PROJ-CS601(6880) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

FORMULATION OF RESEARCH & DESIGN

ROOPAM BARMAN | ROLL NO: 34900122051 | REG. NO : 223490110068 OF 2022-23
 NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN

I
t facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research operations, thereby making
research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure
of effort, time and money For e.g. we need blue print of house i.e. architecture plan of
house

Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the
relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis, keeping in view the objective of
the research and the availability of staff, time and money.

Research Design should be done with great care as any error in it may upset the entire project.

The design helps the researcher to organize his ideas in a form whereby it will be possible for
him to look for flaws and inadequacies
 RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is a structured plan for investigating a problem and obtaining answers. It outlines the
steps from hypothesis formulation to data analysis (Kerlinger, 1986). It serves as a blueprint for
conducting a study (Thyer, 1993). Selltiz, Deutsch, and Cook (1962) define it as the arrangement of
conditions for data collection and analysis, ensuring relevance and efficiency. After defining the research
problem, the next challenge is preparing the research design.

A. It is the arrangement of conditions for data collection and analysis, ensuring relevance and efficiency.

B. It serves as a conceptual framework or blueprint for conducting research.

C. It outlines the research process from hypothesis formulation to final data analysis.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research Design happen in respect of:

i) What is the study about? ii) Why is the study being made? iii) Where will the
study be carried out? iv) What type of data is required?

v) Where can the required data be found? vi) What periods of time will the study
include? vii) What will be the sample design?

viii) What techniques of data collection will be used? ix) How will the data be
analysed?

x) In what style will the report be prepared?

 RESEARCH DESIGN
Characteristics of Research Design
To Prepare Research Design
• Ensures accurate data collection
1. Purpose of Research- Exploration, Description,
Explanation • Flexible and adaptable

2. Unit of Analysis: Individuals, Groups, Social • Facilitates hypothesis testing

organizations, Social artifacts
• Identifies constant errors and reduces
3. Topics of Research: : Characteristics, random errors
Orientation, Actions
• Aligns with research objectives
4. Time Dimension: Cross sectional studies,
Longitudinal • Provides guidelines for resource utilization
 RESEARCH DESIGN
Importance of Research Design
Objectives of Research Design
• Guides research in a specific direction
• Answer research questions
• Helps in error correction

• Control variance
• Ensures continuity of research

• Identify research errors

• Identifies suitable methods and techniques

• Establish causal relationships • Achieves research objectives

• Draw logical conclusions • Prevents wastage of resources (time, money,

effort)
 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research Design Consists of

• Research hypothesis

• Dependent and independent variables • Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-

testing research
• Extraneous variable
• Experimental and control groups
• Control
• Treatments
• Confounded relationship
• Experiment
• Experimental unit(s)
DEPENDENT & INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Dependent and Independent Variables

Variable: A concept that can take different quantitative values (e.g., weight, height, income).

Types of Variables:

• Qualitative Variables: Non-numeric characteristics.

• Quantitative Variables: Numeric values.

◦ Continuous Variables: Can have decimal values (e.g., age).

◦ Discrete Variables: Whole numbers only (e.g., number of children).

Dependent Variable: A variable that depends on or is influenced by another (e.g., height depends on age).

Independent Variable: A variable that influences or determines the dependent variable (e.g., age affects height).

Example: Readymade films and lectures (independent variables) influence behavioral changes (dependent variables).
 EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent
variable are termed as extraneous variables.

Research Question Extraneous variables

•Test-taking time of day
Is memory capacity related to test
•Test anxiety
performance?
• Level of stress

•Road conditions
Does sleep deprivation affect driving ability? •Years of driving experience
• Noise

Does light exposure improve learning ability •Type of mouse

in mice? •Genetic background
•Learning environment
 CONTROL

One important characteristic of a good research design i: to

minimise the influence or effect of extraneous variable(s). The
technical term 'control' is used when we design the study
minimizing the effects of extraneous independent variables. In
experimental researches, the term 'control' is used to refer to
restrain experimental conditions
 COFOUND RELATIONSHIP

When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of

extraneous variable(s), the relationship between the dependent
and independent variables is said to be confounded by an
extraneous variables).
 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
A. A prediction or hypothesized relationship tested using scientific methods.

C. A predictive statement linking an independent variable to a dependent

variable.

E. Must include at least one independent and one dependent variable.

G. Statements that cannot be objectively verified or tested are not

considered research hypotheses.
 EXPERIMENTAL AND NON-EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS-TESTING
RESEARCH

• Research in which the independent variable is manipulated i: termed 'experimental hypothesis-testing

research' and a research in which an independent variable is not manipulated is called 'non-experimental
hypothesis-testing research’

Experimental vs. Non-Experimental Hypothesis-Testing Research

• Non-Experimental Research: No manipulation of the independent variable.
• Example: Studying the correlation between intelligence and reading ability by testing 50 students
without altering their conditions.

• Experimental Research: The independent variable is manipulated to observe its effect.

• Example: Dividing 50 students into two groups (usual vs. special studies program) and testing their
performance after training.

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 EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
In an experimental hypothesis-testing research when a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is
termed a

'control group', but when the group is exposed to some novel or special condition, it is termed an
'experimental group’

TREATMENTS
The different conditions under which experimental and control groups are put are usually referred to
as 'treatments'.

. In the illustration taken

above, the two treatments are the usual studies programme and the special studies programme.
Similarly, if we want to determine through an experiment the comparative impact of three varieties
of fertilizers on the yield of wheat, in that case the three varieties of fertilizers will be treated as three
 EXPERIMENTS
The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to sor research problem, is known
as an experiment.

For example, we can conduct an experiment to examine the usefulness of a certain newly developed
drug. Experiments can be of two types viz., absolute experiment and comparative experiment.

If we want to determine the impact of a fertilizer on the yield of a crop, it is a case of absolute experiment;
but if we want to determine the impact of one fertilizer as compared to the impact of some other fertilizer,
our experiment then will be termed as a comparative experiment.

Often, we undertake comparative experiments when we talk of designs of experiments

Experimental unit(s)

The pre-determined plots or the blocks, where different treatments are used, are known as experimental
units. Such experimental units must be selected (defined) very carefully
 REFERENCES
• Research methodology techniques and methods

https://ccsuniversity.ac.in/bridge-library/pdf/Research-Methodology-CR-

Kothari.pdf by New age International publishers. By C. R Kothari

• Researching Information Systems and Computing Sage Publications by

Oates B J

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