-h stoccture

of CovYespuraing
abovb tottend ales Oc hat
tro sectrosep
IR
scO{: specio Iotrad Prtnile
deceule. vibratim
o he
onepord
to hxY Sie
seo7ic absorb to tend cules Mole
. mole aboteó
by
a absobed at hat -Yd
requenoes speo
oP IRight
iogaic detech
and orqart both levant
to
, c pstunctiona
Spechoxopy
to {s
Absorti. 3)
on 2)
RelecionEmissi 1)
aalyxd
on
(orept spechoxopy IR Thx
intnd.
ght ciHth tdecale
iteaim
Infvaved han
and,a neknh longer having
a
t specirum, clectvosaqaki
e.i. cleciosgneic region
the wth deals <opy specro
CTROMETER SPE I.IR
ASSigoent
-?
oleculay susfrltss aSsoci ated vibronic
Coupling - nd (orntspodiq to t*o
For inslance moksule Can, aboh
erex Cortained frcedent qt
csult and is tasts Yoatio
prraunred vibratan
IR pcoscogy Irstunentation:
instrurtatia IR
spechroa
|is Alurated belaw Frst:
tron the SOrce Split isto -too
Hhrough the eientnce ard h sampe espectivl

Petoxne
pätec to
MonochØmaæic

P Sourt.

splittex

Sampe
NOUO boh s beas' rehlecTed b
splies and en augh aa defecoi:
de iphoS be data
dete ctor.
 the IR Regio devded iote
Near Mid

Con be don

12,800 -

hus, IR specho Kop

CoPY Inolves olectin o
akosphon Intonaftien and tts analysts in tr
tovm a soectrm.
2. UV - Vistble Spectophto:
Painiple cOf UV- visibe specosCOPy:
pinciple UV- visble spechoscop
bakd uta violet ight or visiba
aborphon q utraiolet
hight by chennal Conpoud, ohiCh ntslt io the
productin et distint
distinct Specsa.
based

lght al ohen -h afex

betuoeen
abob he (nde rqos ettaten and
de- exatatian, esutfing fn he prosuctim a
Spevtum
hen males abobs
electaon prescnt in it udergoer exclatim.
Casseshento
excitd state. irnporlant at
to
dtfenene ereqics elccton is
and h exied state
aluoay equal to he amint Ot Uv lihi absbd.
Inssutati n:

ido
diate
phdocliae

lamp
Tungesten

Minot homdor
Moro
Filter
 basic Coporen spechonates

) sampe cel. Dte ctos

ed to psolce
quired
wnvelengh ie.
(G) FilleYS
abiosb unvantd aditi and
tans stle qirtd adation. Monochonatoss
Convert th hetesóchomtic icht (oto
io
monothomdic igt lteos
toated piqnxrt
|6) Sanngl ell :
4 Single wonvelengt gt pased bOugh
Sompe cell , ohich is made
hich aught merial s taken.
N) Detectör:
tte tronsnitled ight oun sle spalc
delected by
deleclors that phctovoltalc (el phaio enssive
cel and hoo mtipliex
) Recmdex:
receíve bean Sirale tso)
absorption pectitum, The
mead ot
3. Casbon Nanotube CcNT):
A Cabon nanotube Casbon alloh
that embes a tlb Casbon atoms,
anotlbes ertremety obust and diticlt
beak, bt tey ar
Becaue eir eeptim mcharscal.
elecical hmml proRto, Canbon
tubes rost invesiqated
mnohateials. Muitinal Qn bon ardlubs tfalim
Conestc Cydhcal latices of Canbon
aoms, oho as Single vall avban nanotubes
hue only Caxbon atomi.
Buckeytube is anothr name tor (abo
handabu. Tuoo Dinti mal
qaphte (D) s folfeldi
kedl
oled írto a Cylinial shapt
stuctae to (rtat
mntubS, e Ini de, naoubes at bollexo. The
rarotube has diametes
|-3 nanotes.
Popestes:
I- Hechical onducthity:
(ar bon noubes CCNTS)
Conducive
strergn. parclel
narotubs (arn be
dsaon elrcoaly Conductit
Cooios lengh wotbs,
 and
a.strernqb ond Eloasttg:
n tenns fensk strerh
elastc nodules Casbon nantbes avt th shrongt
and sHacst mafeials yet tourd
a.3. -txs mal Conductvitis ond trpansm:
Casban bond's iqidity aids in -be
tsanmiSsio ibsations houghout hr nadtub
reSing hat
eclent heat (onuctity Because each
Casbon aton is Conocched to Hhe ther (abon
atoms b stong Covalert bons) Casbor ano
hae n estemely bigh hnelting oirt
also leaves a spast elecfron on fach Carton
delocalisecd electons
athio the tube , allouing nanctubes to Conduct
efechicty
4. Elehon Emision,
Each Carbon tom is Conne ed to ibrc
hree
ofbx Casbon atoms by strong ovalent bods
Co bon narottebes have
etremzly high melting
point. This also mans -hat ach Caibon atom
has decton, tomig
deocalised dechoms otln hx tube atlooing
hanolbe to Condect electicity
Appll Car ors:
* Canboo narotubs Lufrised tn en
bont ulls,
deuce odeling actoative pasls 's
 Sposting qcods. ontes tiferns -bin -tilm eletn
and cletyornagmetic sheibds,
BecaLse
laxq surtae ancg, tNT;
have been
mediare to ad sob a wide
minal and diaqoostc subslanes
CNTS hat
chemial, si
eptial elechical and shuctural ORstes l
make ter appealing dug celivery.
Cabon nardtabes CCNTS) hae
such s hiq Su7ae - to -
anique quato,
\olue ratios
forductivity Trtng blotompatibilty and
optCal ropeie ett .
4.
AppliCati on Colloidc:
Coloids
used n he dicínal indut,
suh as dad
sulgbus Calcu is ukol in
maling medicins,
2. An anacid tha is wsed to reat stoach
prote Cotloid.
Can alo b
Such as olk, ohiped reem, bute, and
colloids usd t
nocter piusicaton.
Rutb is obtaned (ollodal solut
(alled latex rarg Coaqloton
 animal to qet
kothex is
tannig colbds enc wsed.

t clids.
nano matesals
prepartd by colloids,
4. -thS wsd in mtatuxgy duinq troath
{iotatio.
10
4
slvey Collid s uKd as eGdl agert
Many Cclotds ast ant Con« dsugs,
Such as (ollods.

protens (olids used in ay ae.

3. (olGds used as
tungiides ard pesticides.
are
usd tor tvqcted tauq delivey
15. tbSe
body ost,
part,

14.ese Qr
used
Used tn
derntstig
as nell . dresing raterials
5 Super Capacttors1
Sueicapacibs (s al Koon as an utsa.
-Capacib . ts apa citor is Called a utra(apa
-citor Sirnce t has biqer pattane valuc
tan ot reqular Capacitor. h r (apaitors have
low votog Itooits.
choice -tbe rgutas ype Capocior;
Comporti consune less
densty
Cast to pexete.
th Supes Capacitors
I. Elechostatic dotde - lace
Capacitos
2.
pskudo - Capacitios
3. Hybid apa os

I ElectrOstatic double -layer capacitors:

thee typs t Capacttors include tuo cikti
crt
sepavator , and electsolyte. tbe
an
clechtoyt
mitturt hat consttutes posi tive
ions dissolvet in ottes.
electvodes
eporated by Sepasator. super (apa itou
(asbon elechodes deivatives
biqber ele chrostatic dude - laser
seprati charqe in
elechrostattc daubt
lay opa (i tox is less han tn a onvetions
Capa citor;t vges tronn 0.3 -0»8nm.

a. pscudo Capacitors:
Pseudo Capacitors
elcctocheical prudo- CapatitoYS, T
Capa(itors make lal
electodes oth anugt
elecaochemcal pstaedoagacitone -the types
 (onporent stort -electekal erxqy bt eletran
chasqe tscnstr betioeen elechode and clecthdyt .
Ths Can be con by a tductian - oxidati an
vtaction (ommony inoon as a ox vaction
Hybid Capa citorst
tHybid Copautos devcloped by usinq
ahe tec hriques tube -layer Caaitors and
Fsuecto - Copaitor. In thes
(orpoxnts,
dAtot charade ishcs at alecfaods
tx itbium-íorn CapaitoY
AppkCattons
J: lectic Cars.
(Altrd tusbires
3: phcto qiaphic
3.
lask.
4 Fiyucel Io machins

5 MP3 plags.
6. statC monies (sRAM)
Indusial eletial motors
SpeitiCatiton:
It has high capaci tances upto KE.
(apactos slort laq amourl erxig
cianqe trx q a
Corporeu onsloyc by eeetro
lectrostatic
Cnasce absospilon J) desovpion.