Unit III Script Writing, Story Reading, Paragraph Analysis and Translation

Scriptwriting involves developing a written script or screenplay, a blueprint for stories that
will be realized through action and dialogue. Script writing is used for various media
formats like film, television, theater, and video games. Script writing (or screenwriting) is
the process of writing stories in the screenplay medium. Script writing is writing down the
movement, actions, expression and dialogue of the characters in screenplay, in screenplay
format. The process of writing a novel, a poem, or essay, is entirely different than script
writing. In order to express yourself effectively for the screen, particular formatting
methods are required. Screenplay format is used to express the story visually. Scriptwriters
or screenwriters write for film, television, video games, and now even online web series.
Script writing can be done for hire or on speculation in hopes to sell their screenplay or find
an agent. Script writing is the process of writing dialogue which can be used in talk shows,
news programs, sports broadcasts and infotainment programs. Students write in their own
words to dramatize it. All about delivering a character's motivation, emotion, priorities and
background using only speech. Scriptwriting is the process of crafting a written document
outlining the dialogue, actions, and scenes of a story intended for production in film,
television, theater, or other performance mediums.
The Basics of Script writing
Characters, Settings and Conflict
• Fill up a page writing each one's story, favorite phrases, fears, loves and desires.
• Get to know them a little
• Setting: Characters will dictate the time and place, Don’t spend much time about the
settings
• Conflict: Vital component of drama and script writing.
Three types:
1. External conflict 2. Internal conflict 3. Interactional conflict
Best Practices of Scripting
1. Chunking: It is a process by which individual pieces of an information set are broken
down and then grouped together. The chunk by which the information is grouped is meant
to improve short-term retention of the material.
2. Simple language: language that is clear and easy to understand, with
no ambiguity or unnecessarily difficult words.
3. Timing: is the skill or action of judging the right moment in a situation or activity at
which to do something.
Script writing for radio broadcasting
The radio script refers to the written material, which indicates verbal and non-verbal action
that has to go into the radio program. It tells us what to do and say and when and how.

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Importance of Radio Script

• Ensure accuracy of information • Ensure continuity of the program • Maximize

airtime
Things to Remember in Script Writing
• Double or triple space-typewrite all lines and paragraphs. • Type copy in big letter/font
so the news reader can easily read it. • All spoken lines should be written in big and small
letters. • All instructions and non-spoken lines should be typed in capital letters. • Have a
duplicate of each copy. • Make each sentence a paragraph. • Write a page number in your
script. • End each page with a paragraph before using another paper. • Make your script
clean. Make the script short and simple, Do not use words which are hard to pronounce,
Don’t text write., Break down long sentences for readability., Attribute the source of your
news either at the beginning or at the end of the news, Use easy, conversation words., Avoid
“this, that, the former, the latter”, Use adjectives with care, Do not string together a
collection of ideas with “and”, sentences should be, kept short., Use the active voice.
Basic Steps/Process in Radio Script Writing
• Get a good briefing as per the need of your listener
• Do research about the topic
• Prepare content outline
• Write the first draft.
• Read it aloud. Time the material.
• Visualize the script
• Review the script
• Revise for style, correct timing, and accuracy
Script writing for telecasting
The final process of preparing a programme with shot-by-shot descriptions along with
sound, music and camera instruction etc., is known as script writing. It may include
sequence, scences, shots with description, dialogues or narration, music and sound effects
and camera instruction for different camera shots.
Points keep in mind before writing T. V. script
1. Types of audience
2. Objectives
3. Content
4. Resources
5. Limitations
6. Image perceptions
7. Script

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Steps for preparing script for T.V. programme
1. Selection of subject matter.
2. Select an Appropriate topic from selected subject.
3. Determine main points of selected topic.
4. Get overall picture of programme in mind.
5. Divide into important steps and arrange in logical order.
6. Consult resource person for advise.
7. Selection of format or method of presentation.
8. Determine the participants.
9. List out all the visual, equipment and material to be used.
10. Make an outline of programme.
11. Correct out line as per suggestion of programme producer.
12. Prepare audio to each segment according to time segment.
13. Rehearse programme and add or subtract materials to fit the script into the desired
time.
14. Decide time segment according to its important in programme. 15. Decide background
music or Falk dance for programme.
Story Reading:
The educational value of story reading is widely accepted, especially compared to the
acceptance accorded to storytelling. But what exactly are the benefits of reading stories
aloud to children? One reason adults read to children is the hope that reading exciting
stories to children might in turn get children excited about learning to read books for
themselves. However, storybook reading has been demonstrated to be beneficial to
children in a variety of other ways as well. Story reading involves reading a written story
aloud, relying on the printed text and often incorporating visual aids like illustrations, to
engage an audience and convey the narrative. Story reading is based on a written text, such
as a book, magazine, or digital format, that serves as the primary source of the story.
The Benefits of Story Reading
Vocabulary Expansion: Reading aloud introduces children to a wide vocabulary they
might not encounter in everyday conversations. Picture books and stories often include
descriptive language and diverse words that enrich students vocabulary.
Improved Comprehension Skills: Story reading fosters comprehension skills, helping
children understand and interpret both written and spoken language. As they engage with
the story, they learn to make predictions, ask questions, and summarise content. Encourage

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your child’s interest by discussing the pictures or characters they focus on and providing
words to describe what they see.
Exposure to Sentence Structure and Grammar: Hearing stories read aloud helps
children grasp sentence structure and how grammar functions in context, equipping them
to form coherent sentences as they start to speak.
Development of Imagination and Creativity: Story reading sparks imagination, allowing
children to visualise characters, settings, and events. This creative engagement supports
cognitive development and encourages them to create their own stories.

Tips for Effective Story Reading

To maximise language development, set yourself and your child up for success with these
tips:
Choose Age-Appropriate Books: Select stories suited to your child’s developmental level
to keep them engaged and learning.
Make It Interactive: Encourage your child to ask questions, point to pictures, or even finish
sentences. This helps reinforce language skills.
Create a Cosy, Safe Environment: Find a quiet, comfortable spot for story time to make it
enjoyable and focused.
Incorporate Story Reading into Daily Routines: Consistency is key, make story time part
of your everyday activities.
Allow Your Child to Choose Books: Giving them choice promotes autonomy and makes
reading feel rewarding.
Story reading is a valuable tool for supporting language development in young children.
Through engaging narratives, we equip them with essential skills that benefit them
throughout their lives. Beyond language development, story reading strengthens bonds and
creates lasting memories. So, grab a book, find a cosy spot, and embark on a reading
adventure with your students

Sample Passages for Translation

Translate the following paragraphs into Marathi/Hindi

1. Once a poor man was put in prison although he had not commited any crime.
After a long time, the Raja of the State visited the prison and the man told him
that he was innocent and a false case had been registered against him by his
enemies. The King found out that this was true and he gave the man a sum of
money and set him free. The man went straight to the market in which there
was a shop where bulbuls and other wild birds were kept in cages for sale. He
said to the shopkeeper. 'I wish to buy all the caged wild birds you have'. To
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 this, the shopkeeper replied. 'Why? Are you going to start a zoo?" The man
answered, "No, the birds have been unjustly prisoned. I am going to set them
free'. And he did so.

2. A small family is, indeed a happy family. This is mainly so because in these
days of high prices, it is very difficult to support a large family. Each member
of the family requires food, clothing, education and accommodation. This
means more expenses. The income of a person being limited, the larger the
family, the poorer the standard of living. Suppose a couple's income is Rs
15,000 per month, their standard of living will be better if they have two
children than if they have three or more children. A small family thus, is an
economic necessity. Only a small family can be a happy family as its members
do not have to face economic problems. Hence, they can have a good standard
of living.

3. One day an English gentleman named Rowland Hill was walking past a house
when he saw a postman taking a letter up to the gate. A young girl came out
to receive it. She turned it over in her hand. The price of the postage was one
shilling, but she had no money to pay for the letter. The postman put it back
in his bag and turned away from the house. Rowland Hill, who was a kind-
hearted man paid the shilling and the postman handed the letter to the girl. It
was her dear brother's letter. This made Hill think how letters could be sent
at less cost so that the poor and the rich alike could make frequent contacts
with their friends and relatives. He thought and at last made a plan, and with
the help of the government, soon started cheap postage. We should thank
Rowland Hill for doing us a great service.

Translate the following paragraphs into English

1.पूर्वेला राहणारा एक माणूस साां साररक कामे सोडून र्वनात गे ला, भिक्षु बनला. तेथे त्ाां नी झोपडी
बाां धली आभण त्ात राहू लागला. कमरे ला बाां धले ला कपडा हाच त्ाचा एकमात्र पोशाख होता. पण
दु दैर्वाने त्ा जांगलात बरे च उां दीर असल्याने त्ाला माां जर पाळार्वे लागले. माां जराच्या आहारासाठी दू ध
आर्वश्यक होते, म्हणून त्ाला गाय पाळार्वी लागली. गाईची काळजी घे ण्यासाठी एक गुराखी ठे र्वला
होता. गुराख्याला राहण्यासाठी घराची गरज होती, म्हणून त्ाच्यासाठी घर बाां धले गेले. घर
साां िाळण्यासाठी मोलकरीण ठे र्वार्वी लागली. त्ा मोलकरणीला आधार दे ण्यासाठी आणखी काही
घरे बाां धली गेली आभण त्ात लोकाां ना राहण्यासाठी बोलार्वण्यात आले. अशाप्रकारे तेथे र्वस्ती स्थापन
झाली.

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(पूर्वव में रहने र्वाला एक व्यक्ति साां साररक गभतभर्वभधयोां का त्ाग करके और सांन्यासी बनकर जांगल में चला गया। र्वहााँ
उसने एक कुभिया बनाई और उसमें रहने लगा। उसके पास कमर में बााँ धने र्वाला जो कपडा था, र्वही उसकी एकमात्र
पोशाक थी। भकांतु दु िाव ग्यर्वश उस र्वन में चूहे बहुत थे , इसभलए उसे एक भबल्ली पालनी पडी। भबल्ली के िोजन के भलए
दू ध की आर्वश्यकता थी, इसभलए उसे एक गाय िी पालनी पडी। गाय की दे खिाल के भलए एक ग्वाला रखा गया। ग्वाले
के रहने के भलए घर की आर्वश्यकता हुई, इसभलए उसके भलए एक घर बनाया गया। घर की व्यर्वस्था करने के भलए एक
सेभर्वका रखनी पडी। उस सेभर्वका का साथ दे ने के भलए कुछ और घर बनाए गए और लोगोां को उनमें रहने के भलए
बुलाया गया। इस प्रकार र्वहााँ एक बस्ती ही बस गई।)

2. भचांचेचे झाड उष्ण दे शाां मध्ये भर्वशेषतः िारतात आढळते . या झाडाची उत्पत्ती भबयाां पासून झाली

आहे . या झाडाचा प्रत्ेक िाग फायदे शीर आहे . त्ाचे लाकूड जड, मजबूत आभण भिकाऊ असते.
म्हणून त्ाचा र्वापर बीम, दरर्वाजाच्या चौकिी, क्रशर इत्ादी बनर्वण्यासाठी केला जातो. त्ाचे फळ

चर्वदार, गोड आभण आरोग्यदायी असते. दभक्षण िारतात त्ाची पाने करी, कोभशां बीर इत्ादी
बनर्वण्यासाठी र्वापरली जातात. लोकरीचे आभण रे शमी कपड्ाां ना रां ग दे ताना त्ाची पाने रां गाने
उकळतात त्ामुळे रां ग मजबूत आभण चमकदार होतो. उष्माघात झाल्यास भचां चेचा सरबत रुग्णाला

भदला जातो. त्ामुळे भचांचेच्या झाडाइतके कोणते ही झाड फायदे शीर नाही.
(इमली का र्वृक्ष गमव दे शोां में, भर्वशेषकर िारतर्वषव में पाया जाता है । यह र्वृक्ष बीज से उत्पन्न होता है । इस र्वृक्ष
का प्रत्ेक िाग लािदायक होता है । इसकी लकडी िारी, मजबूत तथा भिकाऊ होती है । इसभलए यह
शहतीर, चौखि, कोल्हहू आभद बनाने के काम आती है । इसका फल स्वाभदष्ट, मीठा तथा स्वास्थ्यप्रद होता है ।
दभक्षण िारत में इसकी पभत्तयााँ कडी, सलाद आभद बनाने के काम आती हैं । ऊनी तथा रे शमी र्वस्त्ोां के रां गने
में इसकी पभत्तयााँ रां गोां के साथ उबाली जाती हैं भजससे रां ग पक्का तथा चिकदार हो जाता है । लू लग जाने पर
रोगी को इमली का शबवत भदया जाता है । इस प्रकार कोई र्वृक्ष इतना लािदायक नहीां भजतना भक इमली का
र्वृक्ष।)

3. भचत्रपिाां चा आपल्या जीर्वनार्वर खोलर्वर पररणाम होतो. हा पररणाम चाां गला आभण र्वाईि असू
शकतो. चाां गले भचत्रपि आपल्याला दे र्व बनर्वू शकतात आभण र्वाईि भचत्रपि आपल्याला राक्षस बनर्वू
शकतात. त्ामुळे आपण फि चाां गले भचत्रपि पाहणे महत्त्वाचे आहे . आजकाल भचत्रपि भनमाव त्ाां ना
फि त्ाां च्या कमाईची काळजी असते. त्ाला सार्वव जभनक सुधारणाां मध्ये रस नाही. उघडपणे त्ाां चे
उभिष्ट समाजसेर्वा आहे पण पैशासाठी ते सर्वव आदशव आभण तत्ाां चा त्ाग करण्यास तयार असतात.
जास्तीत जास्त लोकाां ना आकभषव त करणे हा त्ाां चा मूळ उिे श आहे . आपल्या दे शात चाां गल्या
भचत्रपिाां ची कमतरता आहे .

(भफल्ोां का हमारे जीर्वन पर गहरा प्रिार्व पडता है । यह प्रिार्व अच्छा िी हो सकता है और बुरा िी। अच्छी
भफल्ें हमें दे र्वता तथा बुरी भफल्ें दानर्व बना सकती हैं । इसभलए यह जरूरी है भक हम अच्छी भफल्ें ही दे खें।
आजकल भफल्ोां के भनमाव ता केर्वल अपनी कमाई का ही ध्यान करते हैं । जनसुधार में उनकी कोई रुभच नहीां
है । भदखार्वे के भलए उनका उिे श्य समाज सेर्वा होता है भकांतु पैसे की खाभतर र्वे सब आदशों और भसद्ाां तोां को
कुरबान करने को तैयार रहते हैं । उनका मूल ध्येय अभधक से अभधक लोगोां को आकभषवत करना होता है ।
हमारे दे श में अच्छो भफल्ोां का अिार्व है ।)
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Unit IV Essay Writing, Letter Writing and Writing A Brochure:
An essay is a focused piece of writing designed to inform or persuade. There are many
different types of essay, but they are often defined in five categories: argumentative,
expository, narrative, descriptive and biographical essays. Argumentative and expository
essays are focused on conveying information and making clear points, while narrative and
descriptive essays are about exercising creativity and writing in an interesting way. At
university level, argumentative essays are the most common type.
Argumentative essays:
An argumentative essay develops an argument based on evidence. It requires a
predetermined stance on the topic being argued because your aim is to persuade your
reader on the basis of your argument. To do this, you will need to start with a strong thesis
statement and support your points with evidence (i.e., quotations and statistics) and
analysis. An argumentative essay is an opportunity to demonstrate your research skills and
your ability to present (and argue) a point of view. The argumentative essay is the most
common at college/university level, so it is worth taking time to practice the skills.
There are three main elements to an argumentative essay:
• The introduction, which introduces your topic and thesis
• The body, which is where you develop your argument and present your supporting
evidence
• The conclusion, which is a summary of your argument
Expository essays
An expository essay (from the Latin “exponere” meaning “set forth”) presents an
explanation of a topic that is clear and focused. There doesn’t need to be original thought
or idea; just a demonstration of a good grasp of the subject matter.
Expository essays are a way of demonstrating how much you understand the topic and your
competence in marshaling and articulating information. They are a common essay type in
examinations at both high school and college/university.
There are three elements to an expository essay:
• The introduction, which sets out the topic and general context
• The body, which expands on the details of the topic
• The conclusion, which summarizes your content
Narrative essays
An essay that tells a story is a narrative essay. It might be based on a personal experience,
or it could be an imaginary exploration of an idea through the medium of a story.
A narrative essay needs an engaging, structured story that builds appropriately
through the task. The narrative essay is more creative (in the sense of “inventive”) than
other types of academic writing. The skills needed are much the same as those used in a
personal statement for a US college application. Unlike more formal types of essay, there
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isn’t the same need for a three-part structure of introduction, body, and conclusion. There
certainly needs to be an introduction, but for dramatic effect, you might choose this to be in
media res (i.e., in the middle of the action), for instance. Your conclusion will most likely be
focused on clarifying the point of your story.
The example below is a paragraph from a narrative essay responding to the prompt “Write
about an experience that helped you to learn an important lesson about life.”
Descriptive essays
A descriptive essay is similar to a narrative essay in its use of descriptive and
creative language but tends to be more tightly focused. Your subject might be a single
episode or place rather than a complete story. The challenge is to use memorable evocative
language to capture and recreate a mood or experience. The structure can be quite loose,
although you will still need to set your scene and conclude your story in a satisfactory way.
The paragraph below is from a descriptive essay responding to the prompt “Describe a
scene from a memorable experience.”
Biographical essays
A biographical essay is a piece of writing that chronicles the life of a specific individual,
focusing on their achievements, experiences, and personal characteristics, often used in
academic settings to provide insight into a person's life and contributions.
Essay writing tips
Introduction is the most important part of an essay as it introduces the readers to the main
theme of the composition. A student can write good introduction only if he is clear about
the subject he is writing about. He is supposed to have collection of ideas and then selection
of the material for a particular subject is the most significant exercise of mind. The ideas
must not be rambling. They must be to the point. It is better if a student can illustrate his
ideas with facts, figures and examples in short.
Logical Arrangement
However, these ideas must be arranged logically to make a piece of writing effective. For
this purpose the essay should be divided into paragraphs dealing with a single idea
convincingly. The body of an essay comprises these ideas arranged logically.
Conclusion of the essay is supposed to satisfy the readers and they should be convinced
when they have gone through the essay. Abrupt ending leaves the readers dissatisfied. The
effect of the whole essay is marred.
Style, last but not least, leaves a lasting impression on the readers. It gives insight into the
character of the writer. It has not been said in vain that "style is the man". It is better to be
direct, simple and precise. The students should not labour under wrong conception that the
use of difficult words is rewarding. Unnecessary repetitions and ambiguous language
should be avoided at all costs. Therefore, the style of the essay should be natural, concise
and clear. Adhere to the length of the essay as is required of you by the examiner. However,
an essay is normally 400-500 word long composition.

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Remember: Grammar and form are essential
It’s not always about what you say, but how you say it. You could have the most obvious,
objectively agreeable thesis in the world, but if your writing is incoherent, confusing, and
full of mistakes, it’s tough to engage with your reader.
For when your writing needs to make the right impact, Grammarly Premium offers full-
sentence rewrites for confusing sentences—from splitting long sentences, cutting extra
words, or rearranging key phrases—in addition to catching common grammar mistakes. It
also gives you readability-focused formatting suggestions, so you know your writing is
clear. It also helps those who are looking to improve their writing skill level in English, with
suggestions for commonly misused words and phrases.
Honing your writing with these elements in mind is key to relaying your point to your
reader—and asserting your thesis as effectively as possible.
Importance of essay writing
Importance of essay writing is one of the most crucial academic skills which enhances
critical thinking, communication and research ability. Essay writing is not only a tool, but it
is also a means for developing essential skills for education and professional life.
Essay writing strengthens critical thinking. This also requires analyzing information,
evaluating perspectives and constructing logical arguments, fostering independent
thoughts and problem solving. Essay writing enhances communication skills by teaching
individuals how to structure ideas, use precise language and convey messages efficiently.
Essay writing develops research skills, helps students gather, analyze and synthesize
information from credible sources. It also fosters creativity and self-expression, and
provides a platform for unique perspectives and storytelling, especially in creative fields.
Moreover, essay writing also plays a significant role in academic assessment showcase
comprehension, analysis and synthesis. Mastering this skill contributes to a successful
career and advancement.
Sample Essays
1. Crime Against Women in India
Atrocities on women is a global truth and our Indian society is no exception. The rate
of atrocities on women is very high in India. Female foeticide, female infanticide, sexual
harassment, rapes, child prostitution, molestation, eve-teasing, sati, dowry deaths-all are
the crimes against women which prevail in our so called civilised and cultured society. In
India, according to a survey by Sakshi, a woman is raped in every 54 minutes. Around,
15468 women were raped some time in the past. Today, the number of rapes has increased
to an unimaginable level. There are various laws for the protection of women. Inspite of this
1651 rape cases are pending trial in Delhi courts. Due to these conditions, Delhi has become
the most unsafe metro followed by Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The news of dowry death
is a common feature of every daily newspaper.

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Woman is the greatest enemy of woman. Even before the birth of a female child she is killed
in the womb of her mother. The condition of widows is very heart breaking. She cannot
enjoy any kind of freedom. Her second marriage is not acceptable in the society. Without
any reason she is punished by the society. Trafficking of girls and women is flourishing in
the society. The Devdasi system is a stigma on Indian society. Newspapers and social
magazines are replete with the shocking news such as father raping his own daughter or of
incestuous relationships. There are various laws which the Constitution of India has given
to women but these laws are not beneficial for women because our society is socially and
economically backward. To ameliorate the condition of women there is a great need of
change in the attitude of men. Without changing attitudes of men, even thousands of laws
will not improve the degrading lot of women. There is no use of celebrating International
Women's Day on 8th March. A society which does not learn how to behave with women,
has no right to call itself civilised.
There are various Government and non-Government institutions which are working
for women empowerment. But their efforts are not sufficient. Money factor is the greatest
hindrance in the path of justice. Many parents are not in a condition to take steps against
these crimes. They have no option but to tolerate the condition of their daughters and
sisters.
India is facing a paradoxical situation. 28% of India's workforce are women. It was
just 13% in 1987. One million women have been elected to Panchyats since 1993. There are
women chief ministers, MPs and ministers. Yet violence against them is on the rise. It is
strange that our leaders talk of women empowerment but they are not prepared to allow
political reservation for them. They are still considered a weaker sex in a male dominated
society. The capital of India has the highest molestation cases. According to Sakshi survey,
23.6% of the total molestation cases in Delhi speaks for itself.
Increasing number of women going out for education and jobs has made them more
vulnerable to violence and atrocities. It is high time that Indian society adjusted to the
phenomenon of women taking the place of men in corporate sector and Government. jobs.
It is no use worshipping them and then exploiting them to one's advantage. They should be
treated as human beings. For this purpose women have to come forward themselves and
solve their own problems on equal footing.
2. Conservation of Water Resources
World water resources are drying up fast and therefore growing population and
global warming will combine to reduce the average person's water supply. By 2050, water
scarcity is estimated to affect 2 to 7 billion people the world over. The water scenario, water
therefore, presents a grim future. The World Bank Report says that per capita availability
of water in India which was 5000 cubic meter per year (cu m/yr) at the time of
independence in 1947 has come down to 1545 cu m/yr. India gets approximately 4000
billion cubic meters (Bcm) every year from all natural resources.
A large part of this, 1500 Bcm flows into the sea, 1400 Bc m is lost in evaporation
during flow along the ground and 430 Bcem is used in ground recharge. Out of the balance
of 670 Bcm, only 370 Bem is utilised and 300 Bcm is yet to be harnessed. This grim scenario
requires to harness without delay 1500 Bcm of water that flows into the sea as a result of

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floods. Floods and droughts are regular annual events in India affecting over 400 million
people.
It is an irony that India is one of the few nations that are gifted with rich water resources
and is yet struggling with the water crisis. Water requirement is closely related to
population rise, demand for food and industrial needs of the country. The total water
requirements for irrigation to produce the required foodgrains accounts for 85% of all fresh
water available.
Apart from availability of water, there is a serious problem of clean drinking water.
Forget the villages, even in our National capital people are sometimes made to drink sewage
through water pipelines. Almost 95% of rural habitations are covered with water supply
but most of them are facing a quality problem. 78% of rural population still have no access
to sanitation. Needless to say, lack of such facilities in rural areas have caused serious health
problems. Indian cities are not far behind.
The national water requirements for domestic use and municipal needs is projected
to be 62 Bc m in 2025, whereas population is estimated to rise to beyond 1.5 billion by 2025.
Correspondingly the water requirements will increase, for which current water availability
and respective capacity building seems highly inadequate. The situation is further
aggravated because all major river water systems in India are facing problems of pollution
and mismanagement.
Let us take the example of the Ganga Action Plan. A comprehensive survey of
pollution in Ganga was made in 1979. Central Ganga Authority was constituted in 1985 to
oversee the implementation of the plan. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India has
clearly stated, "The GAP has not been able to achieve its objectives despite a total
expenditure of 901.71 crores over a period of 15 years."
Rainwater harvesting and water recycling should be made compulsory for all the
states. We need to build check dams, develop watersheds, desilt ponds and rivers and
recharge the wells. Recycled water may be used for agricultural needs and other purposes
other than drinking. Our country will face incalculable consequences in the next few years
if we are not careful in conserving and preserving precious water resources. Water is most
likely to be a rare and precious accommodity which will lead to conflicts within nations and
among the nations at an international level.

3. Our Education System

With 32 million children in the 6-14 age-group out of schools and 26% of illiterate
population, where does the question of becoming a super power arise? To make matters
worse female literacy is dismally low at 65.46% while total literacy is no better at 74.04%.
The problem is further compounded by illiteracy in our villages. After 68 years of
Independence it is disheartening that there is a vast gap between literacy and genuine
education. Before 1976, education was the exclusive responsibility of the States. In 1986, it
was placed on Concurrent List by way of constitutional amendment. The Union
Government, thus, accepted a larger responsibility to evolve an effective meaningful and
qualitative system of education.

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 The Central Government developed National Policy for Education (NPE) in 1986-It
envisaged free and compulsory education of satisfactory quality to all children upto the age
of 14 years. Historic National Mission in the form of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was launched
in 2001 to provide 8 years of quality education to all children in the age-group of 6-14 years.
In 2002, the Parliament passed 86th Constitutional Amendment Act to make education a
fundamental right for children in the age-group of 6-14 years. In 2009, the Government
adopted Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act that came into force in
April, 2010.
The Act makes elementary education not only compulsory but also stipulates duties
for parents, private schools and local communities. They should ensure that children in the
age-group of 6-14 years get free education. National Programme of Nutritional Support to
Primary Education (Midday Meal Scheme) was launched in August, 1995. The main purpose
of the scheme was to give boost to universalisation o primary education and to improve
nutritional status of the children.
The Secondary Education Sector prepares students in the age-group of 14-18 years
for entry into either higher education or employment. Yashpal Committee has
recommended very effective guidelines to deal with the problem of secondary education.
The Central Government launched Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan to check
the drop out rate as a part of the proposed Education Reforms. The aim of the scheme is to
take forward the mission of Sarva Siksha Abhiyan. Drop out rate increase is a perennial
problem in our system.
There was also a proposal to introduce CBSE degree for Skilled Education (class 10th
or 12th) as many children want jobs immediately after completing school education.
Secondary Education has great importance because they prepare the pupils for universities.
It also provides terminal education for those who will wish to enter upon some career in
life. That is why Skilled Education is required to be imparted to students. Today after
Secondary Education our young men are on their wit's ends for lack of professional
qualifications. They are compelled to take up university education.
Our university system is in a state of despair. Major criticism levelled against the
university education relates to quality of higher education. Of the total 14000 colleges
under the jurisdiction of University Grants Commission (UGC) 61% of them do not satisfy
assessment norms. It is necessary to bring them under a defined system to improve the
standard of education. The University Grant Commission was established in 1956 with a
view to coordinating and promoting university education all over the country. Of the total
colleges only 8% have achieved the quality parameters.
The bulk of them impart low quality education affecting the system of education in
totality. Therefore, the first step to improve university education is to bring 92% of colleges
of the total 744 universities under the fold of UGC but only after they have met with the
standard of education laid down by this apex body.
As of now higher education has concentrated on academic pursuits. It is neither
innovative nor creative. Skill based training institutes are avoided by the students. Yashpal
Committee has, therefore, recommended revolutionary reforms in higher education
system. The recommendations of the committee are as follows:
National Commission for higher education and research will be set-up and it will be directly
responsible to the Parliament. It will subsume as many as 13 existing professional
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regulatory bodies including UGC and the Medical Council of India. The accredition of
deemed universities will be stopped according to its recommendations. The committee has
recommended that all institutions combine academic and research programmes.
The fake foreign universities should be barred strictly. Most importantly multi-disciplinary
approach to learning has been recommended at under graduate level. The
recommendations of Yashpal Committee could not have come at a better time to lift the
education system out of chaos.
4. Bhagat Singh- A Sublime Martyr
The Indian nationalistic movement, from its very inception, remained divided
between moderate and extremist elements. The path of extremism is laid with hardships,
blood, sweat, tears and death. The difference between the two streams of thought existed
right from 1907. The moderate views suited the Britishers and they did their best to placate
them while declaring the extremists as terrorists. The repressive measures against the
extremists were not effectively and sincerely opposed by the moderates. The Revolutionary
Movement was led by leaders like Aurobindo Ghose, Savarkar and Bhagat Singh. Bhagat
Singh was imbued with an ardent desire to drive the Britishers out of India. Born to Kishan
Singh and Vidyavati at Banga in the Lyallpur district of the West Punjab in 1907, Bhagat
Singh grew up as a patriotic young man.
He became a leader of the student community and later joined the National College,
Lahore founded by Lala the Lajpat Rai. In 1925, he established Nav Jawan Bharat Sabha at
Lahore. He came in contact with other revolutionaries like Sukhdev, Chandra Shekhar Azad,
Jatinder Nath Das and others.
The decisive moment in the life of Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries came in
1928 when Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured by the police. A huge procession in the
form of a protest against the Simon Commission was being headed by Lala Ji who later on
succumbed to injuries sustained in police atrocities on the procession. His death infuriated
young men like Bhagat Singh, Azad, Raj Guru and many others who decided to avenge the
death of Sher-i-Punjub. They shot dead Saunders, Asstt. Superintendent of police. Then
Bhagat Singh had the courage to throw a bomb in the Central Assembly on 8th April, 1929.
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Raj Guru were sentenced to death and hanged on 28th March,
1931. Thus ended a tempestuous career at the age of 24.
Bhagat Singh was inspired by his uncle Sardar Ajit Singh. Patriotic fervour ran in the
family blood. Vidyalankar, a lecturer at National College and Lala Lajpat Rai had a
tremendous impact on his thoughts. Nav Jawan Bharat Sabha established in 1925 by Bhagat
Singh was entirely aimed at social welfare. But soon it took up the cause of the country's
freedom and served as an outlet for preaching revolutionary ideas to the young men. Bhagat
Singh was no less a political and social thinker. Nav Jawan Bharat Sabha was renamed as
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. It was an organisation of about 60 young men
and 5 women.
Durga Bhabhi, a courageous woman, played a historic role in the organisation. Sadly
enough, her name does not find any mention in the history books. Her saga of courage can
serve as an inspiration to the young women of today. Bhagat Singh has left a legacy of
revolutionary ideals which are relevant even today. Though the revolutionaries did not
succeed, they made a dent in the British empire. Today we owe a debt to him and countless
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young men and women who sacrificed their comforts and embraced an arduous path to
freedom.

Letter Writing:
A letter is a written message that can be handwritten or printed on paper. It is usually sent
to the recipient via mail or post in an envelope. Any such message that is transferred via
post is a letter, a written conversation between two parties.
Now E-mails and texts and other such forms have become the norm for communication, the
art of letter writing has taken a backseat. However, even today a lot of our communication,
especially the formal kind, is done via letters. Whether it is a cover letter for a job, or the
bank sending you a reminder or a college acceptance letter, letters are still an important
mode of communication. Which is why it is important that we know the intricacies of letter
writing.
Letter writing also helps us connect with strangers and deepen our connections with loved
ones. Unlike daily and disposable digital communications, these letters provide a history of
our relationships that we can go back to and treasure. Letters take on more significance in
an age of electronic communications
Letter writing serves various functions, including facilitating communication (formal and
informal), expressing emotions and ideas, documenting information, and creating a
tangible record for the future.
Letters provide a unique opportunity to express emotions and sentiments in a deeper and
more heartfelt manner. The act of physically writing down your thoughts and feelings can
help you articulate yourself in a way that is more emotionally impactful.
A Letter bridges communication gap between two or more parties. A Letter can create
awareness, inform or provoke a thought in the receiver or the mass. A well-written letter is
a good way to express one's feelings. A heartfelt letter acts as a personal memoir and may
be preserved by the receiver.
Letters provide a space for closure and emotional choking. Composing letters, particularly
about challenging topics like stressful events or past traumatic experiences, can be
beneficial. This includes writing letters to both close others and to your past or future self.
Letter writing is one of the oldest forms of communication and is an innately personal and
human experience that technology just cannot replicate. Putting pen to paper allows us to
not only express our thoughts and emotions, but provides a tangible artifact for generations
to hold, feel, and read.

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Types of Letters
Let us first understand that there are broadly two types of letter, namely Formal Letters,
and Informal Letters. But then there are also a few types of letters based on their contents,
formalities, the purpose of letter writing etc. Let us have a look at the few types of letters.
Tips for Effective Letter Writing:
Proof read carefully: Ensure your letter is free of errors in grammar, spelling, and
punctuation.
Keep it concise: Get to the point quickly and avoid unnecessary details.
Use clear and professional language: Choose words that are appropriate for the context
of the letter.
Consider the recipient: Tailor your language and tone to the specific audience.
Choose the right paper: For formal letters, use standard white paper or nice resume
paper.
Note any enclosures: If you are including any documents with your letter, mention them
near the end.
Kinds of Letters

For the convenience letters are placed under the following heads:
Informal

1. Personal Letters Personal letters come under the category of informal or social letters.
These letters include private letters to relations, friends and notes of invitation.

Formal

2. Official Letters Official letters are addressed to newspapers, leaders and high officials.

3. Business Letters Business letters are addressed to business houses, managers of the
firms, suppliers and customers. Sometime, they are in the form of circulars also.

4. Circular Letter: A letter that announces information to a large number of people is a

circular letter. The same letter is circulated to a large group of people to correspond some
important information like a change of address, change in management, the retirement of a
partner etc.
5. Employment Letters: Any letters with respect to the employment process, like joining
letter, promotion letter, application letter etc.
6. Social Letter: A personal letter written on the occasion of a special event is known as a
social letter. Congratulatory letter, condolence letter, invitation letter etc are all social
letters.

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Parts of a Letter

Every letter has four important parts. These are:

1. The Heading The heading of any letter consists of the writer's address and date. e.g.

23, Vasundhara Apartments

Chandigarh
2nd April, 20XX

2. Salutation/Greetings or form of address will depend on the kind of letter.

Informal
Personal letters
(i) To members of family Dear mother, My dear father
(ii) To friends
Dear Rohan, Dear Vishal

Formal
(i) Business letters
Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Dear Madam

(ii) Official letters/Applications Sir/Madam

3. Body of the Letters These are the contents of a letter that form the main theme of the
subject of any letter.
Opening Paragraph: Start with a clear and concise statement of the letter's
purpose.
Main Content: Develop your message in subsequent paragraphs, providing details and
supporting information.

4. Courteous Leave Taking

Informal
Personal letters Use a more casual closing like "Best," "Love," or "Cheers," followed by your
handwritten signature and typed name.
(i) Family members With regards/With love,
Yours affectionately
(ii) Friends With best wishes,
Yours sincerely

Formal
(i) Business letters
Thanking you, awaiting an early reply,
Yours faithfully

(ii) Official letters/Applications Thanking you, Yours truly/

Yours faithfully

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Letter Writing Sample:
Write a letter of congratulations to your cousin on his success in Maharashtra Public
Services Commission examination

229/C, Greenfield Colony Solapur

29th September, 2024
My dear Viraj

Your father conveyed to us on telephone the news of your success in the MPSC Examination just
in the morning. We all were thrilled. You deserve every credit for this success. Please accept our
congratulations on your distinguished success. It has really added a feather in the cap of our
family. We all are proud of you.

You have been burning midnight oil for the last three years. Inspite of your failure last year you
did not lose heart. In this direction your father and mother have also played a very supportive
role. They kept up your morale and you persevered till you have achieved your goal.

Please don't think this success to be the last step in your life. You have to go a long way. You
must set your sight on qualifying IAS for which you are quite capable. This is your first stepping
stone towards the success in Indian Civil Services. There are still many miles to go for you. You
are young and the age is on your side. We come of illustrious family and you must prove it by
aspiring for civil services. At this stage you are in the right frame of mind. You are dedicated and
devoted to your studies. Any laxity on your part may prove detrimental to higher goals of life.

I congratulate you once more and pray to God for your further success.

With best wishes and regards to uncle and aunt.

Yours affectionately
Abhishek

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2. Write a letter to a company for supply of electronic goods.

M/s Kumar Electronics

Minto Bridge Road, Delhi
12th June, 20XX

Our Ref: KE/47/Orders

M/s Samsung Electronics Company

Gole Market
Saharanpur

Dear Sirs

Reg.: ORDER FOR SUPPLY OF GOODS

We shall very much appreciate your sending us the following goods purely on sale and
return basis:

1. Samsung Television (21") 12

2. Samsung Television (28) 10
3. Samsung Semi-Automatic Washing Machine 15
4. Samsung Fully Automatic Washing Machine 12
5. Samsung Microwave Oven 15
6. Samsung Refrigerator (Medium) 12

It is understood that as per our terms & condition in the past, goods will be sent F.O.R.
destination. Documents comprising Advice & Bill will also be sent direct, allowing us a credit of
one month.

Yours faithfully
Kumar Electronics
Manager

Writing Brochure
A brochure is an promotional document primarily used to introduce a company,
organization, products, or services and inform prospective customers or members of the
public of the benefits. Although, initially, a paper document that can be folded into a
template, pamphlet, or leaflet, a brochure can also be a set of related unfolded papers put
into a pocket folder or packet or can be in digital format.
A brochure is a corporate marketing instrument to promote a product or service. It is a tool
used to circulate information about the product or service. A brochure is like a magazine
but with pictures of the product or the service which the brand is promoting. Depending on
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various aspects there are different types of brochures: Gate Fold Brochures, Trifold
Brochures, and Z-Fold Brochures.
Brochures are distributed in many ways: as newspaper inserts, handed out personally, by
mail, or placed in brochure racks in high-traffic locations, especially in tourist precincts.
They may be considered grey literature. A brochure is usually folded and only includes
promotional summary information.
Brochure writing involves creating concise, visually appealing promotional documents
(printed or digital) to inform and persuade a target audience about a product, service, or
organization, often using a combination of text, images, and graphics. Brochures aim to
attract attention, provide information, and influence decision-making.
Key Elements:
Headline: A captivating headline that grabs the reader's attention and clearly conveys the
benefit of the product or service.
Visuals: High-quality images and graphics that enhance the overall appeal of the brochure
and showcase the product or service.
Concise Text: Keep the text short, clear, and focused on the key benefits.
Call to Action: Encourage the reader to take a specific action, such as visiting a website or
contacting the business.
Contact Information: Include relevant contact details, such as phone number, email
address, or website.
Tips for effective brochure writing:
Know your audience: Understand their needs, interests, and concerns.
Focus on benefits: Highlight the value proposition for the target audience.
Use strong visuals: Images and graphics can make a brochure more engaging and
memorable.
Keep it concise: Use short sentences and paragraphs, and avoid jargon or technical terms.
Proofread carefully: Ensure that the brochure is free of errors.
Choose the right format: Select a brochure fold or design that suits the information and
target audience.

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Brochure Sample:

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