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Memory

The document discusses various types of computer memory, including cache memory, RAM (both DRAM and SRAM), and flash memory, highlighting their characteristics, uses, and differences. It explains the principles of cache memory and the importance of memory hierarchy, as well as the evolution of nonvolatile memory technologies. Additionally, it covers hard disk drive parameters and RAID configurations.

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vivekpatelvivek1001
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25 views20 pages

Memory

The document discusses various types of computer memory, including cache memory, RAM (both DRAM and SRAM), and flash memory, highlighting their characteristics, uses, and differences. It explains the principles of cache memory and the importance of memory hierarchy, as well as the evolution of nonvolatile memory technologies. Additionally, it covers hard disk drive parameters and RAID configurations.

Uploaded by

vivekpatelvivek1001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEMORY

COMPUTER MEMORY SYSTEM


2
The Memory Hierarchy
3

 Three key characteristics of


memory:
 capacity

 access time and


 cost
CACHE MEMORY PRINCIPLES
4

 Cache memory is designed to combine the memory access time of


expensive, high- speed memory combined with the large memory size
of less expensive, lower- speed memory.
 It works on the phenomenon of locality of reference.
Working
5
Elements of Cache Design
6
Semiconductor Main Memory
7

 The basic element of a semiconductor memory is the memory cell.


RAM
8

 The characteristic of traditional RAM is that it is volatile.


 A RAM must be provided with a constant power supply. If the power is
interrupted, then the data are lost.
 RAM can be used only as temporary storage.
 The two traditional forms of RAM used in computers are DRAM and
SRAM.
DRAM
9

 A dynamic RAM (DRAM) is made with cells


that store data as charge on capacitors.
 The presence or absence of charge in a
capacitor is interpreted as a binary 1 or 0.
 Because capacitors have a natural
tendency to discharge, dynamic RAMs
require periodic charge refreshing to
maintain data storage.
 Although the DRAM cell is used to store a
single bit (0 or 1), it is essentially an
analog device.
SRAM
10

 In a SRAM, binary values are


stored using traditional flip-
flop logic-gate configurations
SRAM versus DRAM
11

 Both static and dynamic RAMs are volatile; that is, power must be
continuously supplied to the memory to preserve the bit values.
 A dynamic memory cell is simpler and smaller than a static memory cell.
 A DRAM is more dense (smaller cells = more cells per unit area) and less
expensive than a corresponding SRAM.
 A DRAM requires the supporting refresh circuitry. The fixed cost of the
refresh circuitry is more than compensated for by the smaller variable cost
of DRAM cells.
 DRAMs tend to be favored for large memory requirements.
 SRAMs are somewhat faster than DRAMs. Because of these relative
characteristics, SRAM is used for cache memory (both on and off chip), and
DRAM is used for main memory.
Flash Memory
12

 Flash memory is used both for internal memory and external memory
applications.
 Like EEPROM, flash memory uses an electrical erasing technology. An entire
flash memory can be erased in one or a few seconds, which is much faster
than EPROM.
 In addition, it is possible to erase just blocks of memory rather than an
entire chip.
 Like EPROM, flash memory uses only one transistor per bit, and so achieves
the high density (compared with EEPROM) of EPROM.
 There are two distinctive types of flash memory, designated as NOR and
NAND
Nonvolatile Solid-State Memory Technologies
13

 There have been breakthroughs in developing new forms of


nonvolatile semiconductor memory that continue scaling beyond flash
memory.
 The most promising technologies are spin-transfer torque RAM (STT-
RAM), phase change RAM (PCRAM), and resistive RAM (ReRAM).
MAGNETIC DISK
14
Hard Disk Drive Parameters
15
Timing of a Disk I/O Transfer
16

 Seek Time
 Rotational Latency
 Transfer time
RAID
17
RAID
18
RAID
19
RAID
20

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