

4.2: The Square Root

4.3: Other Even Indexed Roots

4.4: Perfect Squares

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.5: The Cube Root

4.6: Simplifying Radicals

4.7: Multiplying Radicals

4.8: Dividing Radicals

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.8.1: Multiply and Divide Non Radicals by Non Radicals and Radicals by Radicals

4.9: Addition and Subtraction of Radicals

4.9.1: Add and Subtract Only Like Radicals

4.10: Radicals in the Denominator of a Fraction

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.10.1: There Is a Single Term Radical in the Denominator

4.10.2: The Denominator Has Two Terms (A Binomial) and One or Both of Those Terms Is a Radical

4.11: Solving Equations With the Variable Raised to an Even Power

4.12: Be Careful When Taking the Square Root of a Binomial Squared

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.13: Solving Equations With Square Roots

4.14: Exponents

4.15: If the Bases Are Equal, Consider That the Exponents May Be Equal

4.16: Multiplication of Like Bases

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.17: Division of Like Bases

4.18: The Power to a Power Rule

4.19: If the Bases Are Not the Same, Attempt to Make Them the Same

4.20: Multiplication of Different Bases and Like Exponents

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.21: Division of Different Bases and Like Exponents

4.22: Exponents Apply to Each Constituent in Their Parentheses

4.23: Prime Factorization With Exponents

4.23.1: Prime Factorization Helps Us Simplify Fractional Expressions With Exponents

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.24: Radicals Can Be Expressed in Exponential Form

4.24.1: Multiple Square Roots

4.24.2: Removing the Radicals With the Lcd of the Indices of the Radicals

4.24.3: Comparing Radicals and Exponents

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.25: Exponential Notation Can Be Factored

4.25.1: Factoring Out the Gcf in Expressions Containing Powers of Variables

4.26: Be Careful When Squaring a Binomial

4.27: Raising a Base to a Negative Exponent

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.28: Quadratic Expressions as Exponents

4.29: Any Nonzero Base Raised to the Zero Power Equals One

st
4.30: Any Base Raised to the 1 Power Is That Base

4.31: Addition and Subtraction of Like Bases or Like Radicals

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.31.1: A Special Trick When Adding Like Bases With Equal Exponents

4.32: Adding and Subtracting Fractions That Contain Exponents

4.33: Comparing Fractions With Exponents

4.34: Some Number Properties of Roots and Exponents

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.35: Raising Numbers to Even or Odd Exponents

4.36: Estimating With Exponents

4.37: Powers of Ten

4.38: Scientific Notation

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CH 4: Roots and Exponents

4.38.1: Multiplication and Division With Scientific Notation

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