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Osi and Tcp:ip Model Layers

The document provides an overview of the OSI and TCP/IP models, which are frameworks for understanding network communication. The OSI model consists of 7 layers, focusing on theoretical aspects, while the TCP/IP model has 4 layers and is more practical for real-world applications. Both models are crucial for network design, troubleshooting, and ensuring efficient data transmission.

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roopam12cse
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34 views13 pages

Osi and Tcp:ip Model Layers

The document provides an overview of the OSI and TCP/IP models, which are frameworks for understanding network communication. The OSI model consists of 7 layers, focusing on theoretical aspects, while the TCP/IP model has 4 layers and is more practical for real-world applications. Both models are crucial for network design, troubleshooting, and ensuring efficient data transmission.

Uploaded by

roopam12cse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PCC-CS602 CA-1 COMPUTER NETWORKS

OSI and tcp/ip model:


layers and their functions
NAME :- Roopam Barman | ROLL NO:- 34900122051 | REG NO. 223490110068 OF 2022-23

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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING MODEL

In computer networking, models serve as frameworks that standardize the design and operation
of network systems. Two of the most widely used models are:

1. OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model – A theoretical framework for


understanding network communication.
2. TCP/IP Model – A practical model that forms the foundation of the modern
internet.

These models define layers that explain how data is transmitted


across networks and help in troubleshooting network issues.

2
1. OSI MODEL - OVERVIEW

The OSI model, developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), is a
7-layer framework that standardizes network communication.

The 7 Layers of the OSI Model:

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7- Layers of the OSI MODEL

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Osi model – layer wise detailed explanation
Layer 1: Physical Layer Layer 3: Network Layer
• Deals with the actual physical connection between • Handles routing and logical addressing.
devices. • Functions:
• Functions: • IP Addressing: Assigns logical addresses (IPv4, IPv6) to
• Transmission of raw binary data (0s and 1s) over a devices.
medium. • Routing: Determines the best path for data transmission.
• Defines hardware components like cables, • Packet Forwarding: Moves data from source to destination.
switches, hubs, fiber optics, and radio signals. • Example: IP, Routers.
• Example: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, Wi-Fi signals.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer

• Ensures reliable/unreliable data delivery.


• Manages direct node-to-node communication.
• Functions:
• Functions:
• Segmentation: Breaks data into smaller units (segments).
• Framing: Divides the data into frames for
• Flow Control: Manages data transmission rate.
transmission.
• Error Handling: Ensures complete and accurate data
• MAC Addressing: Uses Media Access Control
(MAC) addresses to identify devices. transfer.
• Protocols Used:
• Error Detection: Uses techniques like Cyclic
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Redundancy Check (CRC).
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• Example: Switches, MAC addresses, Ethernet. 5
• Example: TCP, UDP.
Osi model – layer wise detailed explanation
Layer 5: Session Layer
• Manages sessions/connections between devices.
• Functions:
• Establishes, maintains, and terminates connections. Layer 7: Application Layer
• Provides synchronization for data transfer.
• Enables dialog control for communication between
applications. • Provides end-user services.
• Example: Online banking sessions, video calls. • Functions:
• User Interface: Direct interaction with software applications.
• Network Services: Supports web browsing, email, and file
transfers.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer • Examples: HTTP (Web), FTP (File Transfer), SMTP (Email),
DNS (Domain Resolution).
• Ensures proper data representation.
• Functions:
• Data Translation: Converts data formats (e.g., ASCII,
EBCDIC).
• Encryption/Decryption: Ensures secure data
transmission.
• Compression: Reduces file size for faster
transmission.
• Example: SSL/TLS (for HTTPS), JPEG, GIF.
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2. tcp/ip MODEL - OVERVIEW
The TCP/IP model, developed by the U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD), is a practical framework with 4 layers, focusing on real-world
networking.

The 4 Layers of the TCP/IP Model:

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4 Layers of the TCP/ip model

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Tcp/ip model – layer wise explanation

Layer 1: Network Access Layer Layer 3: Transport Layer

• Same as OSI’s Transport Layer.


• Combines OSI’s Physical and Data Link Layers.
• Uses TCP (reliable) and UDP (fast, unreliable).
• Handles hardware connectivity (Ethernet, Wi-Fi,
MAC addresses).

Layer 2: Internet Layer Layer 4: Application Layer

• Equivalent to OSI’s Network Layer.


• Combines Application, Presentation, and Session Layers.
• Uses IP for addressing and routing.
• Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet, SNMP.

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OSI vs Tcp/ip model – key difference

The Key Difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model:

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REAL-WORLD Applications
The real-world applications are as follows:-

1. Web Browsing (HTTP/HTTPS) – Helps access websites.

2. Email (SMTP, IMAP, POP3) – Used for sending and receiving emails.

3. File Transfer (FTP, SFTP) – Transfers files over the internet.

4. Streaming (TCP/UDP) – TCP ensures reliability, UDP is used for fast streaming.

5. Routing (IP, ICMP) – Helps data travel across networks.

6. Local Network (Ethernet, Wi-Fi) – Enables wired and wireless communication.

Both models are essential for networking, security, and troubleshooting! 11


Conclusion
The OSI and TCP/IP models serve as essential frameworks for understanding network
communication.

The OSI model is a theoretical model with 7 layers, mainly used for learning and troubleshooting.

The TCP/IP model is a practical, real-world model with 4 layers, forming the foundation of the
internet.

Both models define layered communication, ensuring efficient data transmission and network
interoperability.

Understanding these models helps in network design, troubleshooting,


cybersecurity, and IT infrastructure management.

In today’s digital world, both models remain relevant in networking and


communication technologies.
12
Thank You

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