Part IV

Semester-IV

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IAP-4014
Analytical Instruments
Total Lectures : 42 Credits : 4 (Theory : 04)

Course Outcomes
ˆ CO1: Classify and Identify different instrumental methods
ˆ CO2: Categorise and provide techniques of NMR, ESR and Emission Spectroscopy, Mass and Atomic absorp-
tion spectroscopy
ˆ CO3: Describe thermal methods and chromatography
ˆ CO4: Illustrate electromechanical instruments

20.1 Theory

Unit I : X-Ray, UV, IR and Raman Spectroscopy

Classification of instrumental methods - introduction to spectroscopy - properties of EMR - EM Spectrum - X-

ray - Instrumentation for X-ray spectrometry- X-raydiffractometer- X-ray absorption- UV spectroscopy- Origin
and theory- Instrumentation - applications- Theory of IR - Instrumentation -Applications- Raman spectroscopy-
Mechanism for Raman effect- Instrumentation -Applications.

Unit II : NMR, ESR and Emission Spectroscopy

Introduction to NMR - Quantum description of NMR - Instrumentation -Chemical shift - spin - spin coupling
-applications- Theory of ESR -Instrumentation - Hyperfine splitting - determination of g value - line width -theory
of emission spectroscopy - instrumentation- applications.

Unit III : Mass and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Theory of mass spectrometer - components of mass spectrometer -applications-Principles of atomic Absorption

Spectroscopy - Instrumentation - Single and Double beam Atomic Absorption Spectrometers

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MSc in Instrumentation & Applied Physics

Unit IV : Thermal methods and Chromatography

Introduction to thermal methods analysis - thermo gravimeter - differential thermal analysis- Chromatography-
Basic parts of chromatography- Methods of measurement - Liquid chromatography - Types- amino acid analyzer-
Gas Chromatography.

Unit V : Electromechanical Instruments

Electrochemical cell- Types of Electrodes- Conductivity meter - Polorography- Coulometers- Amperometers- Aqua
meter- PH measurement- Principle- PH meters - Selective ion electrodes.

20.2 Suggested books

1. R S Khandpur, Handbook of Analytical Instruments, McGraw-Hill Education
2. Patranabis, Principles of Instrumentation, TMH
3. Galen W. Ewing: Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, McGraw Hill International
4. Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle: Instrumental methods of Analysis, CBS Publisher
5. Skoog, Holler, Nieman: Principles of Instrumental Analysis

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IAP-4024
Entrepreneurship Skills and Virtual
Instrumentation & CAD for
Instrumentation
Total Lectures : 42 Credits : 4 (Theory : 04)

Course Outcomes
ˆ CO1: Explain the importance of entrepreneurship for physicist and engineers
ˆ CO2: Describe Intellectual property and its related issues
ˆ CO3: Describe ideas on invention and product development
ˆ CO4: Illustrate the architecture and programming techniques in Virtual Instrumentation platform

21.1 Theory

IAP-4024A: Entrepreneurship Skills

Physicists and engineers as entrepreneurs, The world of business.

Intellectual property (IP), IP generation and recording, the basics of patenting, IP management and global IP
protection (USPTO, WIPO, EPO, JPO).
From invention to product: The timeline and processes, Business-plan fundamentals, the financial aspects of
running a small business, marketing, pre-business feasibility analysis and opportunity assessment.
Soft Skills.

IAP-4024B: Virtual Instrumentation and CAD for Instrumentation

Block diagram, Architecture of a Virtual Instrument, Data Flow Techniques and Comparison with conventional
programming.

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MSc in Instrumentation & Applied Physics

VI programming techniques: VIs and sub-VIs, loops ,charts, arrays, clusters and graphs, case and sequence
structures, formula nodes, local and global variables, string and file I/O.
Data acquisition basics: Introduction to data acquisition on PC, Sampling fundamentals, Input/output tech-
niques and buses.
Common instrument interfaces: RS 232C/ RS485, GPIB.
Auto LISP: Basic arithmetic functions, advanced mathematical functions, various get functions, decision making,
looping functions, handling system variables, file handling.

21.2 Suggested books

1. Essick, Hands on Lab View for Scientists and Engineers, Oxford University Press
2. Taqi Mohiuddin , Matthew R. Nawrocki , Rick Bitter, Labview Advanced Programming Techniques, Book
World Enterprises
3. Jovitha Jerome, Virtual Instrumentation Using Labview, PHI Learning Private Limited

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IAP-4034
Optical Instruments and Photonics
Total Lectures : 42 Credits : 4 (Theory : 04)

Course Outcomes
ˆ CO1: Describe fundamentals of optical system, Optical photoelectric System
ˆ CO2: Illustrate LASER and its uses
ˆ CO3: Categorise and compare different optical sensing techniques
ˆ CO4: Describe fiber optic sensors

22.1 Theory

Unit I : Confining Ray Bundle in Optical System

Aperture, field of view, entrance / exit window effects of Aperture, Energy flow in optical instrumentation: Light
flux, Radiometry and Photometry, Radiative transfer in optical system, heterodyne and phase shifting interferom-
etry, infrared thermometers, Types of Optical filters, specifications.

Unit II : Optical Photoelectric System

Types of optical detectors, characteristics, effect of spectral characteristics, Optical materials for UV, visible and
IR regions.

Unit III : Introduction to Optical Systems in LASER

Properties of Laser, Basics of Laser Principles: active medium, laser pumping, optical feedback, laser output: line
shape broadening, laser modes: optical resonance, pump rate, power output.

Unit IV : Laser Exposition

Working principle and construction of Gas lasers, Solid-state lasers, Semiconductor lasers, and Dye lasers, Appli-
cations of lasers.

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MSc in Instrumentation & Applied Physics

Unit V : Optical Sensing Techniques

Optical sensing techniques and their advantages over the electronic counterparts.

Unit VI : Fiber Optic sensors

Different schemes for fiber optic sensing - intensity modulation, wavelength modulation, phase modulation etc.
Sensing of temperature, image, displacement, pressure, flow, refractive index, relative humidity and liquid level
using optical based sensors.

22.2 Suggested books

1. Jenkins and White, Fundamentals of Optics, McGraw Hill Education (India)
2. Pallab Bhattacharya, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, PHI Learning
3. Ghatak and Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics, Cambridge
4. Robert G Hunsperger, Integrated Optics: Theory and Technology, Springer-verlag
5. J. Wilson and J. F. B. Hawkes,Optoelectronics: an Introduction, PHI
6. Kenneth A. Jones, Introduction to optical electronics

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IAP-40X6

IAP40x6 is an elective paper. Students must choose any one of the following papers.

Departmental
ˆ Biomedical Instrumentation (IAP4046)
ˆ Advanced Industrial Automation (IAP4056)

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IAP-4046
Biomedical Instrumentation
Total Lectures : 42 Credits : 6 (Theory : 06)

Course Outcomes
ˆ CO1: Describe Bioelectric signals, electrodes, measurement and analysis techniques
ˆ CO2: Explain Cardiovascular system and related issues
ˆ CO3: Describe recording systems and Biotelemetry
ˆ CO4: Elaborate magnetic resonance and ultrasonic imaging systems

23.1 Theory

Unit I : Bio Electric Signals and Electrodes

Fundamentals of medical instrumentation- physiological system of the body sources of biomedical signals- basic
medical instrumentation- intelligent medical instrumentation system- Origin of Bio electric signals- Recording Elec-
trodes -Silver - Silver chloride electrodes-Electrodes for ECG-Electrodes for EEG Electrodes for EMG Electrical
conductivity of Electrode Jellies and Creams-Micro electrodes.

Unit II : Recording Systems and Recorders

Basic recording system-General considerations for signal conditioners preamplifiers - source of noise in low level
measurements - Biomedical signal analysis technique - main amplifier and driver stage - writing systems - direct
writing recorders-the ink jet recorders - potentiometric recorder-digital recorders - Instrumentation tape recorders -
Electrocardiograph, Vector cardiograph, Phonocardiograph - Electroencephalograph - Electromyograph and other
Biomedical recorders - Bio feedback instrumentation.

Unit III : Measurement and Analysis Techniques

The Heart and cardiovascular system - Heart Blood pressure - Characteristics of Blood flow - Heard Sounds (the
cardiovascular system) - Electro cardiograph measurement of Blood pressure - measurement of Blood flow and
cardiac output, Plethysmography - measurement of heat sounds - The physiology of the respiratory system of

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MSc in Instrumentation & Applied Physics

tests and instrumentation for the mechanics - breathing-Respiratory therapy Equipment - Origin of EEG - Action
Potentials of the brain evoked potentials - Anatomy of the brain- brain waves - placement of electrodes-Recording
set up - Analysis of EEG.

Unit IV : Magnetic Resonance and Ultrasonic Imaging systems

Principles of NMR Imaging system - Image reconstruction Techniques - Basic NMR components - Biological efforts
of NMR Imaging - Advantages of NMR Imaging System -Diagnostic ultra sound- physics of ultrasonic waves-
medical ultra sound - basic pulse - echo apparatus, A - scan - Echocardiograph (M mode)- B-scanner - Real time
ultrasonic Imaging systems - Multi element Linear Array Scanners- Digital Scan converter - Biological effects of
Ultra sound.

Unit V : Advanced Bio Medical Systems

Pacemakers- Need for Cardiac pacemaker - External Pace makers - Implantable Pace makers - recent developments
in Implantable Pacemakers - Pacing system Analyzer - Defibrillators - Need for a Defibrillator - DC Defibrillator
- Implantable Defibrillators - Pacer - Cardioverter - Defibrillator Analyzers - Physio therapy and electro therapy
equipment- High frequency heat therapy - short wave diathermy- microwave and ultrasonic therapy - pain relief
through electrical simulation.

Unit VI : Biotelemetry

Transmission and reception aspects of biological signals via long distances, Aspect of patient Care monitoring.

23.2 Suggested books

1. J S Webster, Medical Instrumentation-Application and Design.
2. L Cromwell, Biomedical instrumentation. PHL
3. R S Khandpur, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, TMHN. Delhi, 1991.
4. B R Astor, Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement, MKeMillan.

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IAP-4056
Advanced Industrial Automation
Total Lectures : 42 Credits : 6 (Theory : 06)

Course Outcomes
ˆ CO1: Explain different parameters required for process monitoring and control
ˆ CO2: Describe the control devices as well as measuring and indicating devices
ˆ CO3: Describe PLC, its hardware and programming techniques
ˆ CO4: Elaborate DCS and SCADA

24.1 Theory

Unit I : Process Variables

Common process variables, process measurements, industrial sensors: optical, inductive, capacitive, encoders, ul-
trasonic, thermocouples.

Unit II : Control Devices

Overview of control devices: solenoid valve, control valve, actuators, pumps and motors, electrical drives, relays
& contactors, pneumatic systems and hydraulic systems.
Measuring and indicating instruments: digital indicators, bar graph indicators, analog indicators, pen recorders,
chartless recorders, indicating lamps & meters, alarms.

Unit III : Programmable Logic Controller

Programmable Logic Controller: overview, functions, features, applications, comparison with other controllers
and selection process.
PLC hardware: modules of PLC, memory, Coils, contacts, timers and counters.

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MSc in Instrumentation & Applied Physics

Unit IV : PLC programming

Configuration, ladder logic, function block diagram, structured text, sequential function chart, Instruction set: bit
logic, compare, timer, counter, math, move, logical operations, conversion.

Unit V : Distributed Control System

Data acquisition basics, data control basics, DCS architecture, Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA).

24.2 Suggested books

1. C.D Johnson, Process Control Instrumentation Technology, PHI
2. B. Wayne Bequette, Process Control: Modeling, Design, and Simulation, Prentice Hall Professional
3. Elvin Pérez Adrover, Introduction to PLCs: A beginner’s guide to Programmable Logic Controllers
4. William Bolton, Programmable Logic Controllers

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IAP-4063
Instrumentation Lab-V
Total Lab sessions : 30 Credits : 3 (Lab : 03)

Course Outcomes
ˆ CO1: Applications of different biomedical instruments
ˆ CO2: Apply PLC for controlling different process parameters

25.1 List of experiments

Unit I : Biomedical Instrumentation

1. Study the characteristics of ECG 12-lead amplifier.

2. Simulate ECG signals for different Arrhythmia and analyse the signals.
3. Study the internal/ external pacemakers using pacemaker simulator.
4. Study the performance of a bio-telemetry system

Unit II : Advanced Industrial Automation

1. Write basic ladder diagram PLC programs and downloads to the PLC of the trainer kit PCST-14.
2. Write PLC programs to realise all logic gates.
3. Write PLC programs to use timers and counters.
4. Write a PLC program to control the conveyor belt system of the batch process reactor PCST 14-1.
5. Write a PLC program to control the batch process reactor PCST 14-1.

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IAP-4076
Project
Total sessions : 60 Credits : 6 (Lab : 06)

Course Outcomes
ˆ CO1: Apply innovative and novel techniques for product development
ˆ CO2: Compile an application of instrumentation through the developed product
ˆ CO3: Generate a state of the art technique to address some regional issues
ˆ CO4: Devise a product with real world importance

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