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Physics Ipe Notes

The document discusses the principles of nuclear fuel and its applications in nuclear power generation. It covers the processes involved in nuclear fission, neutron absorption, and the materials used for containment and shielding. Additionally, it touches on the concepts of radioactive decay and energy release in nuclear reactions.

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aimanmahasin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views

Physics Ipe Notes

The document discusses the principles of nuclear fuel and its applications in nuclear power generation. It covers the processes involved in nuclear fission, neutron absorption, and the materials used for containment and shielding. Additionally, it touches on the concepts of radioactive decay and energy release in nuclear reactions.

Uploaded by

aimanmahasin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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/

{IPE~- / /10J-ID· AGoUL-SAU=EMr SAGIBI


MOHD· ABOlJL·SALE'EM ·SA(ilBI
II ()(.l_(j (WI' ?'rn~hui1- Gi.f eJ.i~on and Anwx:r~ ; Puys1cs FACULTY
M-s. J'utJ10R., COLLE6,G
•I TOLICHOWkl 81?.ANCI+ ,,

® ~"df - . ,
r,-E-xplmn
-· I< P~lncq,1, Of Nuclear fueh:;t aiul i!s Wlhbllfj w, /h d,"f (Jf() l
Mu/ear- fcW:tlf is a devl(f! Ph. wJvbh. Coh/toJkcl, -ftsston chain J1ed'on
Wes plcue- 1he eMenho.l. porl-s a{ NudeJU' j,eat/r.r Me
z'. Nlllkar Fi.tel 11: M ~ , - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -
.,
i ·' w. Con/fol Jtocb.. t'v. ~Jani ·

j~
· V• pYotecive. 8heJI.

;. NUclet.W FLLt.l !
11 ------ l!J /1
• qz l
35
i
is Yll1,cteo,Y -fuel 1,t5ecJ
• 7-b rs seal.ed ,zh lo,, N.mttu . ff10JC11~t

metal alumlq/um -lube. sk;IJ ·'


ii. ]•,foderra.Jut

-· • _ ,,. :. .f..., dofP!l !asJ .fis_sfor> _nwftor.,s _,_ 1y1oderrf ._J..S J.~ eJ .__ _
701 ~low
·" ' Gr'>'aphi'~ and _hew,,;J_ uKJey are Commcwfj W>,Jd lrllxl.rfrq;/uys .

fii• ('ot>ltol JuxA


• (ffilrol Ji~ are nei.Jton absotbltJ malwal. W>ed lo wnltat.
a1 ifIv~ -Hwon teac/ioYJ occu/5 , €fl: - codlolam
~V- G,ola..rJ- !

CaoiaJJ 1s .weJ /4 remove. heaJ- from 7eac-loi and uiihe 1-~ ·

• Freqµ1J LJ..AeJ Coolwf are ?noJ-h? sodium, etc .. .


\l · PtokcMe Sheild: ·
\

' ,. ,. . Nuaear fOWeY ;kJ- ?'& . EncapsuJed bg +I->£ leaJ watls to


en£ Ule -!he absorp.Jion af alI Hamrdlov..b 'iad'o.Hf}f) 1'tm) ,/ .
-
kl,111rn ,
1
i' ,:;.:
~-
• /,Jhen a u'"w,d,,-3" flsston, -fas+ m,J,v,,'S-are--J,/,,J,:Jed, - The,ie _u<1bo,,
fb» -/Ii• surmund,"'i 3,upl;le nu;J,1,a:Hon anl ,lo,e ,/1,eiY ~,,i,

Ju'ndfc elletJ:J 'h> /,,come -I!,~ neultom . -r/iue n,,J,on,, a;:e capt,t,d.
by which C{JIY'l/a oul- ..fts,1011 J,eo.c#on,
U"'
· llJ c,;,'!J umltol ,;odt, Jrs;t/JY/ ?'eacilon (an be {onbv/J,d • m' heal:
~M fn f!u:s procw ,:s t~ed .,fu pY1u:hlce s,karn -~ pa.5l•j
~ - 1/i,~ skatr> is tw'd Ji, 'lo/ale -lwthMe -M p,vJu.d/or,
of ele.cb?t pow& .
# uses~
1• tv c;rr,e9ill-e elec&c pmi10¥
i,', +,, Jt-ve,/,,d-ly beam of neubnns -fa; ---jl,e,i; vse•

P1"t'b1€tru~
<'i, -~
1udiutn
L -
w:-w,_,• -
We of- "!'diam ,', ifoo )/""' Hae nwJ, ./-irn e d.oa _j
f o ·,eaw.e h u•,~..,18
• .,-.c " · '
/4(j 0
1 o/-
Soi
- : IIv
- ft ,ven
,
:.:= -:::;n
I l
T'"' I 600 vears
{ No L )
- ________ __.___ _ _ --- --- __ !!__~-~-, ~~?__/
(J
No"' i'j
• Q:J/5-" -;. 9 /n ~3) No, of- ~/f tV,~ --

Je£8.)J.S J.
I .,
f} - - TO . 232. oJ-

No ( 1 )25
32 N'D =- 2 T ==.>

5= 2s
-T ,-,,'~ T=- 5 dw~
-l, , _
1::: ~htd.- 1s &hoac~'vi~ S~ le- the law of <tackcc1ch've dec1 she1,c +hal
. 1+ fs erxponenh'aL ?1() na,kLtt? '!
A-118: ?he spmlan~ emlssihn of- c<1 fi - and r/ :1ac£cd,tm s 1's called -,,ac/inc-llv1~ ·
trtetl~ it rs seen 1'n b1 nuJew. wb e al• no~ 1's J.Mf K -Jhan rg6 ·
•~., of rrad,vadw
1h12 1a:k of- ch's,'~ntWon of a,./omJ at d.J'}/ Jlme &'1/ec-'!J. profll#ortd
?'S
to +he numl,ey 4 ,radioactive • pteJfnt 1~ sam~e af %,,f -hme.
(.e) [-dN
dt
,;. NJ--(•) No
' ~W>ab'caL ~~nJ- a{ ~:
• At l;::o, NLtmhe¥ of 'tatlloa&ve ct:hm, pteu:n~
,'n so.mp'e
he No N __ ,
suppose at ft'me t-t', Nu.,mher of- ro.dJoadv~ aloms ,
=J,,
o

le# (n sam~e he r/. ,The c ~;_ _ _ _->7/me.

-f-D of NJJ,badi1ve -
-~ d..N ==? &·::-- ~'f; -(2) (117 deca;,·~M)
dt:-- N · 0

~> /ogN- l~ ::: - Al-


::;> '°J (*) : - -ft l-
~, {N"'No en l -(3)

from ~lot) {3) ,i- ,s cieM' +ha} Nzo when f: (-z'nflni~)


I %_~ •

, ·- ~: _ · ;J;~ - 1he MdJoac4ve su.1s./oKice w/1 I t1e,vw dislrrkg'it/..k wr,p/tkfyi

: ~ e 1i ob1' erxpotle),+ra/ lw .
'3Q: Define mw clehd ancl B,rdi, Metj:/ ? How btnJ"') ene,yJ G.c\ ve
tiJfl-h mt½ rJo. ?
At\5 :• Ma/6 Med-: The dJ-fference lxJween aduol mcw -qf nudeUJ atd
Sum o{ 11-R of- the Md VJ pr~enf ?'nf If·
AM -= Zmp-r (A-z)m,, -M

' BlncL·~ en'1H; -rlie mn,ir!u curuwJ oj enery-y re<VVred -Iv sp!Il-
+he. YlUC kw 'l'nfo /.ts Co :h'·/uerJ- nucleom ,
6E::. 6MC 2 = [ Z ~t(A-z)n?n -Mnidt11,JC'L

• 1Dtrdi°3 €h€11:0y cuw~~ . ~-3/1,1.Jt""'


• t?JlncLnj e,ne,rcJ;j M Nucleon CU-Y't€
'r1'ses s harip1y +ri h'l®'.lmum aC-
a,bcuf- ij. 8 MeV 1 -Hie net3hbour 0~
A "'-56 ctt+a.i'n$ a 'a,4MeV
clu.\"€0.Je.J hi -(/llev Or 111un1. - -- - --->,ti\J
1"~11<, -
• ~·1=/Nu.c~ ts cbe tno.oumUttJ -fof elemm+.s 30<.A <-J4o .
• Nl)l.:l€ 1· _())Jiff! e.1w.l umbe,v o+ p,o+vrn ahci neu_h,o11.5 cirr mM? &-Jakie
u
-!hin -lliose oJ edJ. number of pnkm ,
• ie , s° '6, / &tdj eno/)J -lhan
4
,2. hO/\le m11.
, _.(;
3LI ,
n lo
5 o , , /V
.l ,'t

, sid,n;.l',tanc e:
/ t· Mai€ Pc>•E, mare S¾biUtJ , 2· Nackor Jrss1bri , 3. Nudear ,k,cr, ,
Proklmi:

fwlf.-lfe pevod o{ a rto.&b(Jf·H. e. sabs-/:we ts 2f>cW1jJ • LdhJ-


0
7he ;'s
:1-iie trm ()_ kikeri fu ·% /ti of 1l:. or~inet) mLU:l .lo di1fr, kqycde ·? ,
~I LLil)~ I
- M l2 o/ ..L=- n=-.3
(J 8 ;?/)

/ hnxL, 3X2o z 60~.

~vre. ·Hie <tadi•i ol JWcJe4 · d, numbeJJ 21-anJ c4 2


/RzRoAY3 l

3
4 '

J
[ LoNG-, AN SWER., TYPE ~VESTION~ Mot-10-ABDUL- -SALE Etvi s ~rnl
PhJD, (Bio - P1fJ:.IC5)
I · Cutrent Eled1,'d~ ph .tJo ; -t'11Blf~ 526 4- 3 -14
1, Shie k1,cM10fH,· llk~,c;· - I ,_•
®
11 . 1., . .L · 1
Canc11 nvl'J 7d f)auwu nq 1-~ r_;ar,s e.
Jj
U-5''ff
J ,
TN~ c~cr.u ce

I
illf
(3i,,~e / . . d )

Ans : used ro solve c.ompi'c4f-ecl CltcuHs.


1'. k'tlchhc,ff s current (kCL) ! :rund7hn 1aw · l
• A-t a jUlldfl1n, -H,e oljelm'<- sum of (l4?VI/- ls
,
,~e. i t = o
zero
·
---"""'"" ;, rft+). .. .
>
· , ;.. f3
1 1114, 1
) ' '

• Tuts j(UA) ,s In acartdiwe w=-lh llb.v_of Conse,,voRon o/ c~ i-------4----.---.

jj kr,'c.hhoff~ vo~ laAAI (k vL) ! Loop 1o.w .


4 ,\r •
• 1~ a. loop, -/he oJsebYic Sum o,f po!-en/1,J d, /{ql/1(£ ,pao1,s iJ6 all 0
~om
r:S zero . t.e.) L2 p.d = o i n 7
e·t LJ
• laUJ ls i'n a.aurclance will> of Cen.sW.to:lion of Enelftj · . ~z , I

£-1R1 -iRi= O
'

L
C
==->f-:: °r<-;fR.).,
E
JI
/dheci&shm€. b1J1/ :
• 11;- 1's a cirt»it wed h:, ~W'e (UW.llaiel:J an untt10IJ)f) le.&~-
. 1he b11t Aa.1 J,,,., R.u,sJu,,s fl,, R,, R.., 10i. ·
• A<,ross ~ - po/7'
r .L /
l~ eo,.neueu- caJlea lU onm
o/I
.
dia.aaiallu oppo.sl-le polnls
d--~.~ J_
&Jlttf/
SOO/C€ . c\:J~(\-
i
,,,
1
't
;;\jzi.\<.,
o
1
"

I A<IOSS ~t oH,ev enrl Giawa.r,omekJt ls connederl -Iv t -


·1 - - - - - '

eke.mt cuwe,vl- •1=1- ,:s .<i,a,lvanomtW am,.


meoJUKe
Of 1,11,ea/mne 13~ ls &aid. h 1,e b,J.no,J. r,:J,en "41,vru,O>fW uro, 'die
I¼. -t)
11 ,

p,.i,cip/e of i,ilieols-lone bY;e Saf JJ,al lw'~et,ii/1 be hJanuJ /ff


f11ccf :• APPW'n.9 · J<vL -fo A~DA, :I.<;,=o

From ef 1
u> f (2 )

i , R, _ R.>
ie;-~,
, Hence pMve4 .
J.J_:; & -<2)
h R.4-
. . Sic.tie 4fa liJO.?l-. 117 rJi j()C,p lt' c/
pc ·i enfromt ler ,7
· Cl ) (OJl7fCIY,Sil: 1) cf [ m-{ '.$ of _/.iit· . ( eil~
b) IL )Jik:tiJW' <:: m/t',')n(J l tJ,c,fcl,nlf? of (ell
ltrh · • A polelrliomelet Is a device wed to a,ccwtl~G{y ?rle(JJO.te -!he 6-rn ·f O{.
VoH°ff_e Source belu,een .l;i,o polo-ls in a elec.frical cftcui h t,-.J;/fiou/ dlawl'J
cm:} -from Cttcui l ·
..tJnot,
CWrYenf
Ptrlncipk ; cc When a ConBlo.nt eu,rtent ,s f<J.JJed Cl wire of f.J)r~NYJ

area of -cro&S-secl-lon, -/he potelrbal difference acros& anJ po?Jtirm oJ w1'Ye


(6 clifze~ fJ>'!'put1iona1 }li -fhe .knJIP, e>f. -H>al wire . "
I [.e Vo( .,l l
f"
E

et) C_ _.Eio~ cif_


cl1_1p_c1_, 1 i }_1_
~-m--'- · _-rL-_~o_c_di 's , .. , .. .., L, ... ,~ .. , ..... .

J
J

"t , fk:re g.1 , E, ate two emfk of

€:-i "·~ L-- ' tw,, (ell&'


;---· --- -~ ___.. , 1, 2., 3 ate -two UX1-J kt.if•
I '
wl,e,, i <JJ1<l 3 °"'- C.Onnedd, €1 is
~ - ,________, Conne.ded to -/he Giawanareter arJ
~
1
c Jock.o/ Is move..d .to N;; l'Jaii,J,Jdn4
len>1P>
u '' • "
'1,' ,5 ovtru~cr. ,.e,, .., a..t1, ==>
t, · _ , • -(iJ
c,=f6J,
• When 2 and 3 are Ct,rmelleJ ' haltmo~7 kg#, '1 'IS oh-tvJ~J fa Ez
i-e, E2 o< 1-i.. :=;> E2.== ¢1.2. -C'lJ V

fron) e3ucdlon (1 ) QJld c2) .


I
[1
:= - -rim
1-- uX: can rnmn arre -lt>e €. tn{ 4 @18
11- w .. ,

1
.u.vo 86~ . V

: PJzeoud/onA ;
1• ihe Jocko/ sbuld be
?10~ ~eJ. alim.J ./he wire.
2. A-If ~'rf shouU . he wi#iovl- parrttllat. ()JdoY
I-<"- ..J
• ,n,e, cell Whose inwnal l"el,/.s14fJ(f,(r;
J_I_ r {· ~W~I
(,
Is ti he de·ltJlm,~d Js Cc,,nec~
OO'bSS rwistonce bot 11n-oug h ktJ 'k{

,.______ ,., :> ....,.__,--- • wi-lh 'k; opw, baliwi'),7,


j N, I kn~ 'I.] Is oMoilleJ -fvr 'E'
(,K) -____.0 1·,e., E=¢1 1 - O)
1

• WIH> 'k; ~d , -lhe cell s~ cwroi -lhe 1uts-lanre tt)t·


Nolil -/ht liaiooa"3 ¥ '1:
,s ohtaineJ -fu, ·v:... tlJlmlna/ poJenliaJ J,ffuen<e
V=¢~z-( 7>
.from ~u.a.-Woo ti> and c2>., we. 8ef

-=- - -
l,
v Jl-
ir-t iR _ !:_
1R - ..h

1.tL~#
fl R,_ Al-

:!- !:J._,·
R. 11,
• 7~'8 ~;s ~eMloo -fot- 1rianal 1tbJs-lance
of cell-

P-tem.ith'ons:
· i • 1he.Joe~ shouk:1 71o{- ~e ~ed. ak':J iii~ wire.
2. All · -Hie crwl,'rtf .&lwtdtL Utt1 tAJi#XJiJ, pa,a,llox error.
® c,btw'o +e ~&510(!1 fr( ·h ,,leM'shnce . (anneclecl [IMP · 4ffl au€.sh'on_]

a) 1h seJrieJ
bJ in pU'fcilld ·
EJf• Wave.s ;
3) Whit- ts /x,fl>IEI' s h; H ? oblu111 CLl'l i::iP"''"'n {C'i appait nt -fre"!"'°',1
of .SOLtr>cl Nt1l:f\ source ,'s __02_mcfic,n and Ob') ~~wer at {(t,H- ?
: \ 11' IJofpler shit f, 71ie fi-uwmenon cf appr,vren/- chonje -In --fre.suWfj ri-
SO<Jhc:1 due ?'elalive rmoJlon hdween source anJ chseJTvet 1'S Doppler~
Tue BJ,ilf- In -freJUeYCJ 15 caJkd ru ooppkr shiff ·
1

" 5curce m 1 11inJ toLc.t,xh &c1h'o('{,1'r.:/ o bs<:,1-11./Et :

• Conslckr a, SOf).l)'(,e, . 's' mavl-M towa,:b.. . l'-'


a sl:al-t'orar} oes~ve.r.
L ~'-'I.~ ~
e- _ _ . _ _ 0,_ _ _ . .c

• Af- t=-01 Sown:e eroi+s ~s-1- sound wave 14--Vs T---"~ L··v:;r .;tt~ t) w , ·
-and 7 eache.s ohseJrver at time t:, ,: : · .L
V
• At t_ =_T., 90(,(tCe eroi-k 2'1,J sowJ wcwe anJ 7.eacjleJ. ObSeM'et" al-
1:2 = T-+ L·-YsT
' 1he -time 1nteJ>v··CU1 LI ·- ... J..
~ll/JolNCLVei,l'S - v
,'== 1=2 -t-1 = T-t L-VsT _ J:.
V
¥-~ -¥,
V

:: T·-t

. ,' = T l' .1 - Vsv),


T'= T ( V~ Vs)
a/>fxvterJ -Irey uenCJ

obse.wu-,

/
Expiu11Q,, -II~'. -fc.~rna'7c:n C:f .s'fcttiertny ii.'fWe 1n @
) cpCI) pip<:. @.1clo':.ecl fi/,t .
l)e~ive -H,~ eg ualim 1irr -fct •fre-1ut~1 m @ Of1n @) cloS<J _pipe

1k (a) open prpt ! Bofh ./he enrk of- plpe (Jre (fUI · 1he ·epen erJ hehoNa
.ftee. end fut -/he ciJ's~ t, so (l)tt{note Is fotmed.
• J.Jhen a sOWld ktlNe. Is sent M .JJrx,f or
pipe) -Hie WGWe 51ets
?efleckd at -Hie errh 4 -!he plpe. -1hde
,nc1cknl- anr1 7t+hukd 'wOJ1es
Supelf01pose ard fo1im a lonffudiool s+ctl-io~ wave.·
o~n p1fE :,
i) ~w,diimental -fre._;1,ue11CJ ~r) Frrs+ .HaJimonic:

.).~~-=> ~,::=21
2
Eli] V
• ~uen'j of vibialion v, =-}, -;> ')),-= 21
• Nod£ .ftN-,, AnH-NoJe..
I ii) Fh'sl- overffl!e (01) Seeond Ha»moni~:
A~ \ J
• J.== 2
=> :\= g_
2

.--fre,5uene11 of Vibra#ttt? 1)2 = =>


.J 'A2
2.
11""'

@ closel pipe : one end. of pipe is clase.d cwd o&r end ,s fJ/)l'JJ . the
open end
'1,#,e,,
a.& (Jl!/{na/e ar,d close erJ aJ 'l1tKk ·

srurJ wave Is sen! --/lm)l)i an T, Jipe, --Jte. k!WLJ


0-
re.fleckJ. al- -}le. eiJ.A of -/t1'l p;pt. rheJe lmYenl and ref/wd wo,te!.
r 1o (

.lmprue and -kMiA k-tJw/;ncd a/aJfonaJJ ~e ·


_clc&--1.I rJp<: ;. ·

_i) FwidameJlkJ fkEIW!fJ (at) FiMI· -Ht>Jimvnic:

.LJ~ •1 ~ •~4
• 111 = J...
/11
-:>
L
~I

41
=41
,., ~ 1: Y-)
·

4.,t

fi). Fr-ts+ overltme. (01) lhlrcl Ha.\htctut :


- -. .. AN
• l = 3i\2. __,> A2- = 41
4 3
• Jre.queri~ of ~;hwllor') i 1Ja =: l => V
ft2 4¼
po 2
3V1J

• ,M~
\ I I
rJ
• 1== "? A~= 4~
\ I '-- 5

•-heguen~ ol vlbAalion : v5 = .L = _L_


~3 4½s
N
'))5 == 5V
41
~5;;: 5V1 ]

~ --:__1'i ; 'IJ:i :.:__-,: e, .i : 3 : 5 : . . . .j


qa: E~o -\he. -fom)oJfot) s-\Ji·onah~ wa,.1es ,'n s~¼ed sb,'1> aM hence
~ce -Jht .ww.s oJ fto.Mver.se wa.ves /n sb-ddied sh,·nr .
Na: • -Stt<fie,-~ fNM!t : W!iwv ~· r,,,,,fW)'live wtvM,S ~ , , ,.,10ru
-t\v,, 56'NY'e sh-1"1 '"" . vrr•~'·
;u,-,Jiu.n ' ~ .s"'F'ryos, ov,;
ea..dti & ~ phOJ(/4,u,,s ~t-oJ,~j. wwve (orJ J/;-~~, i,v~-l ·
1)5~/Jv~,., w0tve,S OJft _fcnwu-t w~ tMode/ li\-llVA t Avvtl\\lotl-rl'.
•) Al; 11,,(,. rJ•J• ""'tlll:wlt l\ """".' r~'cl, k $""' l'v,J "" l>,e f\,,,/;,''"""'
0. \fY\fuWe Dl (Mlt pM1ti ae IS wicvx,1 V)\(M'YI .

00
~ s~'.e~ wi .$br'eb-~ ~_trf~s
w 1,1.$ ln'\S~e,( tWO py,ressive w~ves "I Jame ()..Wlru'f;wle,, ttnd. t<JMele¥,,lti
._w ~lo~ Jbrehl;«I $l0'i b"J '.•
iN, "fr,/fo
.l,,\,.,iuh,,
faf <,,;"" I"''.. "..J \""' (}. t w •""' "J "'°"'' "''
1:/;, q)

~'· ~' t-x,~)-::c o-sivi (K:t~~~), ~2.- ~,t-)~~~1~[1<:t+wt;-)


Aa,,r""4 W the, fYC"r.JFle 0( Suf,r'U'"'fo~n 41,e rtSt\l~ wewe

Q ~i... sin ~x. Cos wt]


1vi tl,,ie, 0vla0ve- ~Wt~/ovi 0-mp~hlde I)~ -re~«-LlttV\t wMe t$ ct!)-df,s,\,K?I
\f-lh<rt l<x~ fl,l( I Vl"O,I ,2-· .. , .. . rJoJu t>rt- fo~eJ~~ liliiill
7
.j
tt ,e foYm ec-J .
I
W~ere t1-:.. r+~)r, rt-:::0,1,1-- - . - . . -Anb/nod€>

t:unJ.oi.meYLted l'~vie~l:j ~'ri s.t_e.fcA-iul §;J_n'n@ :


• leb- (,ls (CIYl ~iier .5Jn:- rcheA sh,\15 t)n leng-(0 I l ' ,rid l1'nmr
dens;t~ ,µ 15 .1i t ed lodween hvo, .Sfporfs , ().Vlcler ct, -l:tn51CJn LT'
1

0 Now ltie sbn~1 is pl<AckeJ ~t l@ 'm:d po1,J fi-ien vr vibn:dt


wllti Loopi;, 'The t.e vij{t, of Stn'ri5 l~
L~ A
_...
)-

··. Iv~ 2f
• Cfhe ve,[ou4j Of t Y'ttnS Ver$ e l,l?O. Ve ,~ str/ng g
t
v~ /j
'V -::: y_

\rr
A

,'. Vs ---
L ---

[:. v~Jt
2. l N
• , (\j
)oJ 1-

i) F~nt ~w : F-u"'J~Wlettml f,,..eq,'-{rnUJ Of 5tre.fr'1e& vihr-ah'nq


t\ 5tr,h1
ts i'vwenei.u pYopo8onttl to 'ttrs LeMlii ((), When J.. · , • v
·J I J unsron T t:i ncf
U\l\eM /ittns·~Uj µ bet'"'~ tWISW..ri~ -

.Vo(.+ • 'Th)~ (~ Cfo.,{,lc:d '' ~w Of kl'\~H-i,; ~·

2-) S~conJ ta,w : ~v,,V\t&met\bv.t tYeuv!,{eV\~ ~iY-ekC~eJ Vl~Y~~;, Gfr-1'n5


I.S ~rorollDvio-l 6 1:t,,e 6qiuo,re -roo~ oi tensior1 It! ltie Strt'/lt. t

when L.ell\~U-i 'l1 Ur.et{( J,eris~t~ 'µ. 'he-in~ CtJnS~nf:,


1
V fX. fr • 11-i;~ ts U-tUeJ 1
' kP-W Of 1'ehs;oh~ ' .

• %,.s ,s U\u~tt ,, &vow Of li'neci r-


'
J I/.! I/
t{en1r(;{es
# Shait- Anslva Typ~_Que~~b·on~ ·
t lect11c di1~9e~cm:1 tieHs: ·
-· -
J, 9LJ,!e c1n:I E:iflam Cou/ 001b's '/nVt?l&e sqlJ./Jle kl,e in tled1Yc,~:
ft!!; Srolemeni : Toe .farC11 of- aH·rad,'on (or) ~pulsion beh,,ee» -/wo ¥
aJ: rest is direcltJ p10f,Oi¾lonal hi -11,e pr-ochid- o/ ~n,luJ~ of two
and invtlSIJ p-vp01h'onal to -!he S<JUOl'e of d,'.s'-/onre helviee11
full1 o,J ads ak' -11,e hr>! Jolnitlj 1ne c~ · 9., g2
° F 0( gl 9.2 • F o(. ..L
r'). .. r
~ ::
· F ,x q, 9.2- [ F==- -1- g, 9.,.J
- r~ 47fCc.o r~
N-m'
d

. Cf
to= '8·85 x1f' 2 F/11M and J.-.:::
47'~ qx,o - (1·

2. sw.te Gt~ w.t0 , E'J.6)1cun ,h ·1tr1f1--rt·kwce ?


6Jaw.~·5 lalAl: 11The towl elecl:11'c .ffut -Hoof closecl SUrlJ(2
i's egua.l -lo -½; -times -#ie '1lel- ch endo:;ec/ b:J sur-/aCR• " 9.·1-
¢"' J.. f .ds -- 9.ne~
J Eo

3 · Detne inteM of tlec.bfc ..f;JJ . 00/ve un eocpreMlon -fuf


-~ 7~i+y fo _(J, pornt cfnr .'
:rnte~iry of ~tecm'c 1/elcl :
l-1:- Is cUir.1 IU --11.t .furu. a.c/-1'/'J pu 'Uni~ f0Slk'1€ cwr
~JJ_
l:_DC
- -F
E= =>
9 4'l\Eo r2-

4 l"">er1vc? _ (l/1 expn~,~slcn -:fui d(J Cb1c., m1t:11s, IJ of ded:nc ·:helci ci~~J a ud
L1(} f! 0-j ctn ie.l.ecbic cLJpo/E ?
l\D:.. ~Ide+- an elec&i c cl,poJe. Lel- 'p)
1 K

be -the_ pfJint 0:xial Jlne where


we are Ji~ - elecht'c -,hkru1-½J . k
Cr-Q) ~ i
(r-ta) - - - - ,
IE A! =,-t·g_
-- - - a~ !~h _+_c_.g__ _
47'€o (r+c:nl.. ""' 41r&, (1"--aJ).

'=Net-- g_
=- £;~ - ~A - 4it£o

g_ _ ( Q Ii 29.<t X r )
E - _
41\fc " cr 1
--w-J1- ./
E = 2Pr r ... ,
L • p = 23.½
4J\£o (r~QL) l-

2P
,1 r 7 7 a i f E ==- 4Jrfo j
r 3

CH1i·w CLpn'.ii1on icY dee hie lnknsd~ c,{ d~c bk --heicl ak'fl() t<jucLbwJ plan:-
04 cm eLechJ'c. ct;de

-A-fll! um2,,Jer an dec&c d'ptfle . Lei- fY be


potd- ~w·toN'cti plane f.tJhere u1e
--f&_

/In&~ ek.J,rc r/4/J if>kmH~,


I- ( ·: E £Jn e- eom~Js ) 13
tN~ = Q t:.A--COS &
t,. ·
a
Cance,/ tg (t
-2
29Q

E= p . 4 r7> a
4A'to r~ I

(.. O\:IJive an eguabon tcr couple cu:hrx; on eled,,c ctf'"ie in vrufum E: :/i,:IJ ?

G, AA' (11) exp,wsfon fo o/ eled-,, c clipole in lJ/lfWl'm F -f;eJi ?


. TWo ~9lLol Olld oppo~Ht CM19es seper-aled b~
a SmiJI clis~ce ,s an elecbi:c dJPo le•
• E_rom F : FN eJ- = zuo
Tut~ at.lfriJ <m 1{ 1:5 7,,, FoMe J/. li,>'J~-
1-= 9,.£ x 2.ls1'nQ.
7 ':&- pr:sln9 ( ·/ P= 291)
,r
I

(j;;qo• I 1111Q1:; PE
f-
1 &z 0° , 1m,n:. Zero

5Uppose dJ,Je. Is 9u,h,,kJ 611 of- JD, -Jlien ~u,Tt' J~

(&' .
d. PES/n0· de
A
aw " pEstne · c/.& IN•

Iv==- p1= ( co.se,-cos ec)

if e,:::: 'lo·, -!hen ~-= u(&) =- psco.se


e, e f I
' .. lJ(9);=-p• £
,
.
L.
;,; ; : DIM pJlfrvple Q/- COn<011•a.hc01 oj. en"?/!! ho&/ ·/cf mfei-f eMill' a!H cfillfuc iJW-
/ plil'oopk of U11&ovd1,,i af &U3:; /r,/J rJ dr¥ Mh Mer/erence 9'
Dt'F-fiacibn .
' 1n etue of 1,fe-!er~, en~ ,s chb~/bulec} fe a/J bJu;f
o.M ail hk dd ~- 1'wJ fJlUJ:f %'/llliu (br]JJad. J/Vfi[V
• .In Clue oJ ~!ftac}1oo, -He fnfer~ 4 s ~ wWJe/d- -wkeJpktce-
ihm I-ere puno'ple _of. eonseMolro~ oj. e¥1ef9J ho~s lot Jifkaclxm . F
IO, ·/-lac' ck: r mdv,re p.x,cd cf- an eye?
ctete\ttu'n!:. -#1<2.
Raot..·n~ ciJ C1J1 er, om be e.Mimakd vflh 11 .s,mpk i!Xf6imenl- ·
1 · Milke -/tie blad si,ips of eyual w1dll, aeperoJel while strip, • 7he..
w,chh of wh,·k s-h',p; shouJJ lncrecae -from re-R- .k r~hJ. ·
2. Now wakh 4¼1~ ~ n . wi-1-h one er _'bJ ,..+---,c;;;

movmo d,.ser Ji,


rd ~aJI • Flnd.
-Uie. F.J81tlon tdlem '}f1 ca.n J~ see some -~
black sb-,)13 as s ~ stt,ps .
3 · All the block s~ps .fo -1-Jie tefl- weufd w~ 1nfu one. ano-lhe..- mid undd
,W. be rk~sJ,le. on ./lie o/1.ef h,,J, bk4 slrips on -lM ?'1},r woiJ:I
he vts,ble . . , d,
4· lt cf ,s wid/h of Sftipe mJ 'D cl,~ of wall .from > -lhe
1
eae o
fs 9f ·
rteJolul,OY) -al
II, Eqkin Doppler- elk+ q lgW · Di6--h'~h ixlioeen F<eJ and Bh<? s~'.f*,

Am t)opplu eJfed: of~~; 11,e, In -kJuetej of J/if k


fo iiRlaiive mo/,'ar, ~een $o!Jire o.ncl · obs €9> ver ·

i -f] OY j V
Red swf!-: .When 50urce ,s 'mM'"J awo..y -From -lhe obs~ iJXJ>Je.-kr(}
em·-Hed ?nCi'eOJe& • -die specbum al ~'a.Hor, -/,om Soune of- 1,8M shi#-
l;u~ !kdeild·
l-~-~-=-+_t_B___,
0~
,\''\/
8kte shiff, when -!lie_ So= 18 movlrJ -/-1,e obsei~ ~e -~
dtuw1?J. ¾ spec/i.m of 'lodtalm -tt'om Sllun:e e/ 4}/d- sh,!h .liwtm/." , o/
encl . [AA= - %>-l (_,~
Cw~hi- _Ek~h-k,+y J

I )._ Dt\ivr CU1 t:-xpreY:.10Y) rfcy ~~J:fa--hv~ ?'tW,fanteA Lvhen -Hrree, Y0> 1s-kl()( (J_
CtX''2 Cunnec~lJ ,() 5:>€,\JfA cu'tl pd-r(!l/d '

ft¼1,: j· r<eus+arue Ol'e sold ¾ be Connedd ln S~le.J, »-


Seri'eg Coonee:h'oo~
Sain~ Wt'ettt .flows -Jli-.o"if' eadi , y ~ ON -/here ,s oti0 one paJ/i fr¥
CuwerJ .to ~ow •
Lek- 1• --b~ Ucr1Y'eht ~wr'n9 ihx>f 12ut·6's
R, R.2. t'.3
Jhen dton1 ohm~ 1'uv ,
v, _:1R, , v2-=1R2, v3 :-ie.3 ' y.,,fR.

2- Pa,rallel Cnmb;'nal-kn: J<eMskvue. arrt said .h be evnneck/ lr;


if Potenk/ d;ff-eyehf£ atf'a3 eatli ~ls-hi( is gtrr.f .
Jrom ohm1s b {:z J__ , R1
1
• V - V R. • ·y· ~
ii, Z- - I i. 2. I 3 :::,. - 1 ..
R, R,- R3
..2. •
1
-. ,

0 '
.
l
.
_2 =- 1, -r 72. -t-2> -t 1-=-=----

. I
chctlJQ\ ~ cl rvc~ nSinf I '1
r:1 stale cuJ e¥iun filot - f;q\l((rfs Im()?
11w 1n-kdfm al a. polnf dP.t h a srmJl eleme,,t- oJ-#,e cw,,e/>t
C<Ptf1 _ermd.clrx ,'.s df.Mc1} f"W"i'-lfonol io y,·
, . cuwwf 4la.oi~
0
C&ocfuclor dJ r P
If· l~#i of Cl.fdeni- eikmeh I--
ill, Sine a.{ .at'f be!-ww, Cu!)Y'em ekment" po~iHon vecb-. .
orJ (s inversl~ pml""fl,n,J to sguare of -!lie d,i;-lonce of' -/f,e poln!,, i0111 elWJerJ
;.e. •dB<1.i
1
.Jsixdl • Js<Xslrie • d0~f,.

d.811.. 1°dLslne

/Jo -1
.L- = Jo
-4-A
slak w1:I expk1m Amf€¥ti:s kU-O?
-MJ 13' akw a c/oJd.
14. 15
slnlemenl-: 'Pie llne trJr,rJ
o{ a. 7110f/n&c CIV'W'
e9oal lb po -limes met CU®J 'i' encloseJ. ''
,:e{~ s.Ji= fl•,;....J .
£~: Cmlk/er a. d&eJ curve err:loimf/ camn!s i., ;., i,, 1+ a.& showri
I O f O • ,~
7nd--= 7r+ 1+- 7.s-Z.2 i4ahfl1+'· Jiraton ru'tve €r @ 6J
J; 0•+•
:. ~g.dl~ flo?~e}- ,, ·

{ji B cU =- pa {t~tl4- z's-1~)


0

15 Find -fire '/fXJ/f"1''- ,tidJJJ,tm k J. a cmrenl- C~ 'J c,_,rr;/uclet'


~' CanJI/W' a sbtit:,/J-~ curren/ aYY>'f"J .wire . Lel-'p' be a. pin/. a)- 'I
PeJ,pend,~ 1
'1 'from Wire ,Jf,«1 USJ'rlJ Ampue'.s .io,,J ·
B·dL = p,,, 0
I

Bjdl COJ0°:: µ01' (·: 62:0°)

B· (2A°r)""" po>'

I
, 6) .!Jhctl- ClfcJ /xLJ 1c., {ony;vrc:nk o{ cgcicltcn ? Menb~n d:5 ~0i
7

1111, CffcloW> Is a de,;lce wJ lo fX!ihtleJ .iv


• l?culc CDmg,nenj:
i Dees: 1WO fxu,tow p~s&,eJ. ,nelJJ,c Jwr,be,~ Q $ D, Called Dees -.
0

r;., VQ(tWY> cltiMher.: Dees Clle end,o5ed ,'n a va..caun chamber lo mlnim1'2e
ColL'Mon hdween Ions and ai'r •
1
·- p;
11 lhf, ½~e111;J D.ICi//aJt_t! DeJ! are. emnerJed 1. ff.® - o, .
5otmre : A SOUtrol a{ ,on ,5 lJCJJJeJ ?telVi ·-Jk
t.il t-

?hid-potnf- of ff'P be:hueen d.llA ·.


USe! t 1 · To P1edu.ce 7adio-adfve bUbsidl}{e..
2· TO invi?J+ir nucltOJY s-ttucku'e • · -- i
G~u llc<,h.'Y -
, 3 · 70 aael€'Yak c+ve > c~eJ pcnifcle.A-

G
.
1-· [).,~1v<2 an ~<!_MiOn -~ J,· di .. .
w~ c.oru r1et, _ 'Y lvt(ff? G P:' mom~ c+ re 1~kh1y c- ?
;:- _/ _ Oil e ; Perfi,Nnlng vn1l01m druJou ?no1ion OJotlfk/ .
?UJ.OWJ • :I+S -h'me pe1ioc(/,/ r's· T= . V
2.iY! -O) ,{
• el.ec¼e- (l)WP»l e _.. _ 1= -ev
-·-· ,. - --=-
0_ G v- (7 )
7 QlfY'

• Map,elic J~e_ mome,J ; M=; A

B= po,· i/
J-lr;: c " P'J

t,
l_flecbic f_okn_h'al Clhd (qfttcikm:r J
1<1 Dl!liive an e'xprekSi'c n -fc-r C<fi,ufcil?ce 0-f f-F1£dld rJa-le
Ar;!>.' cmu1du Lo p"2leJ fwH;f area '.4' pin.ad pflt&ei
etAd>M#,f.,1, '

I • Elechrc He/J dttZ JB. is


(T
[i) E,=-~
aJicl due J» pl,}e (t) ,'s E2:::.~
15"

• Ne!- €1ecb,c Held GJeJ- =- E,tE;. .= u-


E'o
• f><o/lenl,tc,J eh fw~ce bdween plo.ttJ V:. Ed ::. cl
ft1Mrl'-·- --
• 7,- lWt(t
oJ r.apo.cirut
.,I .
C=
a
dg, -: S.eoA
'I cf ,
c··.· ...,. .__ n )
\
f!o

rY _ J•
2D · obhttn €Xf}f<%1on -fut eapadbs CbnnedeJ i'r) a) s0110 b) pw-all'1 ?
c1 C.2. C..5

~ : Q) ser,'e.l : a/,/ Clf"10:/,,,s Is 8/JJflf , 1- -I


Lei- v, 1 v,, v3 he po!enlial d,·f{,r"1(, across c,, c, <J

V, q_
z:.
c,
J V2 .:: 9. . V, :::- j_ ah~ V.::
c~; v c3
9t) -Hien v

V-::.:
s.. Cit
v, tV2+V;3 ~> c.:::. 9. ~+ g_
C2, (3

I
C
C.

c,
J_ -t- _I +J_
C;i C3

b) parallel : Poknh'al ·di lletence aCross capaci-lot ls same ·


Le!- 9.,, 42) 45 b? _c~ Oh CQ(ndP15 c,, &(3, fher)
C2
c,
i,.:: c,v/ 9-2.:::- C2VJ 93;::C3V ar,J ':1.=CV

g=- 9., :-t 9..2 +9..3


CV:::- C,V-t C2V +C3V

IC :z. c, tC7 +0]


12) 001v1:, (lh E.XfY~i'cn :b--m ,~J Sk6kl in Cl Ccti:c1u+c,, 7 g_
! Co'1$t'dR,., Cl G:tpaci~e1.me 'C) of- a Co.po..cilot C :z. V.:- C
· .1oW Wo!)t~ In cJ.:rnJ --Jm &..ca;xui/w h
Jk~ w;: jvd9 :=- J Jl
Q ~ - - - - -- - - - .

IA!-
r• -
g
2,C /o
2
/
61
f wz _§.::
{ · · 2G
0-Y cv2. 2 (Jf ;_
I
j
'livs VtllML ls s-beJ In -!he !oUn of- poknh'al enu9y.
Abns]
Z:3) l~rif-e G sh:1~ :rdt: Cf) {); -h)(_?[Le~ E',l.pki_rx.i:h'cn a{ ?.''a pos-fu{a~e?
Bchr:s
1k seeord po&bWt of sohr:s Stt;js -fhaJ 11 an8ul<.W momentim Qj C
4nl!
w.i.11:7 ewow,/ riud,,,; I~ guan-/i,./. ,, ,•,,. L
'lnvrz j .
Accotdt':J.. .h De-1:f', -fie ?novi'/j e- Is /lliouw,,l !JJiih a wa,,e_ af i-lor!,

· The fiful &s-kuice .lnwelleJ


2iH;, .: ?1 ,,\
2~t'n ==- n (-Riv)
-=- r,
0
mvrn;,. nh
mv«li.
---i
{) Sl:ure -d1t l:xu,c ft15fulak:-. of t3d?"r!_., -H1tCAJ • cHalri -M(.d <:XfteJJ,OJ? -fry -Yc1tt iJJ
kax:hc enef!JY ~- pi:lel1ha,l (:!l)f,~n cf Oh OJ61Jal e- )() hyrtgen ah '1 1
1r)

Ans: B<»1ts PQStulate!:


--
j, { 1s ?'€Volte aroud -/he mcletU in ri1wkLr' orb,~s oilled s+ah'ona'1J

o~b/l:s ,n w~·Ji tJ,.:J dv not Jio.d,ale enerjj .


'l · -,1,e CJ/- '1evolvt'(j e- {s ,nfffal mu/J,ple of 2",."-
{,e., [L: mvr-= ~J
-o · Whm an e- JW11ps -/tom sfaJ;~ orhi' ft aJZJ <Jhbf en~ '5
em;l!-eJ . [!:2- g,: hv
Fc;:
mvi e2 (z==i,-frI>'H;fo3en)
y,:. 41i'Eo11
'(YlV2. = e2- - (I )
4~tor I

fl..{) fn (rtuL'rLS) :

Subsh'kkn3 e.~ l 2) ,o eq, Cl) J

({i) luneht eneY3i:


e2- - ) e:i
K•I=== J_ mv~
2
1-
2
(-
4JrEoY
=
I

' me't
~-E: ----i
8f/·n2-h),.
0 I
J '.fii) Potenbol eneriJl:
P,E:z -e"
4'lf6'r -x-x- ah 'fl 7{JCJ'{'_tl.JeJ
f>o P- a{ e ttJCY'ftl&e.J ,
p.. r:.: - me~
4eo'nl-h
Total tneryJ ;:- klneilc en°lJ t poknllal £no/}J

T,E :2
me 1 . me 'f
eEc);J.n)-h J.. 4 Ec 2 nl-h
_rne 1 ¾ 1/ete 111r ,,,J,c,,ie1. e- ls
E :=
g Ea" n'-h l- bound .lo r;tUcle.w •
~). t=xrkun ctfrerer~ J[jru lV 5 f( Cfta/ w ,ei j &}})!~ .IJJl:•l}jJ rJj fj -!::fc.d'(l/1'() : .... _~

II}: .1.) Ljmar, Se,a/e& : ( &u Ir> Ullta - vo;I~ regfrl))


• whe11 llll e~ J'unifb forn °"J of .J,;.J..r 011,;l- k {rn;t r;~/,;/-- {nd) 1


-
')) t! i' R
( ,
11 - J_ r·
fl," J; n2 ;: 2, 3; 4. . . .

2) ~I mer SeJti'e4 '. ( i~ In vlslble reron)


, when an e- JU11Jp.s fflm Oll;j of i,3/.u ()1/,t~ -h, seu,nJ oJh;I {n=
2
)

• if -- J_?t -_ R (..L
21. -L)
h/ 1' "",,,-= ;i;
"4) 5·r . . . .

"3) E_cudien SaA~; (IR.) 4) s1o.ckdt- SeJiJ~ : (:r fl) 5) Piu.nd Se>.l~ .. (1 ~J
25) wha.~ ate. Lmiltth'o~ of Cl) &hts model b) ·rl>cm!>o() c) illfhtj-,hJ
'mock/ o.f an alnm .'
~: @ 0cJhfl5 ?ntx1e/ :
l • AppliWM. Jo SlmpfeA4 ak~ }; liFf!.en
t. diJ. TIO} MtJ -JJ..,. alx,J
oJ ekdron. . - .
3· did 'Ila./- eijktn w~ o'y,/;k IJll! dtwliiu- .k,i ell,pft<al o~l,ih.. ote ~,b~
4 • CPtdJ 'no/- +n
'phenomenon Sud> aJ zeeman and stc»'k. ~cJ. ·
5 · couJJ 11oJ +n -phe s~uc:hwe 9pedral .h'nPJ In >wT ahm .

® thotrUltl m~el ;
6• 1 f- Cou11 11Qt- &xpkln spe&al Jin~ and .1.pedtal Se>Je.b af-
d,iferenl- akrru •
©~tis~:
1· 46 the e- 'teJJol.;J?i · QJ'ound 'nU()~ ,s atce1MJ·1 , 1'tdi°ia of- i~
01,M s/.wu/J J.ec,d!e Cmll,·ooi<&' on-1 1,mlfj sl,,,,U rffillf I.rill, r1ark4
1wJ is '>W &«lbllitY .fe-;, ~.fo.{11 <ma:JeJ • .

'J · As -fhe1e ,'s Conh'nloL<S ~ah,t') el €1leruJ !ot ...Jh€. e-~ -Plie.
anm 6hrulJ emil- Conlil'JIWJ s~c&m .. M an ah,m emrls. itM
Spelhwv, .

.II

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