UNIT:7

SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

M.S Patel Department of Civil Engineering

CSPIT - Charusat
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED

Branches of Civil Engineering

Scope of Civil Engineering

Role of Civil Engineer

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 What is Engineering ???

• Term Engineering is derive from the Latin word “Ingenium” meaning

“Cleverness”
• Engineering means application of science for the fulfillment of needs
and the betterment of people by use of material, other resources and
controlling power by means of machines and engines.
• Application of scientific and mathematical knowledge and rational
thinking to improve living standards
• Engineer cleverly uses the available natural resources for the benefit of
mankind
• Provides comfort to mankind and makes life comfortable.

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 Civil Engineering...

• Civil Engineering is the oldest branch of engineering. Mechanical,

Electrical, Electronics & present day Information technology followed
it.

• This professional engineering discipline deals with the analysis,

design, construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities
such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc.

• Application of physical, mathematical and scientific principles for

the convenience of civilization.
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 Historic Structures...
Pyramid Taj Mahal

Idduki Arch Dam Oakland Bay

Bridge

Burj Khalifa
Eiffel Tower 5
 Branches of Civil Engineering
 Surveying & Levelling
 Building planning & Construction
Engineering
 Structural Engineering
 Geotechnical Engineering
 Water Resources Engineering
 Transportation Engineering
 Environmental Engineering

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 Surveying & Levelling

• Surveying includes measurements of distances

& angles in horizontal & vertical planes.
• Levelling is the measurement of heights in
vertical plane.
• Chain, tape, compass & theodolite instruments
are used.
• Used to fix the alignment of road, railway &
canal.
• Surveying fixes the relative positions of
different points on the surface of earth.

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 Surveying & Levelling

• It also includes measurements of area and

volume.

• Electronic total station & Global Positioning

System are modern electronic digital instruments
for survey

• Remote sensing and geographical information

system (GIS) are also adopted for surveying and
planning of civil projects.
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 Building planning and Construction Engineering

• Buildings are planned according to

fundamental principle of planning and
building bye laws of local municipal bodies.

• Building may be residential building or

pubic building.

• Planning and design of building should

be earthquake resistance.

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 Building planning and Construction Engineering

• Deals with designing, planning, construction and

management of infrastructures such as roads,
tunnels, bridges, buildings, dams etc.

• Comprises of men, material, time and money

management.

• Importance will be on new construction practice,

use of appropriate and local technology, safety of men
and material, utilization of marginal materials etc.
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 Structural Engineering

• Deals with structural analysis and design of

structures.
• Loads acting on various elements of a structure
are calculated.
• Analysis is done to calculate stresses in the
components due to structural loads.
• On the basis of loads and permissible stresses in
materials, sections of structural elements i.e. beams,
columns, slabs, footing etc. are decided.
• Software like STADD PRO, STRUD, STRAP,
ETABS etc. are used for structural analysis and
design. 11
 Structural Engineering

• Design of multistoried buildings, towers,

retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires skill
and knowledge of structural engineering.

• Design should be safe, durable and economic

and earth quake resistant.

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 Geotechnical Engineering
• Deals with soil investigation and
design of proper foundations of
structure
• Soil properties changes from place to
place
• It includes –
1. Detailed soil investigation
2. Bearing capacity determination
3. Design of various type of
foundations.

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 Water Resources Engineering Gravity Dam

• Water resources engineering means

utilization and development of water resources
for agriculture, municipal & power generation
purposes
• Includes Irrigation engineering, design of
hydraulic structures like dam, canal etc.
• Deals with planning, designing and
development of water resources by constructing
dam, hydropower station, canal, etc.
• Also includes study of rainfall, drought, water
harvesting techniques, soil conservation and soil Spring
Irrigation
reclamation.
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 Transportation Engineering
• Involves movements of persons & goods
from one place to another

• It has mainly three branches namely:

1. Transportation way (highway, railway

etc.) with its geometrical and structural
design
2. Traffic engineering which takes care of
operation & control of vehicles
3. Transportation planning
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 Environment Engineering

• Deals with pollution control and

public health engineering
• Types of pollution are water, air,
noise & other
• Public health engineering includes
water treatment, waste water treatment,
water distribution system and solid
waste management
• Includes design, construction &
maintenance of water treatment, water
distribution system , sewage system
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 Scope of Civil Engineering

The main scope of civil engineering is :

Planning
Designing
Estimating & Costing
Supervising Construction
Construction Management
Maintenance of Structures like buildings, roads, bridges, dams etc.

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 Scope of Civil Engineering

Scope of Civil Engineering

According to Field of work, Area Function of Civil

of services and Type of structure Engineering

• Building construction
• Surveying & levelling
• Construction of heavy structures
• Planning
• Transportation engineering
• Structural analysis & design
• Water resources engineering
• Estimating, Costing, Valuation
• Geo-technical engineering
• Construction Management
• Environmental engineering
• Quality control and Monitoring
• Town planning 18
 Scope According to Field of Work

1) Building Construction
• Constructing residential buildings like
tenements, flats, raw houses etc.

• Public buildings like schools, hospitals,

shopping complexes etc.

• Industrial buildings like workshops,

industrial sheds.

• Includes study of building material &

construction method. 19
 Scope According to Field of Work

2) Construction of Heavy Structures

• Constructing dams, bridges, port,

airport, tunnels, pile foundation etc.
with advance construction techniques.

• Includes study of advance techniques,

modern equipment and materials.

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 Scope According to Field of Work

3) Geotechnical Engineering
• Constructing several type of foundations
like simple footing, well foundation, pile
foundation & foundations of machine
subjected to vibrations.

• Includes soil investigation and soil testing.

• Includes construction of earthwork for

highway & railway, earth dam.

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 Scope According to Field of Work

4) Transportation Engineering
• Constructing structures like roads, railway,
bridges, tunnels, harbors, runway, airports.
• Also includes traffic engineering and study of
highway materials.

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 Scope According to Field of Work

5) Town Planning
• Planning of town by zoning of the land,
planning road network, planning other
services like water supply & drainage.

• Preparing master plan of town,

regulating construction by building bye-
laws.

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 Scope According to Field of Work

5) Water resources engineering

• Construction of Dams, Barrages,

canal structure and hydropower
stations.

• Includes irrigation methods, water

shed management, rain water
harvesting, hydrology, flood control

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 Scope According to Functions

1) Surveying

• To carry out surveying for setting out of

works and for preparing map of land

• Leveling is carried out to measure the

levels & to prepare contour map

• Measurement of distances & angles are

taken.

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 Scope According to Functions

2) Structural Analysis & Design

• To carry out structural design of the

structure by selecting the type of material
like concrete or steel.

• By fixing the size & shape of various

structural components like slab, beam,
column etc.

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 Scope According to Functions
3) Estimating, Costing, Valuation

• Estimates are prepared from data of drawings,

specifications, rates etc.

• Costing is carry out to known the actual expenditure in

payment of bills to contractor & many other expenditure
during construction work.

• Valuation is carried out to know the price or market value of

property for the purpose of sale, purchases, loans, insurance.
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 Scope According to Functions
4) Quality Control
• To have a quality check by testing
material and checking workmanship.

• During construction quality of material

can be checked by testing various
properties of materials.

• Workmanship like dimensions, lines &

levels, finishing etc. is also required to be
checked.
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 Scope According to Functions

5) Maintenance of structures
• To carry out maintenance of structures after
construction is over, maintained periodically.

• Repair works are required to protect

structure to make free from effect of damage
or deterioration.

• Some maintenance works includes painting,

washing, repairing.
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 Scope According to Functions

6) Planning and scheduling

• Scheduling is the procedure of fixing

the order of execution of different
activities during construction.

• Preparation of schedule: Bar chart,

critical path methods are used

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 Role of Civil Engineer

• To carry out surveying and leveling.

• To fix the alignments of roads, canals, railways,etc.

• To carry out detailed soil investigations.

• To carry out planning of various types of building as per functional needs.

• To plan buildings according to bye laws of local authorities.

• To carry out Structural Analysis & design of various structures like

building, bridges, dams, etc.
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 Role of Civil Engineer

• He should also ensure that the design is safe, durable and economical.

• To supervise the work during execution, to ensure the progress of work, to

control the quality of work

• To carry out testing of civil engineering materials like cement, sand, aggregates,
reinforcement bars, soil, etc.

• To carry out valuation of land of building for the purpose of sale/buy/taxation.

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