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MODULE 8 Exposure & Vulnerability

The document discusses the concepts of exposure and vulnerability in relation to disasters, defining exposure as the presence of elements at risk from hazards and vulnerability as the characteristics that make a community susceptible to disaster effects. It highlights factors driving exposure, such as urbanization and economic development, and emphasizes the need for strategies to reduce exposure and enhance community resilience. Additionally, it categorizes vulnerability into physical, social, economic, and environmental types, providing examples of each.

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18 views35 pages

MODULE 8 Exposure & Vulnerability

The document discusses the concepts of exposure and vulnerability in relation to disasters, defining exposure as the presence of elements at risk from hazards and vulnerability as the characteristics that make a community susceptible to disaster effects. It highlights factors driving exposure, such as urbanization and economic development, and emphasizes the need for strategies to reduce exposure and enhance community resilience. Additionally, it categorizes vulnerability into physical, social, economic, and environmental types, providing examples of each.

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pattyducha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 8.

1
Exposure
MODULE 8.1

❑ To learn the Concept of Exposure and Vulnerability


❑ To be apply to apply my learning to real life
❑ To determine the difference between Exposure and Vulnerability
What is Exposure?
EXPOSURE

❑ resence that makes the disaster a possibility

❑ “Elements at risk” from natural/ man-made hazard event

Examples: Factory workers in a Chemical manufacturing plant,


and Health workers who care taking care of a
patient with contagious disease
EXPOSURE

❑ The presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems,


environmental functions, services, and resources,
infrastructure, or economic, social, or cultural assets in places
and settings that could be adversely affected.
❑ Exposure refers to people, property, systems, or other
elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to
potential losses.
What drives exposure?

People and economic assets become concentrated in


areas exposed to hazards through processes such as population
growth, migration, urbanization and economic development
(UNISDR, 2009b). Previous disasters can drive exposure by
forcing people from their lands and to increasingly unsafe areas.
Consequently, exposure changes over time and from place to
place.
What drives exposure?

Many hazard prone areas, such as coastlines, volcanic


slopes and flood plains, attract economic and urban
development, offer significant economic benefits or are of
cultural or religious significance to the people who live there. As
more people and assets are exposed, risk in these areas
becomes more concentrated. At the same time, risk also spreads
as cities expand and as economic and urban development
transform previously sparsely populated areas (UNISDR,
2009b).
What drives exposure?

Large volumes of capital continue to flow into hazard-


prone areas, leading to significant increases in the value of
exposed economic assets. If global exposure continues to trend
upwards, it may increase disaster risk to dangerous levels
(UNISDR, 2015b).
How do we reduce exposure?

Economic exposure in high-hazard areas is trending


upwards. If we do not reverse this trend, disaster risk is set to
increase. We need to act now to reduce exposure and build
capacity and resilience in these areas of growing exposure.
How do we reduce exposure?

When it is not possible to avoid exposure to events, land use planning and
location decisions must be accompanied by other structural or non-structural
methods for preventing or mitigating risk (UNISDR, 2009a and ICSU-LAC, 2010a,b
in UNISDR, 2015). In the case of the Boxing Day 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, for
instance, the only possible strategy to save lives would have been to reduce
exposure through timely evacuation, which depends on the existence of reliable
early warning systems and effective preparedness planning, and then to
compensate for loss through insurance of other risk financing instruments
(UNISDR, 2015).
❑ Human beings
❑ Dwellings or households and
communities
❑ Buildings and structures Source of danger,
❑ Public facilities and infrastructure Injury, or harm
assets
❑ Public and transport system
❑ Agricultural commodities
❑ Environmental assets
Human Exposure
A person is exposed to many environmental factors within his/her local environment:
chemical emissions from consumer products (particles, air pollutants), environmental
noise, molds etc. These chemical, physical, and biological factors play an important
role in people’s health, especially in the development and progression of disease.
Assessing human exposure of individuals or populations to environmental factors is an
important component and integral part of human health risk assessment. To achieve
this a fundamental shift towards trans-disciplinary collaborations, that would link
exposure and health sciences, is necessary.
Public and transport system

Passenger waiting time was found to be long and variable at the


roadside and platform largely due to excessive demand and operations
policies, which exposes passengers to PM2.5 for an extended period of
time. The overall PM2.5 exposure level at the MRT-3 was
found to be similar to that of an air-conditioned bus due to long exposure
times while waiting at the roadside and platform
• https://www.researchgate.net/post/Does_exposure_defines_vulnerability_or_vulnerability_
defines_exposure_according_to_the_new_IPCC_AR_5_Risk_based_approach#:~:text=Exp
osure%3A%20The%20presence%20of%20people,predisposition%20to%20be%20adversely
%20affected.

• http://memp.colacotway.vic.gov.au/ch01s04s03.php

• https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/research-topic/human-exposure

• https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/community-safety/risk-and-impact

• https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/exposure

• Andra Charis Mijares, Mio Suzuki, et,. al(2016):Passenger Satisfaction and Mental
Adaptation under Adverse Conditions: Case Study in Manila
Module 8.2
Vulnerability
MODULE 8.2

❑ To learn the Concept of Exposure and Vulnerability


❑ To be apply to apply my learning to real life
❑ To determine the difference between Exposure and Vulnerability
What is Vulnerability?
Vulnerability

❑ The characteristics and circumstances of a community,


system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging
effects of a DISASTERS.” –UNISDR

❑ ...tendency to acquire consequences once a disaster came


Citizens who live in the cities are
more vulnerable to the effects of
pollution compared to
those living in the provinces.
Residents near an
active volcano
❑Demographic factors
❑Socio - economic factors
❑Community Preparedness
❑Dealing with the after-effects
Demographic factors

● Population density – the more dense the population, the


more efficient a response should be, considering the number of
people that might be affected by a disaster.

● Age of population – very old and very young populations are


less mobile and able to respond to hazard events well
Socio - economic factors

Wealth – low income population are less likely to be


well prepared.
Example: Survival Kit

• Education – MMDA shake drill to instruct people on how to


deal with hazard events.
Example: School participation
Community Preparedness

● Building codes– building permits and licenses for land


development
Example: Baguio Earthquake

Scientific monitoring and early warning systems– updates


from PAGASA
Community Preparedness

Communication networks – Communication plays important


role in times of disaster
Emergency planning – monitoring and communication are in
place
“Preparation is the key element of prevention.”
Preparation is the key element of prevention.
Dealing with the after-effects

● Insurance cover– individual purchase insurance policies to


mitigate their losses
Emergency personnel– these are trained for community
preparedness
Example: NDRRMC
Aid request – foreign aids in the form of monetary and
material aid
Vulnerability

Types of Vulnerability
❑ Physical Vulnerability
❑ Social Vulnerability
❑ Economic Vulnerability
❑ Environmental Vulnerability
Types of Vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability

-substandard infrastructure
-is defined as any flaw or weakness in a data system or its
hosting environment that can enable a physical attack on
the system.
Example:
Wooden homes are less likely to collapse in an earthquake, but
are more vulnerable to fire.
Social Vulnerability

-lack of social awareness and information dissemination


-inability of people, organization and societies to withstand the
adverse impact to hazard
Example:
When flooding occurs, some citizens may be unable to protect
themselves or evacuate if necessary
Economic Vulnerability

-inadequate protection of assets


-economic status of individuals, communities and nations

Example:
Poor sectors are lacking in this area, unable to protect
themselves in the outcome of disasters.
Environmental Vulnerability

-wise use and protection of natural resources


-the tendency of the environment to respond either
positively or negatively to changes in human and
climatic conditions.
Example:
Places with poor environmental practices like deforestation and
improper waste management are more affected by disaster
• https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/environmental-vulnerability/61982

• https://study.com/academy/lesson/physical-media-vulnerabilities-types-
examples.html#:~:text=A%20Physical%20Vulnerability%20is%20defined,security
%20attacks%20to%20data%20systems.

• https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/community-safety/risk-and-impact

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