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Quantum Electron 5 (1999), 1379 –1384.

3. T. Kamalakis and T. Sphicopoulos, An efficient technique for the
design of an arrayed-waveguide grating with flat spectral response,
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narrow bandwidth grating-assisted codirectional coupler filter and
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(1997), 1505–1507.
6. J.S. Foresi, B.E. Little, G. Steinmeyer, E. Thoen, H. Haus, E. Ippen, S.
Chu, L. Kimerling, and W. Greene, Si/SiO2 micro-ring resonator optical
add/drop filters, CLEO’97, Baltimore, MD, 1997, paper CPD-22.
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Haus, E.P. Ippen, L.C. Kimerling, and W. Greene, Ultra-compact
Si-SiO2 micro-ring resonator optical channel dropping filters, IEEE
Photon Technol Lett 10 (1998), 549 –551.
Figure 6 Variations of the intensity-isolation contrasts along the 1D 8. I.R. Croston, T.P. Young, and S. Morasca, A highly dispersive wave-
PhC-assisted TMI wavelength filter length division demultiplexer in InGaAlAs-InP for 1.5-␮m Operation,
IEEE Photon Technol Lett 10 (1990), 734 –737.
9. C.F. Janz, M.R. Paiam, B.P. Keyworth, and J.N. Broughton, Bent
waveguide couplers for (de)multiplexing of arbitrary broadly-sepa-
where S z is the z component of the Poynting vector. S z ( z ⫽ 0, rated wavelengths using two-mode interference, IEEE Photon Technol
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PhC structure. The contrasts of 1.53 and 1.57 ␮m are shown in 10. T.Y. Tsai, Z.C. Lee, C.S. Gau, F.S. Chen, J.R. Chen, and C.C. Chen,
Figure 6. It is clearly observed that strong resonances occur in the A novel wavelength division multiplexer using grating-assisted two-
PhC structure. Isolation contrasts of about 20 dB and insertion mode interference, IEEE Photon Technol Lett 16 (2004), 2251–2253.
losses of about 0.8 dB are achieved. To our knowledge, such a 11. A. Martinez, F. Cuesta, and J. Marti, Ultrashort 2D photonic crystal
directional couplers, IEEE Photon Technol Lett 15 (2003), 694 – 696.
multiplexing performance is better than most of the TMI multi-
12. S. Boscolo, M. Midrio, and C.G. Someda, Coupling and decoupling of
plexers previously reported. The performances may be further
electromagnetic waves in parallel 2D photonic crystal waveguides,
improved by using a more sophisticated coupling design of the IEEE J Quantum Electron 38 (2002), 47–53.
S-bend waveguides.
In a real 3D case, the difference between the effective refractive © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
indices n 1, ␭ and n 0, ␭ is generally small, and the TMI self-imaging
period is expected to be longer than those obtained in the 2D
simulation. Therefore, a longer coupler length with a larger num-
ber of etched holes is required in a 3D situation. Because of limited LOW-PROFILE OMNIDIRECTIONAL
computer capacity, it is fairly difficult to simulate a 3D device CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ANTENNA
using the FDTD method. A sophisticated theory and a numerical FOR WLAN ACCESS POINTS
method more efficient than the FDTD method will be helpful and
necessary for further 3D performance studies and device manu- Fu-Ren Hsiao* and Kin-Lu Wong
Department of Electrical Engineering
facturing. National Sun Yat-Sen University
Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
3. CONCLUSION
A novel TMI wavelength filter with a 1D photonic crystal holey Received 24 January 2005
structure has been proposed and verified using the 2D FDTD
simulation method. Two wavelength channels on different sides of ABSTRACT: A novel low-profile omnidirectional circularly polarized
the PBG at 1.55 ␮m were separated by a coupler length of 76.8 antenna comprising a top-loaded cylindrical monopole and four printed
␮m. The channel widths were about 40 nm and the channel arc-shaped dipoles is presented. The cylindrical monopole and four
spacing was about 35 nm. Channel contrasts of 20 dB and insertion printed dipoles share a common feeding point and generate two orthog-
losses of 0.8 dB were achieved. It is expected that the channel onal polarizations with a 90° phase difference, resulting in omnidirec-
spacing and channel widths in a 3D device will be much narrower tional circular-polarization (CP) radiation in the azimuthal plane. The
proposed antenna is also arranged in a compact structure with a low pro-
than those calculated in a 2D simulation. A numerical method
file (less than 0.1 wavelength of the center operating frequency). A con-
more efficient than the FDTD method will be necessary for 3D structed prototype suitable for applications in a wireless local area network
consideration and device fabrication. (WLAN) access point in the 2.4-GHz band is demonstrated. © 2005 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 227–231, 2005;
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
This work was financially supported by the National Science DOI 10.1002/mop.20952
Council of Taiwan under project no. NSC-93-2215-E-006-028.
Key words: omnidirectional antennas; circularly polarized antennas;
REFERENCES low-profile antennas; WLAN antennas
1. C. Dragone, An N ⫻ N optical multiplexer using a planar arrangement
of two star couplers, IEEE Photon Technol Lett 3 (1991), 812– 815. * Fu-Ren Hsiao is now with the Wireless Communications Division of
2. M.C. Parker and S.D. Walker, Design of arrayed waveguide gratings Acon Advanced-connectek Inc., Taipei 231, Taiwan.

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 46, No. 3, August 5 2005 227
 Figures 1(b) and (c). The antenna consists of two main parts: (i) a
top-loaded cylindrical monopole and (ii) four printed arc-shaped
dipoles. The top-loaded cylindrical monopole comprises a hollow
metal cylinder (diameter S, height h) and a loading circular patch
of diameter T centered on top of the cylinder. The bottom end of
the cylinder is also centered on a circular grounded substrate, on
which four identical arc-shaped dipoles (length d and width 2 mm)
are printed along the perimeter of the circular substrate. Note that
a circular patch of diameter D is printed on the bottom side of the
substrate, which serves as the ground plane of the cylindrical
monopole and also as the ground plane for four 50⍀ microstrip
lines feeding the four printed dipoles. Also note that each dipole is
spaced away from the circular ground plane at a distance t, and one
dipole arm is printed on the top side of the substrate while the other
arm is on the bottom side of the substrate.
Both the top-loaded cylindrical monopole and the four
printed dipoles share a common feeding point at the center of
the circular substrate and are fed using a coaxial probe feed
through a via-hole in the substrate. Good impedance matching
for the antenna can be achieved by tuning the diameter S of the
cylindrical monopole. The cylindrical monopole in this design
operates as a quarter-wave structure and generates an omnidi-
rectional LP wave with vertical polarization (E␪). On the other
hand, the four printed dipoles operate as half-wave structures
and together generate an omnidirectional LP wave with hori-
zontal polarization (E␾).
By further adjusting the spacing t (the spacing between the
dipoles and the circular ground plane), the amplitude of the
horizontal LP radiation can be tuned to be the same as that of
the vertical LP radiation. (Related effects are discussed in
section 3). As for tuning the phase difference between the
horizontal and vertical LP radiation to be 90°, it is most
effective to adjust the diameter of the circular ground plane,
which changes the length of the four microstrip feedlines and in
turn changes the phase difference of the signals fed into the
Figure 1 (a) Geometry of the proposed low-profile omnidirectional CP printed dipoles referenced to that into the cylindrical monopole.
antenna: (b) top view; (c) side view (The effects of the ground-plane size on the phase difference of
the two orthogonal polarizations are also be explored in Table
1.) With equal amplitude and 90° phase difference, the hori-
1. INTRODUCTION zontal and vertical omnidirectional LP waves can then be
Omnidirectional antennas are very attractive for applications in wire- formed into an omnidirectional CP wave.
less communications, such as WLAN systems, that need to cover a Also note that the dipole arms of the four printed dipoles on the
large service area. For such applications, a variety of promising top surface of the substrate are arranged along the ⫺␾ direction
omnidirectional antennas have been reported recently. To name a few, and the cylindrical monopole is in the ⫹z direction. In this case,
related omnidirectional antenna designs include the use of cylindrical the resulting electric field of the CP wave in the azimuthal plane
patch antennas [1], planar dipole antennas [2– 6], planar collinear will rotate in a counterclockwise direction from the ⫹z direction to
antennas [7–9], and so on. These designs, however, generate only the ⫺␾ direction, thereby leading to a right-handed CP wave.
linearly polarized (LP) radiation. For achieving omnidirectional CP Conversely, when the dipole arms of the four printed dipoles on
radiation in the azimuthal plane for WLAN applications, no related
designs, to the authors’ knowledge, have been reported.
The use of omnidirectional CP antennas has the advantage that no TABLE 1 Comparison of the Phase Difference (Calculated
strict orientations between the access point and the mobile terminal Data*) Due to the Microstrip Feedline for the Printed Dipoles
are required for WLAN operation. For this reason, it can be expected and the Measured Phase Difference of the E␪ and E␾
that omnidirectional CP antennas should find great applications for Components in the Azimuthal Plane (Other Parameters are as
WLAN operation. For such promising applications, we propose a in Fig. 2)
novel omnidirectional CP antenna with a low profile of less than 10%
of the wavelength of the center operating frequency in this paper. A Ground-Plane Diameter D 44 mm 50 mm 56 mm
prototype of the proposed antenna suitable for applications in a Phase difference due to the 100° 116° 132°
WLAN access point in the 2.4-GHz band (2400 –2484 MHz) is microstrip feedline for
constructed and experimentally studied. dipoles
Measured phase difference of 84° 93° 112°
2. ANTENNA DESIGN E␪ and E␾ (⬔E␪ ⫺ ⬔E␾)

Figure 1(a) shows the geometry of the proposed omnidirectional * Phase lag ⫽ 360° ⫻ (microstrip feedline length/guided wavelength in the
CP antenna. Top and side views of the antenna are shown in FR4 substrate)

228 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 46, No. 3, August 5 2005
the top surface of the substrate are arranged to be along the ⫹␾
direction, the resulting electric field of the CP wave in the azi-
muthal plane will rotate in a clockwise direction from the ⫹z
direction to the ⫹␾ direction, thereby leading to a left-handed CP
wave. The two cases described above are fabricated and tested, and
both the measured and simulated results confirm the predicated
rotation of the CP wave. For brevity, only the right-hand CP case
is demonstrated in section 3.
The design procedure is also summarized as follows. The first
step is to select the lengths h and T of the top-loaded cylindrical
monopole (h ⫹ 0.5T is close to 0.25 wavelength of the desired
center frequency, with h chosen to be less than 0.1 wavelength of
the center frequency in order to achieve a low profile.). The second
step is to choose the length of the four printed dipoles (d is about
0.5 wavelength of the center frequency, when the effect of the
substrate is not considered.). The third step is to select an optimal
diameter S of the cylindrical monopole for achieving good imped-
Figure 3 Measured axial ratio vs. frequency
ance matching over a desired band. The final step is to adjust the
spacing t and ground-plane diameter D in order to achieve equal
amplitude and 90° phase difference for the two orthogonal polar- wavelength at 2442 MHz. The length h ⫹ 0.5T (⫽28 mm) is
izations. The final step can be aided using a simulation software close to a quarter-wavelength at 2442 MHz. The length d of the
such as the Ansoft High-Frequency structure simulator (HFSS) four printed dipoles, however, is 44.8 mm only (about 36.5% of
and the optimal or near-optimal design dimensions of the antenna the free-space wavelength at 2442 MHz, much less than a half-
can then be obtained. wavelength). This behavior is mainly due to the presence of the
It should also be noted that the cylindrical monopole and the FR4 substrate, which decreases the resonant length of the printed
four printed dipoles, respectively, generate E␪ and E␾ radiation dipoles. So that the optimal diameter S of the cylindrical monopole
with similar monopolelike radiation patterns (see Figs. 5 and 7), would achieve good impedance matching, it was found to be 7 mm
which are then formed into omnidirectional CP radiation by in this design. In order to achieve equal amplitude and 90° phase
performing the final step described above. In addition, as de- difference for the two orthogonal polarizations, the spacing t and
scribed in the third step above, simply by selecting a proper the ground-plane diameter D were determined to be 4 and 50 mm,
diameter of the cylindrical monopole, without varying the pa- respectively.
rameters of the four printed dipoles, the impedance matching The measured and simulated return loss is presented in Figure
for the antenna can be easily achieved (note that varying the 2. The simulated results were obtained using Ansoft HFSS. The
diameter has a very small or negligible effect on the radiation measured data agree with the simulated results. The measured
pattern of the cylindrical monopole). In sum, the cylindrical 10-dB return-loss impedance bandwidth was 110 MHz (2395–
monopole in this design has two functions: (i) to generate 2505 MHz). Figure 3 shows the measured axial ratio at ␪ ⫽ 90°
omnidirectional E␪ radiation and (ii) to achieve good matching (the azimuthal plane), 75°, and 60°. With regard to the CP radia-
for the antenna. tion in the azimuthal plane, the CP bandwidth, defined by a 3-dB
axial ratio, reaches 145 MHz (2370 –2515 MHz), which covers the
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.4-GHz WLAN band. It is also seen that at ␪ ⫽ 75°, the axial ratio
The proposed antenna for WLAN operation in the 2.4-GHz band of the CP radiation over the 2.4-GHz band is still less than 3 dB.
was constructed and tested. The length h was chosen to 10 mm, Figure 4 plots the measured spinning linear radiation patterns in
thus the total antenna height (10.8 mm) was only about 8.8% of the the x–y plane (azimuthal plane) and x–z plane (elevation plane) at
2442 MHz. Good omnidirectional CP radiation in the azimuthal
plane with ripples of less than 1 dB is obtained (the ripple corre-
sponds to the measured axial ratio of the CP radiation). Figure 5
presents the simulated vertical polarization (E␪) and horizontal
polarization (E␾) radiation patterns. It is seen that the E␪ and E␾
radiation are almost of the same amplitude, except in the directions

Figure 2 Measured and simulated return loss with h ⫽ 10 mm, T ⫽ 36

mm, d ⫽ 44.8 mm, S ⫽ 7 mm, t ⫽ 4 mm, and D ⫽ 50 mm Figure 4 Measured spinning linear radiation patterns at 2442 MHz

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 46, No. 3, August 5 2005 229
Figure 5 Simulated vertical polarization (E␪) and horizontal polarization
(E␾) radiation patterns at 2442 MHz

near ␪ ⫽ 0° and 180° in the x–z plane pattern, which agrees with
the measured spinning linear radiation patterns shown in Figure 4.
The measured antenna gain is shown in Figure 6, and a stable
antenna gain of about 0.4 – 0.5 dBic is obtained.
To analyze the effect of the spacing t between the printed
dipoles and the circular ground plane on the amplitude of the
horizontal polarization (E␾), Figure 7 shows the simulated radia-
tion patterns for the cases with t ⫽ 1, 3, and 5 mm. For t ⫽ 1 mm,
the E␾ radiation is seen to has a smaller amplitude than the E␪
radiation. This behavior is largely due to the large capacitive
coupling contributed from the small spacing between the printed
dipoles and the circular ground plane. With an increase in t, the
amplitude of the E␾ radiation increases and can be about the same
as that of the E␪ radiation (see t ⫽ 5 mm in Fig. 7 and the antenna
studied in Fig. 5 with t ⫽ 4 mm), thus making it possible to
achieve good CP radiation. In this study, the case of t ⫽ 4 mm,
which leads to a smaller substrate, is selected for the constructed
prototype.
Another important factor for achieving good CP radiation is
that the phase difference of the E␪ and E␾ components should be Figure 7 Simulated radiation patterns of the antenna with t ⫽ 1, 3, 5
about 90°, which can be achieved by adjusting the diameter D of mm and f ⫽ 2442 MHz (other parameters are as in Fig. 2)
the circular ground plane. When D is varied, the length [(D ⫺
S)/ 2] of the four microstrip feedlines is varied; thus, the phase components (see Table 1, in which the measurements were con-
difference of the signals fed into the printed dipoles referenced to ducted using an NSI 233L near-field measurement system, Near-
that into the top-loaded cylindrical monopole is changed. The field Systems, Inc.). This difference is mainly due to the different
calculated results of the phase difference due to the microstrip propagation paths of the E␪ and E␾ radiation generated from the
feedlines are listed in Table 1 for comparison. It is seen that with cylindrical monopole and the printed dipoles, respectively. From
an increase in D, the phase difference increases. Thus, through the measured phase differences, it indicates that the antenna with
selecting a proper value of D, the desired phase difference can be D ⫽ 50 mm has a phase difference of about 90° for its two
obtained. However, it is noted that the calculated phase difference orthogonal polarizations, which supports the results in this study
is not equal to the measured phase difference of the E␪ and E␾ showing good omnidirectional CP radiation.
Finally, a simulation study on further decreasing the antenna
height h was also conducted. The results indicate that when h is
decreased from 10 to 7 mm, the cylindrical monopole requires a
larger diameter (S ⫽ 9 mm for h ⫽ 7 mm versus S ⫽ 7 mm for
h ⫽ 10 mm) for achieving good impedance matching over the
2.4-GHz band. In this case, in order to achieve a 90° phase
difference between the E␪ and E␾ components, an FR4 substrate
with a larger diameter (⬎62 mm) is required. Moreover, with a
decreased height of the cylindrical monopole, a larger size of the
top-loading circular patch is required for resonating at 2.4 GHz. In
this case, the coupling between the circular patch and the ground
plane will increase, which decreases the achievable CP bandwidth.
For h ⫽ 7 mm, the 3-dB axial-ratio CP bandwidth is found to be
about 98 MHz, about 67% that of the case with h ⫽ 10 mm
studied here.

4. CONCLUSION
A novel low-profile omnidirectional CP antenna has been pro-
Figure 6 Measured antenna gain vs. frequency posed. The antenna can be implemented at low cost, and a proto-

230 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 46, No. 3, August 5 2005
type suitable for WLAN access-point application at 2.4 GHz has have been experimentally demonstrated [2– 4]. The basic principle
been constructed and tested. The constructed prototype has a low of acoustic-optic modulation is based on the phase-matching con-
profile of about 8.8% of the wavelength at 2442 MHz and shows dition for the acoustic wave-vector equivalent to the difference
very good omnidirectional CP radiation in the azimuthal plane between the core-mode and cladding-mode wave-vectors. The
(with an axial-ratio variation of less than 1 dB). In addition, the acoustic wave is considered to be a tunable long-period fiber
prototype shows a stable antenna-gain level of about 0.5 dBic for grating. Sun et al. used phase-matching theory to identify the
frequencies across the 2.4-GHz band. coupling relationship between the cladding radius and flexural
acoustic-wave periods with a chosen optical wavelength [5]. How-
REFERENCES ever, based on the previous experimental results [3], the coupling
1. N. Herscovici, Z. Sipus, and P.-S. Kildal, The cylindrical omnidirec- phenomenon of the 3rd-order diffraction by acousto-optic interac-
tional patch antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 49 (2001), 1746 – tions in the fiber grating is not obvious, due to the insufficient
1753. acoustic power. This work proposes a new configuration to im-
2. L. Zhu, Y. Guo, and X. Chen, High-efficiency feed network for anten- prove the coupling efficiency of the high-order diffractions of a
nas, U.S. Patent No. 6,377,227 B1, 2002. fiber grating via dual acousto-optic modulations in different acous-
3. K.L. Wong, Planar antennas for wireless communications, Wiley, New tic frequencies. The superposition phenomenon of acoustic-optic
York, 2003, p. 219. modulations via two different-frequency acoustic waves in a tilted
4. K.L. Wong, J.W. Lai, and F.R. Hsiao, Omnidirectional planar dipole
fiber grating is experimentally demonstrated by high-efficiency
array antenna for 2.4/5.2-GHz WLAN operation, Microwave Opt Tech-
nol Lett 39 (2003), 33–36.
high-order-mode coupling. This method can induce several optical
5. K.L. Wong, F.R. Hsiao, and T.W. Chiou, Omnidirectional planar dipole channels for applications in switchable multichannel fiber lasers
array antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 52 (2004), 624 – 628. and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) filters.
6. F.R. Hsiao and K.L. Wong, Omnidirectional planar folded dipole an-
tenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 52 (2004), 1898 –1902. 2. PRINCIPLE
7. R. Bancroft and B. Bateman, An omnidirectional planar microstrip A tilted fiber Bragg grating is fabricated by means of rotating the
antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 52 (2004), 3151–3153. phase mask and UV-laser exposure to cause the Bragg grating
8. K.L. Wong, T.C. Tseng, F.R. Hsiao, and T.W. Chiu, High-gain omni-
plane to be blazed with respect to the fiber axis. The guided light
directional printed collinear antenna, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44
(2005), 348 –351.
in the fiber core thus can be partly coupled into the guided-
9. C.J. Tsai and M.H. Chong, Collinear antenna structure, U.S. Patent No. cladding or radiation modes, in which the coupling intensity is
6,771,227 B2, 2004. proportional to the slanted angle. Because the axis-direction com-
ponent of the wave-vector of a slanted grating can cause coupling
© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. between the forward- and backward-propagating core modes at the
Bragg wavelength ␭ B , for the wavelength ␭ i,i⫽1,2, . . ., which is
shorter than Bragg wavelength ␭ B , the grating-wave vector can
cause the coupling from the forward-core mode ␤01 to the back-
SUPERPOSITION OF MODE COUPLING ward-cladding mode ⫺ ␤ cl , as illustrated in Figure 1. The phase-
INDUCED BY DUAL ACOUSTO-OPTIC matching condition can be satisfied by
MODULATIONS
␤ 01共 ␭ B兲 ⫺ 关⫺␤01 共␭B 兲兴 ⫽ Kg cos ␪
Po-Jen Tu,1 Wen-Fung Liu,2 and Tzu-Chiang Chen1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering
␤ 01共 ␭ i兲 ⫺ 关⫺␤cl 共␭i 兲兴 ⫽ Kg cos ␪ ␭i ⬍ ␭B , (1)
Chung Cheng Institute of Technology
National Defense University
Tahsi, Taoyuan 335, Taiwan, R.O.C. where ␤01 and ␤ cl denote the propagation constant of the core and
cladding modes, respectively, and ␪ is the slanted angle of a fiber
2
Department of Electrical Engineering
Feng-Chia University grating. Moreover, K g represents the wave vector of a fiber grat-
Taichung, Taiwan 407, R.O.C.
ing. When the acoustical flexural waves are launched into the fiber

Received 22 January 2005

ABSTRACT: The high-order-mode coupling of acousto-optic modula-

tions in a tilted fiber grating is experimentally demonstrated to be
greatly enhanced due to the superposition of dual acousto-optic-modula-
tions. The performance is based on the phase matching between two
acousto-optic-modulations of different frequency in a fiber Bragg grat-
ing. The device can be applied in a switchable multiwavelength comb
filter or a switchable multiwavelength fiber laser. © 2005 Wiley Periodi-
cals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 231–233, 2005; Published on-
line in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/
mop.20953

Key words: fiber Bragg gratings; acousto-optic modulations

1. INTRODUCTION
All-fiber acousto-optic devices have potential applications in fre-
quency shifters, switches, modulators, and tunable filters [1]. Sev- Figure 1 Wave-vector diagram for the phase matching of acoustic-optic
eral acousto-optic modulation methods for creating the coupling modulations in a tilted Bragg fiber grating (the induced wavelength ␭ i is
between the core and the cladding modes in fiber Bragg gratings determined by the acoustic frequency)

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 46, No. 3, August 5 2005 231