‭Course Name: B.A. (Hons.

) Economics‬

‭Paper Name – Data Analysis‬

‭Paper No.: Skill Enhancement Course‬

‭Module No. 17‬

‭Module Title‬

‭Practical Problems of Graphical Representation‬

‭Objectives of the Module‬

‭The main objectives of present module are:‬

‭1.‬ ‭To revisit the topic of graphical representation of data.‬

‭2.‬ ‭To learn to draw graphs related to various numerical problems.‬
‭3.‬ ‭To do hands on practice on graphical presentation of data using MS Excel.‬

‭Learning Outcomes‬

‭After completing this module, you shall be able to‬

‭●‬ ‭Use various types of graphs wherever necessary.‬

‭●‬ ‭Draw graphs, diagrams and charts using MS Excel.‬

‭Introduction‬
‭In‬‭last‬‭two‬‭lectures,‬‭we‬‭have‬‭discussed‬‭various‬‭types‬‭of‬‭graphs‬‭in‬‭detail.‬‭You‬‭have‬‭also‬‭learnt‬‭that‬
‭which‬‭type‬‭of‬‭graph‬‭is‬‭more‬‭suitable‬‭for‬‭what‬‭kind‬‭of‬‭data.‬‭After‬‭discussing‬‭various‬‭methods‬‭of‬
‭graphical‬ ‭representation‬ ‭in‬ ‭detail,‬ ‭in‬ ‭this‬ ‭lecture‬ ‭we‬ ‭will‬ ‭solve‬ ‭some‬ ‭practical‬ ‭problems‬ ‭by‬
‭representing‬ ‭given‬ ‭data‬ ‭using‬ ‭suitable‬ ‭graph‬ ‭or‬ ‭diagram.‬ ‭We‬ ‭will‬ ‭also‬ ‭learn‬ ‭to‬ ‭draw‬ ‭various‬
‭graphs‬‭using‬‭MS‬‭Excel.‬‭We‬‭have‬‭mainly‬‭discussed‬‭five‬‭types‬‭of‬‭graphical‬‭representation‬‭of‬‭data‬
‭i.e.‬‭using‬‭bar‬‭graph,‬‭pie‬‭diagram,‬‭line‬‭graph,‬‭histogram‬‭and‬‭ogives.‬‭In‬‭this‬‭module,‬‭we‬‭will‬‭try‬‭to‬
‭draw each of these types using MS Excel. Let’s start with numerical problems‬

‭Example‬ ‭1‬‭.‬ ‭In‬ ‭an‬ ‭educational‬ ‭institute,‬ ‭there‬‭are‬‭500‬‭students.‬‭Out‬‭of‬‭these,‬‭250‬‭students‬‭have‬

‭enrolled‬‭for‬‭Bachelor‬‭of‬‭Arts,‬‭100‬‭for‬‭Bachelor‬‭of‬‭Science‬‭Medical,‬‭110‬‭enrolled‬‭for‬‭Bachelor‬‭of‬
‭Commerce,‬ ‭and‬ ‭40‬ ‭enrolled‬ ‭for‬‭Bachelor‬‭of‬‭Business‬‭Administration.‬‭Draw‬‭a‬‭suitable‬‭graph‬‭to‬
‭represent this data.‬

‭Solution‬‭: First of all, let’s arrange this data in‬‭a table‬

‭ rogramme‬
P ‭ umber of Students‬
N
‭B.A.‬ ‭250‬
‭B.Sc Medical‬ ‭100‬
‭B.Com‬ ‭110‬
‭BBA‬ ‭40‬

‭ ince this is categorical data, bar diagram is more appropriate graphical measure to represent this‬
S
‭data. To draw bar diagram‬

‭‬ W
● ‭ rite each category, programme in this case, on X-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write all values corresponding to each category, number of students here, on Y-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw a rectangle or bar corresponding to program, where height of bar represents number‬
‭of students in that course.‬

‭Gone‬ ‭are‬ ‭the‬ ‭days‬ ‭when‬ ‭people‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭draw‬ ‭such‬ ‭graphs‬ ‭manually.‬ ‭Now‬ ‭a‬ ‭days‬ ‭different‬
‭softwares‬ ‭are‬ ‭available‬ ‭which‬ ‭can‬ ‭draw‬ ‭such‬ ‭graphs‬ ‭in‬ ‭one‬ ‭click.‬ ‭Most‬ ‭useful‬ ‭and‬ ‭easily‬
‭available software is MS Excel. Steps to draw bar graph in MS Excel are‬

‭●‬ ‭Open MS Excel and open new spreadsheet.‬

 ‭●‬ ‭Paste data table in excel worksheet as shown on screen.‬
‭●‬ ‭Select data from cell A1: A5 and B1:B5.‬
‭●‬ ‭Click on Insert‬‭🡪‬‭Column‬‭🡪‬‭2D Column‬‭🡪‬‭Clustered‬‭Column.‬

‭Bar‬ ‭graph‬ ‭showing‬ ‭programmes‬ ‭i.e.‬ ‭B.A.,‬ ‭B.Sc‬ ‭Medical,‬ ‭B.Com‬ ‭and‬ ‭B.B.A.‬ ‭on‬ ‭x-axis‬ ‭and‬
‭number‬ ‭of‬ ‭students‬ ‭on‬ ‭y-axis‬ ‭will‬ ‭appear.‬ ‭Write‬ ‭down‬ ‭the‬ ‭title‬ ‭on‬ ‭top‬‭of‬‭the‬‭diagram‬‭and‬‭also‬
‭write‬ ‭labels‬ ‭on‬‭the‬‭axis.‬‭Note‬‭that‬‭Column‬‭option‬‭is‬‭selected‬‭to‬‭draw‬‭vertical‬‭rectangles.‬‭If‬‭you‬
‭want to draw horizontal rectangles then click on Bar.‬

‭You‬‭can‬‭also‬‭change‬‭the‬‭color‬‭of‬‭each‬‭bar‬‭by‬‭selecting‬‭a‬‭bar,‬‭for‬‭which‬‭you‬‭want‬‭to‬‭change‬‭color‬
‭and click on fill option on toolbar by choosing color of your choice.‬

‭Example‬ ‭2.‬ ‭A‬ ‭family’s‬ ‭monthly‬ ‭budget‬‭of‬‭Rs.‬‭30,000‬‭is‬‭divided‬‭between‬‭expenditure‬‭on‬‭food,‬

‭education, health and other expenditures as shown in the table.‬
‭Expenditure on‬ ‭Amount (in Rs.)‬
‭Food‬ ‭13500‬
 ‭Education‬ ‭9000‬
‭Health‬ ‭5000‬
‭Other‬ ‭2500‬
‭Total‬ ‭30, 000‬

‭Draw an appropriate graph to show this data.‬

‭Solution‬‭:‬ ‭Here,‬ ‭total‬ ‭budget‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭family‬ ‭is‬‭distributed‬‭into‬‭different‬‭categories.‬‭Therefore,‬‭data‬
‭can‬‭be‬‭best‬‭represented‬‭by‬‭pie‬‭diagram.‬‭To‬‭draw‬‭a‬‭pie‬‭diagram,‬‭first‬‭calculate‬‭the‬‭share‬‭of‬‭each‬
‭category in total budget.‬
‭Expenditure on‬ ‭Amount (in Rs.)‬ ‭Share (%)‬ ‭Angle (in degree)‬
‭Food‬ ‭13500‬ ‭45‬ ‭162‬
‭Education‬ ‭9000‬ ‭30‬ ‭108‬
‭Health‬ ‭5000‬ ‭16.67‬ ‭60‬
‭Other‬ ‭2500‬ ‭8.33‬ ‭30‬
‭Total‬ ‭30, 000‬ ‭100‬ ‭360‬

‭To draw pie chart by hand, calculate the angle of each slice as‬
‭𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦‬‭‬‭𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔‬‭‬‭𝑡𝑜‬‭‬‭‭𝑡‬ ℎ𝑎𝑡‬‭‭𝑐‬ 𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦‬
‭Angle =‬ ‭𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙‬‭‬‭𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦‬
‭‬‭×360‬

‭By drawing these angles in a circle, you will get a pie chart representing given data‬‭.‬

‭To draw pie chart in MS Excel‬

‭●‬ ‭Open MS Excel and open new spreadsheet.‬
‭●‬ ‭Paste‬ ‭data‬ ‭in‬ ‭excel‬ ‭sheet‬ ‭containing‬ ‭each‬ ‭category,‬ ‭corresponding‬ ‭amount‬ ‭and‬ ‭their‬
‭respective share in total budget.‬
 ‭●‬ ‭You‬ ‭can‬ ‭use‬ ‭both‬ ‭absolute‬ ‭values‬ ‭as‬ ‭well‬ ‭as‬ ‭percent‬‭share‬‭to‬‭draw‬‭a‬‭pie‬‭chart.‬‭But‬‭it‬‭is‬
‭more appropriate to use percent share since it shows share of each category in total.‬
‭●‬ ‭Select data from A1:A 5 and C1: C5 as shown on screen.‬
‭●‬ ‭Click on Insert‬‭🡪‬‭Pie‬‭🡪‬‭2D Pie‬‭🡪‬‭Pie‬
‭●‬ ‭A pie diagram with 4 slices will appear.‬
‭You‬‭can‬‭show‬‭the‬‭percentage‬‭written‬‭on‬‭each‬‭pie‬‭by‬‭right‬‭clicking‬‭on‬‭slice‬‭of‬‭pie‬‭and‬‭then‬‭choose‬
‭add data labels. You may also write title of diagram as Family Budget.‬

‭Example‬ ‭3.‬‭RBI‬‭data‬‭shows‬‭growth‬‭of‬‭Gross‬‭Value‬‭Added‬‭(GVA)‬‭of‬‭Agriculture,‬‭Forestry‬
‭and Fishery as given in the table‬

‭ ear‬
Y ‭Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing ‬
‭2010-11 ‬ ‭8.8‬
 ‭ 011-12
2 ‬ ‭ .4‬
6
‭2012-13 ‬ ‭1.5‬
‭2013-14 ‬ ‭5.6‬
‭2014-15 ‬ ‭-0.2‬
‭2015-16 ‬ ‭0.7‬
‭2016-17 ‬ ‭6.8‬
‭2017-18 ‬ ‭6.6‬
‭2018-19 ‬ ‭2.1‬
‭2019-20 ‬ ‭5.5‬
‭2020-21 ‬ ‭3.3‬
‭2021-22 ‬ ‭3.0‬

‭Represent this data graphically.‬

‭Solution‬‭:‬‭We‬‭know‬‭that‬‭to‬‭represent‬‭time‬‭series‬‭data,‬‭line‬‭graphs‬‭are‬‭used.‬‭To‬‭draw‬‭line‬‭graph‬‭of‬
‭this data‬
‭●‬ ‭Mark time-series variable i.e. years on x-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Mark growth rate on y-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Label‬‭values‬‭on‬‭y-axis‬‭on‬‭an‬‭appropriate‬‭scale‬‭i.e.‬‭0.0,‬‭1.0,‬‭2.0,…‬‭upto‬‭10.0.‬‭As‬‭we‬‭have‬
‭one negative value of growth rate, hence extend y-axis to IV quadrant i.e. upto -1.0.‬
‭●‬ ‭Plot the data points to represent year wise value of growth rates.‬
‭●‬ ‭Join these points to get line graph.‬

‭To draw line graph in MS Excel‬

‭●‬ ‭Open MS Excel and open new spreadsheet.‬
‭●‬ ‭Paste data table in excel worksheet.‬
 ‭●‬ ‭Select data from A1: A13 and B1: B13.‬
‭●‬ ‭Click on Insert‬‭🡪‬‭Line‬‭🡪‬‭2D Line‬‭🡪‬‭Line.‬
‭●‬ ‭A‬‭line‬‭graph‬‭showing‬‭growth‬‭rate‬‭of‬‭GVA‬‭of‬‭agriculture,‬‭forestry‬‭and‬‭fishery‬‭will‬
‭appear.‬
‭Label‬‭the‬‭axis‬‭by‬‭writing‬‭years‬‭on‬‭x-axis‬‭and‬‭growth‬‭rate‬‭on‬‭y-axis.‬‭Write‬‭down‬‭the‬‭title‬‭of‬‭line‬
‭graph on top of the diagram.‬

‭Example 4‬‭. Score of 135 students in a class test is‬‭recorded as‬

‭Marks‬ ‭Number of Students‬
‭0 - 40‬ ‭20‬
‭40 – 60‬ ‭40‬
‭60 – 80‬ ‭50‬
‭80 – 90‬ ‭10‬
‭90 – 100‬ ‭15‬

‭Represent this data using histogram.‬

‭Solution‬‭:‬ ‭Histogram‬ ‭is‬ ‭mostly‬ ‭used‬ ‭graphical‬ ‭method‬ ‭in‬‭case‬‭of‬‭frequency‬‭distributions.‬‭Here,‬
‭we‬ ‭have‬ ‭unequal‬ ‭class‬ ‭intervals‬ ‭since‬ ‭class‬ ‭width‬ ‭is‬ ‭not‬ ‭same‬ ‭for‬ ‭all‬ ‭categories.‬ ‭We‬ ‭need‬ ‭to‬
‭calculate‬ ‭frequency‬ ‭density‬ ‭before‬ ‭drawing‬ ‭histogram.‬ ‭To‬ ‭draw‬ ‭histogram‬ ‭in‬ ‭case‬ ‭of‬ ‭unequal‬
‭class intervals‬
‭●‬ ‭Write down class width of each class interval.‬
‭𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦‬
‭●‬ ‭Calculate frequency density as‬‭𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦‬‭‬‭𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭𝑖‬ = ‭‬ ‭𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠‬‭‬‭𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ‬‭𝑖‬
‭𝑖‬

‭●‬ ‭Record this information as given in this table‬

‭Class Width‬ ‭𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦‬

‭𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦‬‭‬‭𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦‬‭𝑖‬ = ‭‬ ‭𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠‬‭‬‭𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ‬‭𝑖‬
‭ arks‬
M ‭ o. of Students‬
N ‭𝑖‬
‭Obtained‬ ‭or Frequency‬
‭40‬ ‭ 0‬
2
‭= 0.5‬
‭0-40‬ ‭20‬ ‭40‬
‭20‬ ‭40‬
‭= 2.0‬
‭40-60‬ ‭40‬ ‭20‬
‭20‬ ‭50‬
‭= 2.5‬
‭60-80‬ ‭50‬ ‭20‬
‭10‬ ‭10‬
‭= 1.0‬
‭80-90‬ ‭10‬ ‭10‬
‭10‬ ‭15‬
‭= 1.5‬
‭90-100‬ ‭15‬ ‭10‬

‭●‬ ‭Write class intervals i.e. marks obtained on x-axis.‬

‭●‬ ‭Write frequency density on y-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw a rectangle with height equals to frequency density and width equals to class width.‬
‭●‬ ‭Area of each rectangle is equals to frequency corresponding to that class.‬
‭Histogram representing given data will appear as shown in the diagram.‬

‭To draw histogram with unequal class interval in MS Excel‬

‭●‬ ‭Open MS Excel and open new spreadsheet.‬
‭●‬ ‭Paste data on marks and frequency density in excel worksheet.‬
‭●‬ ‭In new cell, A11 on screen, write lower limit of first class interval i.e. 0.‬
‭●‬ ‭In next cell of column A i.e. in A12, write upper limit of first class interval i.e. 40.‬
‭●‬ ‭Keep on writing lower and upper limit of class intervals in this column.‬
‭●‬ ‭Now,‬‭write‬‭frequency‬‭density‬‭of‬‭first‬‭interval‬‭i.e.‬‭0.5‬‭against‬‭lower‬‭limit‬‭and‬‭upper‬‭limit‬
‭of interval in next column i.e. in B11 and B12.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write‬‭frequency‬‭density‬‭of‬‭second‬‭class‬‭interval‬‭i.e.‬‭2.0‬‭against‬‭lower‬‭and‬‭upper‬‭limit‬‭of‬
‭interval in next column i.e. C13 and C14.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write frequency distribution in this way for all class intervals.‬
‭●‬ ‭Select the area from B11: F20.‬
‭●‬ ‭Click on Insert‬‭🡪‬‭Area‬‭🡪‬‭2D Area‬‭🡪‬‭Stacked Area,‬‭an area graph will appear.‬
‭●‬ ‭Right‬ ‭click‬‭on‬‭chart‬‭🡪‬‭click‬‭on‬‭Select‬‭Data‬‭🡪‬‭Edit‬‭horizontal‬‭axis‬‭labels‬‭🡪‬‭select‬‭data‬
‭A11: A20‬‭🡪‬‭click on OK.‬
‭●‬ ‭Right‬‭Click‬‭on‬‭horizontal‬‭axis‬‭🡪‬‭click‬‭on‬‭format‬‭axis‬‭🡪‬‭Click‬‭on‬‭Date‬‭Axis‬‭under‬‭Axis‬
‭Type‬‭🡪‬‭change major units to 10 since minimum class‬‭width is 10 and click on close.‬
‭●‬ ‭Right‬ ‭click‬ ‭on‬ ‭legends‬ ‭🡪‬‭click‬ ‭on‬ ‭select‬ ‭data‬ ‭🡪‬‭edit‬ ‭name‬‭of‬‭each‬‭series‬‭representing‬
‭each class interval.‬
‭A‬ ‭histogram‬ ‭with‬ ‭unequal‬ ‭class‬ ‭interval‬ ‭and‬ ‭different‬ ‭color‬ ‭of‬ ‭bar‬ ‭representing‬ ‭different‬
‭category will appear.‬
‭Example‬ ‭5.‬‭Wages‬‭of‬‭workers‬‭in‬‭a‬‭firm,‬‭varying‬‭from‬‭Rs.‬‭15000‬‭to‬‭Rs.‬‭36000,‬‭are‬‭recorded‬‭as‬
‭shown in table‬
‭ ages (in Rs. )‬
W ‭Number of Workers‬
‭15000-18000‬ ‭‬
8
‭18000-21000‬ ‭23‬
‭21000-24000‬ ‭18‬
‭24000-27000‬ ‭17‬
‭27000-30000‬ ‭8‬
‭30000-33000‬ ‭4‬
‭33000-36000‬ ‭2‬
‭From this data draw‬
‭i)‬ ‭‘Less than’ type ogive‬
‭ii)‬ ‭‘More than’ type ogive‬
‭iii)‬ ‭Show‬‭that‬‭point‬‭of‬‭intersection‬‭of‬‭‘less‬‭than’‬‭type‬‭ogive‬‭and‬‭‘more‬‭than’‬‭type‬‭ogive‬‭is‬
‭Median of data.‬
‭i)‬ ‭Solution‬‭:‬‭We‬‭know‬‭that‬‭ogive‬‭is‬‭cumulative‬‭frequency‬‭curve.‬‭To‬‭plot‬‭‘less‬‭than’‬‭type‬
‭ogive,‬ ‭we‬‭start‬‭with‬‭upper‬‭limit‬‭of‬‭the‬‭class‬‭interval‬‭and‬‭go‬‭on‬‭adding‬‭the‬‭frequencies‬‭of‬‭each‬
‭interval. Therefore, to draw ‘less than’ type ogive‬
‭●‬ ‭Add‬‭another‬‭column‬‭to‬‭data‬‭table‬‭and‬‭write‬‭upper‬‭limit‬‭of‬‭each‬‭class‬‭interval‬
‭in it.‬
‭●‬ ‭Add‬‭one‬‭more‬‭column‬‭in‬‭data‬‭table‬‭and‬‭write‬‭less‬‭than‬‭cumulative‬‭frequencies‬
‭in it.‬
‭●‬ ‭To‬ ‭calculate‬ ‭less‬ ‭than‬ ‭cumulative‬ ‭frequencies‬ ‭we‬ ‭write‬ ‭first‬ ‭frequency‬
‭against‬ ‭upper‬ ‭limit‬‭of‬‭first‬‭class‬‭interval‬‭and‬‭go‬‭on‬‭adding‬‭the‬‭frequencies‬‭of‬
‭each interval as shown in the table‬
‭ ages‬
W ‭ umber of‬ W
N ‭ ages Less‬ ‭ ess than‬
L
‭(in Rs. )‬ ‭Workers‬ ‭than‬ ‭Cumulative Frequency‬
‭15000-18000‬ ‭8‬ ‭18000‬ ‭8‬
‭18000-21000‬ ‭23‬ ‭21000‬ ‭8 + 23 = 31‬
‭21000-24000‬ ‭18‬ ‭24000‬ ‭8+ 23+ 18 = 49‬
‭24000-27000‬ ‭17‬ ‭27000‬ ‭8 + 23+ 18+ 17 = 66‬
‭27000-30000‬ ‭8‬ ‭30000‬ ‭8+ 23+ 18+ 17+ 8= 74‬
‭30000-33000‬ ‭4‬ ‭33000‬ ‭8+ 23+ 18+ 17+ 8+ 4= 78‬
‭33000-36000‬ ‭2‬ ‭36000‬ ‭8+ 23+ 18+ 17+ 8+ 4+ 2 = 80‬
 ‭●‬ ‭Write upper limit of each class interval on x-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write less than cumulative frequencies on y-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Plotting‬ ‭these‬ ‭frequencies‬ ‭against‬ ‭upper‬ ‭limit‬ ‭gives‬ ‭us‬ ‭less‬ ‭than‬‭type‬
‭ogive as shown in the diagram‬

‭ii)‬ ‭To‬ ‭plot‬ ‭‘more‬ ‭than’‬ ‭type‬ ‭ogive,‬ ‭we‬ ‭start‬‭with‬‭lower‬‭limit‬‭of‬‭the‬‭class‬‭interval‬‭and‬‭go‬‭on‬

‭subtracting the frequencies of each interval. Therefore, to draw ‘more than’ type ogive‬
‭●‬ ‭Add‬‭another‬‭column‬‭to‬‭data‬‭table‬‭and‬‭write‬‭lower‬‭limit‬‭of‬‭each‬‭class‬‭interval‬
‭in it.‬
‭●‬ ‭Add‬ ‭one‬ ‭more‬ ‭column‬ ‭in‬ ‭data‬ ‭table‬ ‭and‬ ‭write‬ ‭more‬ ‭than‬ ‭cumulative‬
‭frequencies in it.‬
‭●‬ ‭To‬‭calculate‬‭more‬‭than‬‭cumulative‬‭frequencies‬‭we‬‭write‬‭total‬‭of‬‭frequencies‬
‭against‬‭lower‬‭limit‬‭of‬‭first‬‭class‬‭interval‬‭and‬‭go‬‭on‬‭subtracting‬‭the‬‭frequencies‬
‭of each interval as shown in the table‬
‭ ages‬
W ‭ umber of‬ W
N ‭ ages More‬ ‭ ore than‬
M
‭(in Rs. )‬ ‭Workers‬ ‭than‬ ‭Cumulative Frequency‬
‭15000-18000‬ ‭8‬ ‭15000‬ ‭80‬
‭18000-21000‬ ‭23‬ ‭18000‬ ‭80 – 8 = 72‬
‭21000-24000‬ ‭18‬ ‭21000‬ ‭80 – 8 – 23 = 49‬
‭24000-27000‬ ‭17‬ ‭24000‬ ‭80 – 8 – 23 – 18 = 31‬
‭27000-30000‬ ‭8‬ ‭27000‬ ‭80 – 8 – 23 – 18 – 17 = 14‬
‭30000-33000‬ ‭4‬ ‭30000‬ ‭80 – 8 - 23 – 18 – 17 – 8 = 6‬
‭33000-36000‬ ‭2‬ ‭33000‬ ‭80 – 8 – 23 – 18 – 17 – 8 – 4 = 2‬
 ‭●‬ ‭Write lower limit of each class interval on x-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write more than cumulative frequencies on y-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Plotting‬‭these‬‭frequencies‬‭against‬‭lower‬‭limit‬‭gives‬‭us‬‭more‬‭than‬‭type‬
‭ogive as shown in the diagram‬

‭iii)‬ ‭To‬‭show‬‭that‬‭point‬‭of‬‭intersection‬‭of‬‭‘less‬‭than’‬‭type‬‭ogive‬‭and‬‭‘more‬‭than’‬‭type‬‭ogive‬
‭is‬‭Median‬‭of‬‭data.‬‭Lets‬‭first‬‭calculate‬‭median‬‭of‬‭given‬‭data.‬‭As‬‭you‬‭know‬‭median‬‭of‬
‭continuous series is calculated as‬
‭‬
𝑛
−‭‬‭𝑐.‬‭𝑓‬.
‭Median =‬‭𝐿 ‬ + ‭‬ ‭2‬
‭𝑓‬
‭×‬‭𝑖‬

‭Where n is total of frequencies‬

‭L is lower limit of interval in which (n/2)‬‭th‬ ‭item‬‭falls‬
‭f‬ ‭is frequency corresponding to interval in which‬‭(n/2)‬‭th‬ ‭item falls‬
‭c.f.‬‭is cumulative frequency of previous class‬
‭i‬‭is class width‬
‭80‬
−‭‬‭31‬.
‭Hence, median can be calculated as‬‭21000‬ + ‭‬ ‭2‬
‭18‬
‭×3000‬‭= 22500.‬

‭Now,‬ ‭lets‬ ‭find‬‭out‬‭point‬‭of‬‭intersection‬‭of‬‭two‬‭ogives‬‭by‬‭plotting‬‭both‬‭ogives‬‭in‬‭one‬

‭graph as shown in diagram‬
 ‭It can be seen from the diagram that point of intersection is approximately 22500.‬
‭To draw ogive curve in MS Excel‬
‭●‬ ‭Open MS Excel and open new spreadsheet.‬
‭●‬ ‭Paste data table in excel worksheet.‬
‭●‬ ‭To plot ‘less than’ ogive select data from C1:C8 and D1: D8.‬
‭●‬ ‭Click‬‭on‬‭Insert‬‭🡪‬‭Scatter‬‭🡪‬‭Scatter‬‭with‬‭Straight‬‭Lines‬‭and‬‭Markers‬‭and‬‭‘less‬‭than’‬
‭ogive will appear.‬
‭●‬ ‭Similarly‬ ‭‘more‬ ‭than’‬ ‭ogive‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬‭plotted‬‭by‬‭selecting‬‭relevant‬‭data‬‭i.e.‬‭E1:E8‬‭and‬
‭F1:F8.‬

‭Example 6:‬‭Represent following data showing pass percentage‬‭of students in three subjects.‬
‭ ubjects‬
S 2‭ 018‬ ‭ 019‬
2 ‭ 020‬
2 ‭ 021‬
2 ‭ 022‬
2
‭Microeconomics‬ ‭75‬ ‭80‬ ‭92‬ ‭77‬ ‭72‬
‭Macroeconomics‬ ‭74‬ ‭76‬ ‭80‬ ‭70‬ ‭65‬
‭Statistics‬ ‭65‬ ‭85‬ ‭90‬ ‭80‬ ‭60‬

‭ his table shows pass percentage of students in Microeconomics, Macroeconomics and Statistics‬
T
‭over the five years i.e. from 2018 to 2022. We can use multiple bars to represent this data. To‬
‭draw multiple bars‬

‭‬ W
● ‭ rite years on X-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write pass percentage from 0 to 100 percent on Y-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw a rectangle or bar corresponding to Microeconomics, where height of bar‬
‭represents pass percentage in Microeconomics subject i.e. 75 percent.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw second bar corresponding to Macroeconomics, where height of bar represents pass‬
‭percentage in Macroeconomics subject i.e. 74 percent.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw third bar corresponding to Statistics, where height of bar represents pass percentage‬
‭in Statistics subject i.e. 65 percent.‬
‭●‬ ‭All three bars representing pass percentage in respective subjects during 2018 should be‬
‭adjacent to each other.‬
‭●‬ ‭Similarly draw three adjacent bars for year 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022.‬

‭Multiple‬ ‭bars‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭drawn‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬ ‭way‬ ‭as‬ ‭simple‬ ‭bars‬ ‭are‬ ‭drawn‬ ‭in‬ ‭MS‬ ‭Excel.‬ ‭To‬ ‭draw‬
‭multiple bars in MS Excel‬
‭●‬ ‭Open MS Excel and open new spreadsheet.‬
 ‭●‬ ‭Paste data table in excel worksheet as shown on screen.‬
‭●‬ ‭Select data from cell A1: A4 and F1:F4.‬
‭●‬ ‭Click on Insert‬‭🡪‬‭Column‬‭🡪‬‭2D Column‬‭🡪‬‭Clustered‬‭Column.‬

‭ ultiple‬ ‭bars‬ ‭showing‬ ‭pass‬ ‭percentage‬ ‭of‬ ‭students‬ ‭in‬ ‭Microeconomics,‬ ‭Macroeconomics‬ ‭and‬
M
‭Statistics‬‭from‬‭year‬‭2018‬‭to‬‭2020‬‭will‬‭appear.‬‭Write‬‭down‬‭the‬‭title‬‭on‬‭top‬‭of‬‭the‬‭diagram‬‭and‬‭also‬
‭write labels on the axis.‬

‭ xample‬ ‭7:‬ ‭Following‬ ‭data‬ ‭is‬ ‭showing‬ ‭number‬‭of‬‭students‬‭enrolled‬‭for‬‭BA‬‭Honors‬‭Economics‬

E
‭course during session 2022-23. Represent the data using suitable diagram.‬

‭ lass‬
C ‭ oys‬
B ‭ irls‬
G ‭ otal‬
T
‭BA Honors Economics I‬ ‭18‬ ‭12‬ ‭30‬
‭BA Honors Economics II‬ ‭14‬ ‭11‬ ‭25‬
‭BA Honors Economics III‬ ‭8‬ ‭20‬ ‭28‬

‭ able‬‭shows‬‭that‬‭30‬‭students‬‭enrolled‬‭for‬‭first‬‭year,‬‭25‬‭students‬‭enrolled‬‭for‬‭second‬‭year‬‭and‬‭28‬
T
‭students‬‭enrolled‬‭in‬‭third‬‭year.‬‭Number‬‭of‬‭male‬‭students‬‭is‬‭18,‬‭14‬‭and‬‭8‬‭in‬‭first‬‭year,‬‭second‬‭year‬
‭and third year respectively.‬

‭This data can be shown by bar diagram in three ways i.e. using‬

‭●‬ ‭Multiple Bars‬

 ‭‬ S
● ‭ tacked Bar Chart‬
‭●‬ ‭Percent Stacked Bar Chart‬

‭Let’s discuss all three ways one by one. First of all we will represent data using multiple bars.‬

‭To draw multiple bars‬

‭●‬ W ‭ rite classes on X-axis i.e. BA Honors Economics I, BA Honors Economics II and BA‬
‭Honors Economics III.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write number of students on Y-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw first bar corresponding to boys in first year, where height of bar represents number‬
‭of boys i.e. 18.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw second bar corresponding to girls in first year, where height of bar represents‬
‭number of girls i.e. 12.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw third rectangle or bar corresponding to total students in first year, where height of‬
‭bar represents to total number of students i.e. 30.‬
‭●‬ ‭All three bars representing number of students in first year should be adjacent to each‬
‭other.‬
‭●‬ ‭Similarly draw three adjacent bars for second year and third year.‬

‭We have already discussed the steps to draw multiple bars in MS Excel in previous example.‬
‭ et’s‬ ‭now‬‭represent‬‭data‬‭using‬‭stacked‬‭bars‬‭charts.‬‭We‬‭know‬‭that‬‭stacked‬‭bar‬‭graph‬‭divides‬‭the‬
L
‭aggregate‬‭into‬‭different‬‭parts.‬‭In‬‭this‬‭case,‬‭each‬‭bar‬‭will‬‭represent‬‭the‬‭total‬‭number‬‭of‬‭students‬‭in‬
‭each‬‭class‬‭and‬‭each‬‭segment‬‭of‬‭the‬‭bar‬‭will‬‭represent‬‭number‬‭of‬‭boys‬‭and‬‭girls.‬‭To‬‭draw‬‭stacked‬
‭bar charts‬

‭‬ W
● ‭ rite classes on X-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write number of students on Y-axis.‬
 ‭●‬ D ‭ raw a rectangle or bar corresponding to total number of students in BA Honors‬
‭Economics first year class.‬
‭●‬ ‭Divide the bar into two segments corresponding to number of male and female students.‬
‭●‬ ‭The first segment is corresponding to male students, where height of segment represents‬
‭number of boys in first year.‬
‭●‬ ‭The second segment is corresponding to female students, where height of segment‬
‭represents number of girls in first year.‬
‭●‬ ‭Similarly, draw second and third bar corresponding to total number of students in BA‬
‭Honors Economics second year and third year respectively and divide each bar into two‬
‭segments.‬

‭To draw stacked bars in MS Excel‬

‭●‬ ‭Open MS Excel and open new spreadsheet.‬
‭●‬ ‭Paste data table in excel worksheet as shown on screen.‬
‭●‬ ‭Select data from cell A1: A4, B1: B4 and C1:C4.‬
‭●‬ ‭Click on Insert‬‭🡪‬‭Column‬‭🡪‬‭2D Column‬‭🡪‬‭Stacked Column.‬
‭ tacked‬ ‭bars‬ ‭showing‬ ‭number‬‭of‬‭students‬‭in‬‭BA‬‭Honors‬‭Economics‬‭first‬‭year,‬‭second‬‭year‬‭and‬
S
‭third‬ ‭year‬ ‭during‬ ‭session‬ ‭2022-23‬ ‭will‬ ‭appear.‬‭Each‬‭bar‬‭is‬‭of‬‭different‬‭length‬‭and‬‭length‬‭of‬‭bar‬
‭depends‬ ‭upon‬ ‭total‬ ‭number‬ ‭of‬ ‭students‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭class.‬ ‭Each‬ ‭bar‬ ‭is‬ ‭divided‬ ‭into‬ ‭two‬ ‭segments‬ ‭as‬
‭shown‬ ‭by‬ ‭blue‬ ‭and‬ ‭red‬ ‭color‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭diagram.‬ ‭Blue‬ ‭colored‬ ‭segment‬ ‭shows‬ ‭number‬ ‭of‬ ‭male‬
‭students‬‭and‬‭red‬‭colored‬‭segment‬‭shows‬‭number‬‭of‬‭female‬‭students.‬‭Write‬‭down‬‭the‬‭title‬‭on‬‭top‬
‭of‬‭the‬‭diagram‬‭and‬‭also‬‭write‬‭labels‬‭on‬‭the‬‭axis‬‭i.e.‬‭classes‬‭on‬‭X-axis‬‭and‬‭number‬‭of‬‭students‬‭on‬
‭Y-axis.‬

‭ hird‬ ‭way‬ ‭to‬‭represent‬‭given‬‭data‬‭is‬‭using‬‭percent‬‭stacked‬‭bar‬‭chart.‬‭Percent‬‭stacked‬‭bar‬‭charts‬

T
‭are‬ ‭visualized‬ ‭on‬ ‭percentage‬ ‭instead‬ ‭of‬ ‭absolutes,‬ ‭hence‬ ‭bars‬ ‭extend‬ ‭from‬ ‭zero‬ ‭to‬ ‭hundred‬
‭percent i.e. all bars in the chart have same length.‬

‭ o‬‭draw‬‭percent‬‭stacked‬‭bar‬‭chart,‬‭first‬‭of‬‭all‬‭we‬‭have‬‭to‬‭calculate‬‭percentage‬‭of‬‭male‬‭and‬‭female‬
T
‭students in each class.‬

‭Class‬ ‭ oys‬
B ‭Girls‬
‭Number Percentage‬ ‭Number Percentage‬
‭ A Honors‬
B ‭18 60‬ ‭2
1 40‬
‭Economics I‬
‭BA Honors‬ ‭14 56‬ ‭11 44‬
‭Economics II‬
‭BA Honors‬ ‭8 29‬ ‭20 71‬
‭Economics III‬
‭ his‬‭table‬‭shows,‬‭share‬‭of‬‭male‬‭students‬‭in‬‭total‬‭first‬‭year‬‭students‬‭is‬‭60‬‭percent‬‭and‬‭this‬‭share‬‭is‬
T
‭56‬ ‭percent‬ ‭and‬ ‭29‬ ‭percent‬ ‭for‬ ‭second‬ ‭year‬ ‭and‬‭third‬‭year‬‭respectively.‬‭To‬‭show‬‭this‬‭data‬‭using‬
‭percent stacked bar‬

‭‬ W
● ‭ rite classes on X-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Write percentage of students on Y-axis.‬
‭●‬ ‭Draw three rectangles or bars representing total number of students in BA Honors‬
‭Economics first year, second year and third year class i.e. length of bar represents 100‬
‭percent.‬
‭●‬ ‭Divide‬ ‭each‬ ‭bar‬ ‭into‬‭two‬‭segments.‬‭First‬‭segment‬‭shows‬‭share‬‭of‬‭male‬‭students‬‭in‬‭class‬
‭and second segment shows share of female students.‬

‭To draw percent stacked bars in MS Excel‬

‭●‬ ‭Open MS Excel and open new spreadsheet.‬
‭●‬ ‭Paste data table in excel worksheet as shown on screen.‬
‭●‬ ‭Select data from cell A1: A4, B1: B4 and C1:C4.‬
‭●‬ ‭Click on Insert‬‭🡪‬‭Column‬‭🡪‬‭2D Column‬‭🡪‬‭100 % Stacked‬‭Column.‬
 ‭ ercent‬‭stacked‬‭bar‬‭showing‬‭percent‬‭share‬‭of‬‭male‬‭and‬‭female‬‭students‬‭in‬‭all‬‭three‬‭classes‬
P
‭will appear.‬

‭Conclusion‬
‭To‬ ‭conclude‬ ‭the‬ ‭discussion,‬ ‭we‬ ‭can‬ ‭say‬ ‭that‬ ‭main‬ ‭focus‬ ‭of‬ ‭present‬ ‭discussion‬ ‭was‬ ‭to‬ ‭learn‬ ‭to‬
‭draw‬‭various‬‭graphs,‬‭charts‬‭and‬‭diagrams.‬‭Methods‬‭to‬‭draw‬‭diagrams‬‭and‬‭graphs‬‭by‬‭hand‬‭as‬‭well‬
‭as‬ ‭using‬‭MS‬‭Excel‬‭have‬‭been‬‭discussed‬‭in‬‭this‬‭lecture.‬‭We‬‭have‬‭posed‬‭numerical‬‭problems‬‭and‬
‭solved them by way of plotting appropriate graph for given data in the problem.‬