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Chemical Formulas, Equations, and Reaction Yields

Chapter 02 covers chemical formulas, equations, and reaction yields, introducing key concepts such as Avogadro's number, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas, and stoichiometry. It explains the mole concept, limiting reactants, and how to calculate percentage yield using examples. The chapter emphasizes the relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

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10 views10 pages

Chemical Formulas, Equations, and Reaction Yields

Chapter 02 covers chemical formulas, equations, and reaction yields, introducing key concepts such as Avogadro's number, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas, and stoichiometry. It explains the mole concept, limiting reactants, and how to calculate percentage yield using examples. The chapter emphasizes the relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

mathlover119
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 02

Chemical Formulas, Equations,


and Reaction Yields

1
Relation of Atomic and Macroscopic Masses:
Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s Number : NA = 6.02214076  1023
Relative Atomic Mass
~ Old reference: H (mixture of 1H, 2H, 3H) 1
~ Naturally occurring oxygen (~1900)
mixture of 16O, 17O, 18O 16
~ Modern reference (1961): 12C 12
H (1.0079), O (15.9994)
~ Relative Molecular Mass
ex. H2O : 2  1.0079 + 1  15.9994 = 18.0152

2
Mole Concept

◆ Chemical Amount of a Substance

➢ Mole Concept
1 mol of 12C contains NA 12C atoms
1 mol of water contains NA water molecules

➢ Molar Mass (with unit)


= Relative Atomic(or Molecular) Mass (no unit)

mass of 1 mol of atoms of an element (g mol -1)


mass of 1 mol of molecules of a compound (g mol -1)

3
➢ Empirical Formula : glucose, CH2O
~ Simplest formula that gives the correct relative
numbers of atoms of each kind in a compound
➢ Molecular Formula : glucose, C6H12O6
~ Specifies number of atoms of each element in one
molecule
~ Some whole-number multiple of Empirical Formula
➢ Formula Unit : sodium chloride, NaCl
~ In some solids, distinct small molecules do not exist.
➢ Hydrates : CoCl26H2O
~ Incorporation of small molecules (H 2O) into a solid
structure

4
CoCl26H2O CoCl22H2O
(m.p. 86oC) > 110oC

5
➢ Elemental Analysis by combustion

a hydrocarbon + b O2 → c CO2 + d H2O


~ C content calculated from CO2
~ H content calculated from H2O

A combustion train
6
➢ Determination of empirical formula

Ex. 2.4. Combustion of a welding gas (hydrocarbon) gives

3.38 g of CO2 and 0.692 g of H2O.


3.38 g
moles of C = moles of CO2 = = 0.0768 mol
44.01 g mol-1
 0.692 g 
moles of H = 2(moles of H2O) = 2 -1  = 0.0768 mol
 18.02 g mol 
Empirical Formula : CH

7
➢ Stoichiometry (화학양론, 化學量論)
~ study of the relationships between masses of reactants
and products
Stoichiometric coefficients ~ ‘chemical conversion factor’

Ex. 2 C4H10 (butane) + 13 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O

2 molecules of C4H10 + 13 molecules of O2


→ 8 molecules of CO2 + 10 molecules of H2O

2 mol of C4H10 +13 mol of O2 → 8 mol of CO2 + 10 mol of H2O


116.3 g of C4H10 + 416.0 g of O2 → 351.1 g of 8 CO2 + 180.2 g of H2O

8
➢ Limiting Reactant

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

Limiting Reactant: AgNO3 (most expensive)

Used up first during a chemical reaction.

→ Produces the smallest mass of product

Other reactant (NaCl) is in excess.

9
➢ Percentage Yield (산율,産率)

Percentage Yield = (Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield)100

Ex. 2.8. 5.32 kg of ZnS produced 3.30 kg of pure Zn.


ZnS + O2 → ZnO
ZnO + CO → Zn + CO2

5320 g ZnS
Moles of ZnS = -1 = 54.6 mol
97.46 g mol
54.6 mol or
Theoretical yield of Zn = 
54.6 mol Zn  65.39 g mol -1
= 3570 g
 3.30 kg 
Actual % yield =   100 % = 92.4 %
 3.57 kg 

10

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