“

Course Title: Modeling And

Simulation
Course Code: SI-241
”
Topic: Introduction To Modeling And Simulation
System Analysis
What is System?
A system is any set of interrelated components
acting together to achieve a common
objective.
It is also as a collection of entities, e.g. people
or machines, that act and interact together
towards the accomplishment of some logical
end.

Examples:
❖ Entity: Material
❖ Banking sector: Customer
❖ Hospital: Patience
 Components of System
Entity: “Flow units transformed by the system”
Attribute: “A property of an entity”
Activity: “Time period of specifies length”
Example: Banking System
Customers might be one of the entities
The balance in their checking accounts might be an attribute
Making deposits might be an activity
State of a System: “ Collection of variables necessary to describe the
system of a particular time relative to the objectives of the study”.
Bank – Possible State Variables: #of busy tellers, # of customers
waiting in the queue, # of customers in the bank, time of arrival of
each customer in the bank.
 Types of System:
three major types of system

System

Quantum Continuous Discrete

Physicians Mechanical Being Operations

engineer
Mechanical Electrical engineer Factory, office etc.
engineer
 “Introduction To Modeling and Simulation”

▪ Simulation Modeling is the process of creating and analyzing a

digital prototype of a physical model to predict its
performance in the real world.
▪ Simulation Modeling help to designers and engineers
understand whether, under what conditions, and in which
ways a part could fail and what loads it can withstand.
▪ Simulation
A simulation model is a mathematical model that calculates the
impact of uncertain inputs and decisions we make on outcomes
that we care about, such as profit and loss, investment returns,
etc. Simulation of a system is the operation of a model in terms of
time or space, which helps analyze the performance of an
existing or a proposed system.

A simulation model will include:

1.Model inputs that are uncertain numbers/ uncertain variables.
2.Intermediate calculations are required.
3.Model output that depend on the inputs – These are uncertain
functions.
 History of Simulation
1940: A method named Monte Carlo was
developed by researchers & physicists working on a
Manhattan project to study neutron scattering.
1960: The first special purpose simulation
Languages were developed, such as SIMSCRIPT by
Harry Markowitz at the RAND Corporation.
1970: During this period research was initiated on
mathematical foundations of simulation.
1980: In that time PC based simulation software,
graphical user interfaces and object oriented-
programming were developed.
1990: In this period, web based simulation, fancy
animated graphics, simulation based optimization,
Markov-chain Monte methods were developed.
Example of Simulation:
“Important points about simulation”
❖ Fight simulators for pilot training
❖ Medical simulators for surgical practice
❖ Weather forecasting simulations
❖ Financial market simulations
❖ Traffic simulations for urban plaining
❖ Military simulations for training and testing
❖ Video games (SimCity, The Sims)etc.
❖ Scientific simulations
❖ Manufacturing simulations for optimization
❖ Simulations of production process
❖ Disaster response simulations for
emergency conditions.
 Types of Simulation
There are several types of simulations, including:
1. Physical simulation: Mimics real-world physical
systems, like flight simulators.
2. Numerical simulation: Uses mathematical models
and algorithms to simulate complex systems, like
weather forecasting.
3. Computer simulation: Uses software to simulate
various scenarios, like video games or scientific
simulations.
4. Human-in-the-loop simulation: Involves human
participants interacting with a simulated
environment, like military training exercises.
5. Model-based simulation: Uses mathematical
models to simulate system behavior, like financial
forecasting.
 Types of Simulation
6. Virtual reality (VR) simulation: Immerses users in a
virtual environment, like VR gaming or training.
7. Augmented reality (AR) simulation: Overlays virtual
information onto the real world, like AR gaming or
education.
8. Discrete-event simulation: Simulates systems with
discrete events, like manufacturing processes or
logistics.
9. Continuous simulation: Simulates systems with
continuous processes, like chemical reactions or fluid
dynamics.
10. Hybrid simulation: Combines different simulation
types, like physical and numerical simulation.
Types of Simulation Models
 Advantages & Disadvantages of simulation
Advantages: +---------------+ | Simulation |
❖ It can avoid danger and +---------------+ |
loss of life. | Cost Savings |
❖ Conditions can be varied +-----------+ | | |
and outcomes can be Increased Safety | |
investigated. Faster | +-----------+ | |
❖ Critical situations can be Prototyping | Improved Training
investigated without risk. | | | +-----------+ |
❖ It is cost effective. +-----------+ Data Analysis
❖ Simulations can be speed | +-----------+ |
up so behavior can be | Scenario Planning |
studied easily over a long | +-----------+ |
period of time. | Collaboration |
| +-----------+ |
| Environmental Benefits
| | +-----------+
| | Flexibility
 Disadvantages:
+---------------+ | Simulation |
❖ It can be expensive to
+---------------+ | |
measure how one
Limited Realism | +-----------+
thing affects one
| | | High Initial Investment
another, to take the
| | Inaccurate | +-----------+
initial measurements
| | Modeling | Dependence on
and to create the
Data Quality | | |
model itself.
+-----------+ | +-----------+
❖ To simulate
Limited Transferability |
something, a through
+-----------+ | |
understanding is
Overreliance on Technology
needed and an
| | +-----------+ |
awareness of all the
| Ethical Concerns |
factors involved.
| +-----------+ | |
Without this a
Limited Flexibility |
simulation is not
+-----------+
created.
 Modeling
▪ Modeling: It is the process of
representing a model which include its
construction and working. This model is
similar to a real system, which helps the
analyst predict the effect of changes to
the system.
▪ In other words modeling is creating a
model which represents a system
including their properties. It is an act of
building a model.
 Types of Simulation Models
Here are four types of simulation models:
1. Discrete Event Simulation (DES): - Models systems with discrete
events, like arrivals, departures, or failures. - Time advances in
discrete steps, with events occurring at specific points. -
Examples: manufacturing systems, logistics, healthcare.
2. Continuous Simulation (CS): - Models systems with continuous
processes, like fluid flow or heat transfer. - Time advances
continuously, with variables changing smoothly. - Examples:
chemical processing, weather forecasting, electrical circuits.
3. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS): - Models systems with random
variables and uncertainty. - Uses random sampling to simulate
different outcomes. - Examples: financial risk analysis, supply
chain management, quality control.
 Types of Simulation Models
1. Agent-Based Simulation (ABS): - Models
systems with autonomous entities (agents)
interacting with each other. - Agents make
decisions based on rules and interactions. -
Examples: social networks, epidemiology,
traffic flow. These simulation model types differ
in their approach to modeling time, events,
and system behavior, allowing for a range of
applications across various fields.
Why people create simulation models?
People create simulation models for
everything:
Climate and weather models
Avalanche, earthquake, tsunami,
hurricane models
Solar activity models
Planetary and star movement and
illuminations models
Highway and street traffic models
Communication and computation
models
Why we use Models?
We use models for
various purposes:
❑ To test
❑ To predict
❑ To train
❑ To investigate
Simulation And Modeling structure
| Real-World System/Process|
Observation and Data Collection
Modeling
(Abstracting)
Model Formulation
(Mathematical/Logical)
Simulation
(Model Execution)
Experimentation (Scenario Testing)
Analysis
Data Interpretation
Conclusion
(Insights and Recommendations)
Implementation
(Changes to Real-World System)
Example of simulation and modeling
Disadvantages of simulation modeling
Here are some disadvantages of simulation modeling:
▪ Simplification
▪ Time-consuming
▪ Building and validating
▪ Limited transferability
▪ Overreliance on technology
▪ Ethical concerns
▪ Interpretation challenges
▪ Analyzing and interpreting
▪ Model complexity and manage
▪ **Validation challenges
Presented by this Slides:
“Ayesha Afzaal”
Roll No:
22201
Department:
BSIT
Submitted To:
“Respected Sir Faraz Shaukat”
Thank you my respected Sir for giving me
this opportunity. I am very grateful to you.
Its very pleasure for me.