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5. Computer System

The document outlines the fundamental concepts of computer systems, primarily based on the von Neumann architecture, which includes the storage of data and instructions in a single memory and sequential execution of instructions. It details the roles of the CPU, memory, and I/O devices in data transfer and processing, including the use of registers and buses for communication. Additionally, it discusses interconnection structures and the evolution of bus systems, highlighting the significance of PCI Express for high-bandwidth applications.

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21 views

5. Computer System

The document outlines the fundamental concepts of computer systems, primarily based on the von Neumann architecture, which includes the storage of data and instructions in a single memory and sequential execution of instructions. It details the roles of the CPU, memory, and I/O devices in data transfer and processing, including the use of registers and buses for communication. Additionally, it discusses interconnection structures and the evolution of bus systems, highlighting the significance of PCI Express for high-bandwidth applications.

Uploaded by

vivekpatelvivek1001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer Components…
2

 All contemporary computer designs


are based on concepts developed
by John von Neumann.
 The von Neumann architecture and
is based on three key concepts:
 Data and instructions are stored in a
single read–write memory.
 Memory are addressable by location
 Execution occurs in a sequential
fashion from one instruction to the
next.
Computer Components
3

 The CPU exchanges data with memory. For


this it uses two internal registers: a
memory address register (MAR), which
specifies the address in memory for the
next read or write, and a memory buffer
register (MBR), which contains the data to
be written into memory or receives the
data read from memory.
 An I/O address register (I/OAR) specifies
a particular I/O device. An I/O buffer
register (I/OBR) is used for the exchange
of data between an I/O module and the
CPU.
Computer Function
4

 Instruction processing consists of two steps: The processor reads


(fetches) instructions from memory one at a time and executes each
instruction.
 Program execution consists of repeating the process of instruction fetch
and instruction execution.
 The processing required for a single instruction is called an instruction
cycle which consist of the fetch cycle and the execute cycle.
Instruction Fetch and Execute…
5
Instruction Fetch and Execute
6
Interrupts…
7

 All the computers provide a mechanism by which other modules (I/O,


memory) may interrupt the normal processing of the processor.
Interrupts
8
Interconnection Structures
9

 Computer consists of a set of components or modules of three basic


types (processor, memory, I/O) that communicate with each other. The
collection of paths connecting the these modules is called the
interconnection structure.
 The most common are
the bus and various multiple-bus structures
point to point interconnection structures
Computer Modules
10
Data Transfer Types
11

 Memory to processor: The processor reads an instruction or a unit of


data from memory.
 Processor to memory: The processor writes a unit of data to memory.
 I/O to processor: The processor reads data from an I/O device via an
I/O module.
 Processor to I/O: The processor sends data to the I/O device.
 I/O to or from memory: An I/O module is allowed to exchange data
directly with memory, without going through the processor, using direct
memory access.
Bus Interconnection
12

 A bus is a communication pathway connecting two or more devices.


 A key characteristic of a bus is that it is a shared transmission medium.
 If two devices transmit during the same time period, their signals will
overlap and become garbled.
 A bus consists of multiple communication pathways, or lines. Each line is
capable of transmitting signals representing binary 1 and binary 0. For
example, an 8-bit unit of data can be transmitted over eight bus lines.
 Computer systems contain different buses also called as System buses,
 Data bus (32, 64, 128 bits)
 Address bus (8, 16, 32 bits)
 Control lines
Point-to-Point Interconnect
13

 At higher and higher data rates, it becomes increasingly difficult to


perform the synchronization and arbitration functions in a timely
fashion.
 Compared to the shared bus, the point-to-point interconnect has lower
latency, higher data rate, and better scalability.
 Intel’s QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), which was introduced in 2008.
 Multipledirect connections:
 Layered protocol architecture:

 Packetized data transfer


PCI Express
14

 The peripheral component interconnect (PCI) is a popular high-bandwidth,


processor-independent bus that can function as a peripheral bus.
 Compared with other common bus specifications, PCI delivers better system
performance for high-speed I/O subsystems (e.g., graphic display
adapters, network interface controllers, and disk controllers).
 PCI has been widely adopted and is finding increasing use in personal
computer, workstation, and server systems.
 Accordingly, a new version, known as PCI Express (PCIe) has been
developed.
 A key requirement for PCIe is high capacity to support the needs of higher
data rate I/O devices, such as Gigabit Ethernet.

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