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‭Web Technology - Unit 1 Notes‬

‭1. How the Web Works‬
‭ he World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked documents and resources,‬
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‭accessible via the internet. It uses a client-server model where a web browser (client)‬
‭requests data from a web server.‬

‭Steps in How the Web Works:‬

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1 ‭ user enters a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) in a web browser.‬
‭2.‬ ‭The browser sends a request to a DNS (Domain Name System) to translate the‬

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‭domain name into an IP address.‬
‭3.‬ ‭The request is forwarded to the appropriate web server using TCP/IP.‬
‭4.‬ ‭The server processes the request and sends the response (HTML, CSS, JavaScript,‬
‭or other resources).‬

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‭5.‬ ‭The browser renders the received response and displays the web page.‬
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‭2. Client-Server Architecture in Web Technology‬
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‭ he‬‭Client-Server Model‬‭is the backbone of the World‬‭Wide Web. It defines how devices‬
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‭(clients) and web servers communicate with each other over the internet to exchange‬
‭information.‬
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‭1. Understanding the Client-Server Model‬

‭●‬ C ‭ lient:‬‭A client is any device (computer, mobile phone,‬‭tablet) with a web browser‬
‭(Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari) that requests web pages, resources, or data from a‬
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‭web server.‬
‭●‬ ‭Server:‬‭A server is a powerful computer or system‬‭that stores, processes, and‬
‭delivers web pages, applications, and data to clients upon request.‬

‭ he‬‭client and server communicate‬‭using‬‭HTTP (Hypertext‬‭Transfer Protocol)‬‭or‬

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‭HTTPS (HTTP Secure)‬‭to exchange information over the‬‭internet.‬

‭2. How the Client-Server Model Works‬

‭Step-by-Step Communication Process:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Client Request Initiation:‬

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○ ‭ user types a URL (‬‭ https://www.example.com‬ ‭) in the web browser.‬
‭○‬ ‭The browser sends an HTTP request to retrieve the webpage from the web‬
‭server.‬
‭2.‬ ‭DNS Resolution:‬
‭○‬ ‭The browser checks if the‬‭IP address‬‭of the website‬‭is cached.‬
‭○‬ ‭If not, it queries a‬‭Domain Name System (DNS)‬‭server‬‭to translate the‬
‭domain name (‬‭example.com‬ ‭) into an‬‭IP address‬‭.‬
‭ .‬ ‭Establishing a Connection:‬
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‭○‬ ‭Using the‬‭TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet‬‭Protocol)‬‭suite,‬
‭the browser establishes a connection with the web server.‬
‭4.‬ ‭HTTP Request Sent:‬
‭○‬ ‭The browser sends an‬‭HTTP GET request‬‭to fetch the web page from the‬

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‭server.‬

‭Example‬

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GET /index.html HTTP/1.1‬
‭

Host: www.example.com‬
‭

‭5.‬ ‭Server Processes the Request:‬

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‭○‬ ‭The web server receives the request.‬
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‭○‬ ‭It checks if the requested resource (HTML page, CSS, JavaScript, images) is‬
‭available.‬
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‭○‬ ‭If available, the server prepares an‬‭HTTP response‬‭.‬
‭6.‬ ‭Server Sends Response to Client:‬
‭○‬ ‭The server responds with an‬‭HTTP status code‬‭and the requested resource.‬

‭Example‬
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK‬

‭

Content-Type: text/html‬
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‭○‬ ‭(Followed by the HTML content of the web page.)‬

‭7.‬ ‭Client Receives and Renders Web Page:‬
‭○‬ ‭The browser receives the response.‬
‭○‬ ‭It processes the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files.‬
‭○‬ ‭The web page is displayed to the user.‬

‭3. Domain Name System (DNS)‬

D www.example.com‬
‭ NS translates human-friendly domain names (e.g.,‬‭ ‭) into IP addresses‬
‭that computers use to identify each other.‬

‭How DNS Works:‬

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‭ .‬
1 ‭ he user enters a URL in the browser.‬
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‭2.‬ ‭The browser checks the cache for a saved DNS record.‬
‭3.‬ ‭If not found, the request is sent to a DNS resolver.‬
‭4.‬ ‭The resolver queries root servers, top-level domain (TLD) servers, and authoritative‬
‭servers.‬
‭5.‬ ‭The corresponding IP address is returned to the browser.‬
‭ .‬ ‭The browser uses this IP address to connect to the web server.‬
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‭4. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet‬

‭Protocol)‬

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‭ CP/IP is the primary communication protocol of the internet, ensuring that data is‬
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‭transmitted efficiently between devices.‬

🔹 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)‬

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‭

‭ CP is a‬‭connection-oriented protocol‬‭, meaning it‬‭establishes a reliable connection before‬

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✅
‭sending data. It ensures that:
✅
✅‭ Errors are detected and corrected.‬

⚙️ How TCP Works:‬

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Data is delivered‬‭accurately‬‭and‬‭in order‬‭.‬
‭ Lost packets are‬‭retransmitted‬‭.‬
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‭1.‬ C ‭ onnection Establishment (Three-Way Handshake)‬
‭Before sending data, TCP establishes a connection between client and server.‬
‭○‬ ‭Client sends a‬‭SYN‬‭request to initiate a connection.‬
‭○‬ ‭Server responds with‬‭SYN-ACK‬‭(Acknowledgment).‬
‭○‬ ‭Client sends‬‭ACK‬‭, and the connection is established.‬
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‭2.‬ ‭Data Transmission‬

‭○‬ ‭TCP breaks data into‬‭packets‬‭.‬
‭○‬ ‭Each packet is numbered and sent in order.‬
‭○‬ ‭If a packet is lost, TCP‬‭retransmits‬‭it.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Connection Termination‬
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‭○‬ ‭After data transfer, both client and server‬‭send FIN‬‭messages to close the‬
‭connection.‬

📌 Uses of TCP‬
‭

‭‬
● ‭ eb Browsing (HTTP, HTTPS)‬
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‭●‬ ‭Email (SMTP, IMAP, POP3)‬
‭●‬ ‭File Transfers (FTP)‬
‭●‬ ‭Remote Login (SSH, Telnet)‬

🔹 IP (Internet Protocol)‬
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I‭P is responsible for addressing and routing data packets. It ensures that data reaches the‬
‭correct destination.‬

‭Types of IP:‬

‭1.‬ ‭IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)‬

‭○‬ ‭Uses a‬‭32-bit address‬‭(e.g.,‬‭192.168.1.1‬ ‭)‬
‭○‬ ‭Limited number of unique addresses.‬
‭2.‬ ‭IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)‬
2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334‬
‭○‬ ‭Uses a‬‭128-bit address‬‭(e.g.,‬‭ ‭)‬
‭○‬ ‭Provides‬‭a much larger address space‬‭.‬

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‭How IP Works?‬

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● ‭ ach device on the internet has a‬‭unique IP address‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Routers‬‭forward‬‭data packets to the correct destination based on IP addresses.‬

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‭●‬ ‭IP‬‭does not guarantee‬‭reliable delivery (handled by TCP).‬

‭2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)‬

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‭ DP is a‬‭connectionless protocol‬‭, meaning it does‬‭not establish a connection before‬
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‭sending data. Unlike TCP, UDP is‬‭faster but less reliable‬‭.‬

⚙️ How UDP Works‬

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✅ Sends data without waiting for acknowledgment.‬
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✅ No error correction or retransmission.‬
‭
✅ Best for applications that prioritize‬‭speed‬‭over‬‭reliability‬‭.‬
‭

📌 Uses of UDP‬
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‭●‬ L ‭ ive Streaming (YouTube, Netflix, Twitch)‬‭– Speed‬‭is more important than lost‬
‭packets.‬
‭●‬ ‭Online Gaming (PUBG, Call of Duty, Fortnite)‬‭– Quick‬‭data exchange matters‬
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‭more than reliability.‬

‭●‬ ‭VoIP Calls (WhatsApp, Zoom, Skype)‬‭– Minor delays are acceptable for real-time‬
‭communication.‬
‭●‬ ‭DNS (Domain Name System)‬‭– Fast lookup of IP addresses.‬

‭4. Conclusion‬
‭Both‬‭TCP/IP and UDP‬‭play crucial roles in the internet:‬

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● ‭ CP‬‭is used when‬‭accuracy‬‭and‬‭reliability‬‭are important.‬
‭●‬ ‭UDP‬‭is used when‬‭speed‬‭is more important than reliability.‬

‭Would you like any diagrams to illustrate this further? 😊‬

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‭5. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP & HTTPS)‬

‭HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)‬

‭‬ A
● ‭ request-response protocol used for communication between clients and servers.‬
‭●‬ ‭Requests and responses include headers and a body.‬
‭●‬ ‭Stateless‬:‭ Each request is independent and does not‬‭retain user session data.‬

‭HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)‬

‭‬ A
● ‭ secure version of HTTP that uses‬‭SSL/TLS encryption‬‭.‬

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‭●‬ ‭Protects against‬‭man-in-the-middle attacks‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication.‬

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‭6. Anatomy of a URL‬
‭A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) consists of multiple parts:‬

https://‬
‭●‬ ‭Protocol‬‭:‬‭
www.example.com‬
‭●‬ ‭Domain Name‬‭:‬‭
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‭https://www.example.com:443/path/page.html?query=1#section‬
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443‬‭(Default for HTTPS)‬
‭●‬ ‭Port (Optional)‬‭:‬‭
/path/page.html‬
‭●‬ ‭Path‬‭:‬‭
?query=1‬
‭●‬ ‭Query String‬‭:‬‭
#section‬
‭●‬ ‭Fragment/Anchor‬‭:‬‭
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‭7. How Browsers Work‬

‭ eb browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari) act as clients that request, interpret, and display‬
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‭web pages.‬

‭Browser Workflow:‬

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1 ‭ ser Input‬‭: Entering a URL.‬
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‭2.‬ ‭DNS Resolution‬‭: Translating domain name to IP.‬
‭3.‬ ‭HTTP Request‬‭: Sending request to the server.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Server Response‬‭: Receiving HTML, CSS, JavaScript.‬
‭5.‬ ‭Rendering Engine‬‭: Parsing and displaying content.‬
‭6.‬ ‭Execution‬‭: Running scripts, loading images, etc.‬

‭8. Web Standards and W3C‬

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‭ eb standards ensure consistency across browsers and devices. They are set by‬
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‭organizations like‬‭W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)‬‭.‬

‭1. Role of W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)‬

‭ he‬‭W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)‬‭is the main organization‬‭that develops and‬
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‭maintains web standards. It was founded by‬‭Tim Berners-Lee‬‭(the inventor of the web) in‬
‭1994‬‭. The W3C ensures that web technologies are‬‭universal,‬‭accessible, and‬
‭interoperable‬‭across all devices and platforms.‬

‭2. Important Web Standards:‬

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‭‬
● ‭ TML5‬‭(Markup language)‬
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‭●‬ ‭CSS3‬‭(Styling)‬
‭●‬ ‭JavaScript (ES6+)‬‭(Interactivity)‬
‭●‬ ‭Web Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)‬

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‭●‬ ‭HTTP, HTTPS Standards‬

‭9. Web Server Basics‬

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‭A web server stores, processes, and delivers web pages.‬

‭Types of Web Servers:‬

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● ‭ pache‬‭(Open-source, widely used)‬
‭●‬ ‭NGINX‬‭(High-performance, load balancing)‬
‭●‬ ‭Microsoft IIS‬‭(Windows-based web server)‬
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‭Common Server Components:‬

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● ‭ osting Files‬‭: HTML, CSS, JS, images.‬
‭●‬ ‭Handling Requests‬‭: Processing GET, POST requests.‬
‭●‬ ‭Logging & Security‬‭: Monitoring traffic, handling HTTPS.‬
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‭10. HTTP Methods (GET & POST)‬

‭HTTP defines various request methods:‬

‭GET:‬

‭‬ R
● ‭ etrieves data from a server.‬
‭●‬ ‭Data is sent in the‬‭URL query string‬‭.‬

‭ xample:‬
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‭GET /search?q=web HTTP/1.1‬

‭POST:‬
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‭‬ S
● ‭ ends data to a server (e.g., form submission).‬
‭●‬ ‭Data is sent in the‬‭request body‬‭(secure, not visible‬‭in the URL).‬

‭ xample:‬
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‭POST /submit HTTP/1.1‬
‭Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded‬
‭username=John&password=1234‬

‭Summary‬
‭Topic‬ ‭Key Points‬

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‭Web Working‬ ‭ ses client-server model, browser sends requests to a‬
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‭server.‬

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‭Client-Server‬ ‭ lient requests, server responds, communication over‬
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‭HTTP.‬

‭DNS‬

‭TCP/IP & UDP‬

‭HTTP & HTTPS‬

‭URL Structure‬
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‭Resolves domain names to IP addresses.‬

‭TCP ensures reliable delivery, UDP is faster but unreliable.‬

‭HTTP is stateless, HTTPS is secure (SSL/TLS).‬

‭Protocol, domain, port, path, query, fragment.‬

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‭Browser Working‬ ‭Fetching, parsing, rendering, and executing scripts.‬

‭Web Standards‬ ‭HTML5, CSS3, JS, WCAG, W3C guidelines.‬

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‭Web Server‬ ‭Hosts websites, processes HTTP requests.‬

‭GET & POST‬ ‭GET retrieves, POST submits data securely.‬

‭ hese notes provide a complete overview of Unit 1 of Web Technology, covering all major‬
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‭concepts in detail.‬