Academic Session: 2020-21

Application of
Derivatives

MATHEMATICS
Class XII
JEE (Main + Advanced)
 Application of Derivatives

Index

Topic Name Page No.

Theory 01–35

Exercise – 1 (Bronze) 36–47

Part – I Subjective Questions
Part – II Objective Questions

Exercise – 2 (Silver) 48–55

Part – I Only one option correct type
Part – II One or more than one option correct type

Exercise – 3 (Gold) 55-61

Part – I Single and double digit integer type
Part – II Match the column and Comprehension

Exercise – 4 (Platinum) 61-66

Part – I JEE (Main) Questions
Part – II JEE (Advanced) / Previous year subjective questions

Answer Key 67-70

Exercise – 5 (Diamond) 71-76

Part – I Objective Questions
Part – II Subjective Questions

Answer Key 77-77

 Application of Derivatives

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. TANGENT TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :

The tangent to the curve at 'P' is the line through P whose slope is limit of the secant slopes as Q  P
from either side.

2. MYTHS ABOUT TANGENT :

(a) Myth : A line meeting the curve only at one point is a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line meeting the curve in one point is not necessarily tangent to it.

Here L is not tangent to C

(b) Myth : A line meeting the curve at more than one point is not a tangent to the curve.
Explanation : A line may meet the curve at several points and may still be tangent to it at some point

Here L is tangent to C at P, and cutting it again at Q.

(c) Myth : Tangent at a point to the curve can not cross it at the same point.
Explanation : A line may be tangent to the curve and also cross it.

Here X-axis is tangent to y = x3 at origin.

3. NORMAL TO THE CURVE AT A POINT :

A line which is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact is called normal to the curve at that
point.

4. THINGS TO REMEMBER :

(a) The value of the derivative at P(x1, y1) gives the slope of the tangent to the curve at P. Symbolically

dy 
f '  x1   = Slope of tangent at P(x1, y1) = m(say).
dx  (x1 , y1 )

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 Application of Derivatives

dy 
y  y1  (x  x1 )
(b) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is ; dx  (x1 , y1 )

1
(c) Equation of normal at (x1, y1) is ; y – y1 =  (x  x1 ) .
dy 
dx  (x1 , y1 )

NOTE :
1. The point P (x1 , y1) will satisfy the equation of the curve & the equation of tangent & normal line.
2. If the tangent at any point P on the curve is parallel to the axis of x then dy/dx = 0 at the point P.
3. If the tangent at any point on the curve is parallel to the axis of y, then dy/dx =  or dx/dy = 0.
4. If the tangent at any point on the curve is equally inclined to both the axes then dy/dx = ± 1.
5. If the tangent at any point makes equal intercept on the coordinate axes then dy/dx = – 1.
6. Tangent to a curve at the point P (x1, y1) can be drawn even through dy/dx at P does not exist.
e.g. x = 0 is a tangent to y = x2/3 at (0, 0).
7. If a curve passing through the origin be given by a rational integral algebraic equation, the equation of the tangent
(or tangents) at the origin is obtained by equating to zero the terms of the lowest degree in the equation.
e.g. If the equation of a curve be x2 – y2 + x3 + 3 x2 y  y3 = 0, the tangents at the origin are given by
x2 – y2 = 0 i.e. x + y = 0 and x  y = 0.

Example # 1  
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y  x3  1  x  2  at the points where the curve cuts
the x-axis.

Solution : 
The equation of the curve is y  x3  1  x  2   .......... (i)

It cuts x-axis at y = 0. So, putting y = 0 in i , we get x3  1  x  2   0  

 
  x  1  x  2  x2  x  1  0  x  1  0, x  2  0 Q x2  x  1  0 

 x  1, 2 .
Thus, the points of intersection of curve (i) with x-axis are (1, 0) and (2, 0). Now,
dy  dy   dy 
 
y  x3  1  x  2  
dx

 3 x2  x  2   x3  1   
 dx  1,0 
 3 and  
 dx  2,0 
7

The equations of the tangents at (1, 0) and (2, 0) are respectively

y  0  3  x  1  and y  0  7  x  2   y  3 x  3  0 and 7 x  y  1 4  0 Ans.

Example # 2 The equation of the tangent to the curve x  a cos 3 t, y  a sin 3 t at ‘t’ point is
(A) x sec t  y cos ec t  a (B) x sec t  y cos ec t  a
(C) x cos ec t  y sec t  a (D) x cos ec t  y sec t  a

 dy 
dy  dt  3a sin 2 t cos t sin t
Solution :   2

dx  dx  3a cos t sin t cos t
 dt 

which is the slope of the tangent at ‘t’ point. Hence equation of the tangent at ‘t’ point is
sin t y x
y  a sin 3 t  
cos t

x  a cos 3 t  
sin t
 a sin 2 t  
cos t
 a cos 2 t

 x sec t  y cos ec t  a Ans. (B)

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 Application of Derivatives

Example # 3 The equation of the normal to the curve y  x  sin x cos x at x  is -
2
(A) x  2 (B) x   (C) x    0 (D) 2 x  
  
Solution : Q x  y   0  , so the given point    ,  
2 2 2 2 2
dy dy
Now from the given equation  1  cos 2 x  sin 2 x     1  0 1  0
dx  dx    ,  
 2 2

  
 The curve has vertical normal at  ,  .
2 2

The equation to this normal is x =
2

 x  0  2x  
2
Ans. (D)

Example # 4 The equation of normal to the curve x  y  x y , where it cuts x-axis is -

(A) y  x  1 (B) y   x  1 (C) y  x  1 (D) y   x  1

Solution : Given curve is x  y  x y ..... (i)

at x-axis y=0,

 x  0  x0  x = 1
 Point is A (1, 0)
Now to differentiate x  y  x y take log on both sides

1  dy  1 dy
 log  x  y   y log x  1    y.   log x 
xy dx  x dx

 dy   dy 
Putting x  1, y  0 1    0   dx   1
 dx  1,0 

 slope of normal = 1
y0
Equation of normal is, 1  y  x 1 Ans. (C)
x 1

ANGLE OF INTERSECTION BETWEEN TWO CURVES :

y
Angle of intersection between two curves is
defined as the angle between the two tangents
drawn to the two curves at their pointof 
intersection.
x
O
Orthogonal curves :
If the angle between two curves at each point of intersection is 90° then they are called orthogonal curves.
For example, the curves x2 + y2 = r2 & y = mx are orthogonal curves.

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 Application of Derivatives

LENGTH OF TANGENT, SUBTANGENT, NORMAL & SUBNORMAL :

y = f(x)

nt
nge
of ta
gth
Len

le n o r m a l
n
gth
P(x1, y1)

of



x
T O M N
dy
Length tan  =
Length of subtangent of dx
subnormal

y1 1  [f '(x1 )]2
(a) Length of the tangent (PT) = f '(x1 )

y1
(b) Length of Subtangent (MT) = f ' x
 1
2
(c) Length of Normal (PN) = y1 1   f '  x1  

(d) Length of Subnormal (MN) = |y1 f'(x1)|

Example # 5 The angle of intersection between the curve x2  32 y and y2  4 x at point (16, 8) is -

1  3  1  4 
(A) 60° (B) 90° (C) tan   (D) tan  
5 3

dy x dy 2
Solution : x2  3 2 y    y2  4 x  
dx 1 6 dx y

 dy   dy  1
 at 1 6, 8  ,    1,   
 dx  1  dx  2 4

 1 
  
So required angle  tan 1  4   tan 1  3  Ans. (C)
 5 
1 1  1  
  
 4  

Example # 6 Check the orthogonality of the curves y2 = x & x2 = y.

Solution : Solving the curves simultaneously we get points of intersection as (1, 1) and (0, 0).

 dy  1
At (1,1) for first curve 2 y    1  m1  y
 dx 1 2
(1,1)

 dy  x
2 x     m2  2 O
& for second curve
 dx 2

m1m2 –1 at (1,1).

But at (0, 0) clearly x-axis & y-axis are their respective tangents hence they are orthogonal at
(0,0) but not at (1,1). Hence these curves are not said to be orthogonal.

4
 Application of Derivatives
2
Example # 7 If curve y  1  ax2 and y  x intersect orthogonally then the value of a is -
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 3
2 3

dy dy
Solution : y  1  ax2   2 ax y  x2   2x
dx dx

 dy   dy 
Two curves intersect orthogonally if  dx   dx   1
1 2

  2ax 2 x   1  4 ax2  1 ..... (i)

Now eliminating y from the given equations we have 1  ax2  x2

 1  a  x2  1 ..... (ii)

4a 1
Eliminating x 2 from (i) and (ii) we get 1 a  Ans. (B)
1a 3

Example # 8 The length of the normal to the curve x  a    sin  , y  a 1  cos  at   is -
2
a a
(A) 2a (B) (C) 2a (D)
2 2
 dy 
dy  d  a sin    dy   
Solution :    tan    tan    1
dx  dx  a 1  cos   2  dx    4
 d  2

  
Also at   , y  a  1  cos   a
2  2
2
 dy 
 required length of normal  y 1     a 1  1  2a Ans. (C)
dx
 t
Example # 9 The length of the tangent to the curve x  a  cos t  log tan  , y  a sin t is
 2
(A) ax (B) ay (C) a (D) xy

dy  dy   dx  a cos t
Solution :   dt    tan t
dx  dt   1 
a   sin t 
 sin t 

2
 dy 
1 
 dx  1  tan 2 t  sec t 
 length of the tangent  y  a sin t  a sin t  a
 dy  tan t  tan t 
 dx 

Ans. (C)

SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO CURVES :

Shortest distance between two non-intersecting curves always lies SD

along the common normal. (Wherever defined)

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 Application of Derivatives

Note : Given a fixed point A(a, b) and a moving point P(x, ƒ (x)) on the curve y = ƒ (x). A(a,b)

P
(x, f(x))

Then AP will be maximum or minimum if it is normal to the curve at P.

Proof : F(x) = (x – a)2 + (ƒ (x) – b))2  F '(x) = 2(x – a) + 2(ƒ (x) – b) . ƒ '(x)

 xa  f(x)  b
 ƒ '(x) =    . Also mAP = . Hence ƒ '(x) . mAP = –1.
 f(x)  b  xa

Example # 10 Find the co-ordinates of the point on the curve x2 = 4y, which is at least distance from the line
y = x – 4.
Solution : Let P(x1y1) be a point on the curve x2 = 4y
at which normal is also a perpendicular to the line y = x – 4.
dy dy x
Slope of the tangent at (x1, y1) is 2x = 4   1
dx dx (x1 , y1 ) 2 P
(x1, y1
)

x1
 = 1  x1 = 2
2
2
 x 1 = 4y1  y1 = 1
Hence required point is (2, 1)

2
 2 9 
Example # 11 Find the minimum value of (x1 – x2)2 +  2  x1   where x1  0, 2  and x2  R+
 x2 
2
 2 9
Solution : d2 = (x1 – x2)2 +  2  x1  
 x2 

 9 

The above expression is the square of the distance between the points x1 , 2  x12 ,  x 2 ,


x 2 
which lie on the curves x2 + y2 = 2 and xy = 9 respectively.
Now, the minimum value of the expression means square of the shortest distance between the
two curves. Slope of the normal at P(x2, y2) on the curve xy = 9
dy 9

dx x 2
P
(x2, y
x 22 y2 Q
(x1 , 2 )
Slope of OP =   x2y2 = 9 y1 )
9 x2 O

x24  81  x2 = ± 3
 y2 = ± 3
(x2, y2)  (3, 3)
Now, shortest distance = PQ = OP – OQ = 3 2  2  2 2

Derivative as rate of change

In various fields of applied mathematics one has the quest to know the rate at which one variable is
changing, with respect to other. The rate of change naturally refers to time. But we can have rate of
change with respect to other variables also.

An economist may want to study how the investment changes with respect to variations in interest
rates.

A physician may want to know, how small changes in dosage can affect the body's response to a drug.
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 Application of Derivatives

A physicist may want to know the rate of charge of distance with respect to time.

All questions of the above type can be interpreted and represented using derivatives.

Definition : The average rate of change of a function f(x) with respect to x over an interval [a, a + h] is
f (a  h )  f ( a )
defined as .
h
f (a  h )  f ( a )
Definition : The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with respect to x is defined as f(x) = hlim
0
,
h
provided the limit exists.

Note : To use the word 'instantaneous', x may not be representing time. We usually use the word 'rate of
change' to mean 'instantaneous rate of change'.

Example # 12 If area of circle increases at a rate of 2cm 2 /sec, then find the rate at which area of the inscribed
square increases.
Solution : Area of circle, A1 = r2. Area of square, A2 = 2r2 (see figure)
dA 1 dr dA 2 dr
= 2r , = 4r .
dt dt dt dt
dr dr 1
 2 = 2r .  r =
dt dt 
dA 2 1 4
 =4. = cm 2/sec
dt  
4
 Area of square increases at the rate cm 2/sec.


Example # 13 The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9cm3/s. How fast is the surface area increasing
when the length of an edge is 10cm ?

Solution : Let x be the length of side, V be the volume and S be the surface area of the cube. Then
V= x3 and S = 6x2, where x is a function of time t.

dV d dx
 9 cm 3 / s  (x 3 )  3 x 2
dt dt dt

dx 3
  2
dt x

dS d  3  36
 (6 x 2 )  1 2 x  2  
dt dt x  x

dS 
= 3.6 cm 2/s.
dt  x 10 cm
Example # 14 Sand is pouring from pipe at the rate of 12 cm 3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground
in such a way that the height of the cone is always one - sixth of radius of base. How fast is the
height of the sand cone increasing when height is 4 cm?
1
Solution. V= r 2 h
3
r
but h=
6
1
 V=  (6h)2 h
3
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 Application of Derivatives
 V = 12 h3
dV dh
= 36 h2.
dt dt

dV
when, = 12 cm 3/s and h = 4 cm
dt

dh 12 1
= = cm/sec.
dt 36.( 4)2 48 
Error and Approximation :
Let y = f(x) be a function. If these is an error x in x then corresponding error in y is y = f(x + x) – f(x).
f ( x  x )  f ( x ) dy
We have lim = = f(x)
x 0 x dx
We define the differential of y, at point x, corresponding to the increment x as f(x) x and denote it by dy.
i.e. dy = f(x) x.
Let P(x, f(x)), Q((x + x), f(x + x)) (as shown in figure)
y = QS,
x = PS,
dy = RS
In many practical situations, it is easier to evaluate dy but not y.
Example # 15. Find the approximate value of 251/3.
Sol. Let y = x1/3
Let x = 27 and x = –2
Now y = (x + x)1/3 – x1/3 = (25)1/3 – 3
dy
x = 251/3 – 3
dx
At x = 27, 251/3 = 3 – 0.074 = 2.926
Example # 16 Find the approximate value of square root of 25.2.

Solution : Let f(x) = x

x
Now, f(x + x) – f(x) = f'(x) . x =
2 x
we may write, 25.2 = 25 + 0.2
Taking x = 25 and x = 0.2, we have
0.2
f(25.2) – f(25) =
2 25

0.2
or f(25.2) – 25   0.02  f(25.2) = 5.02
10

or 25.2   5.02

Monotonicity of a function :
Let f be a real valued function having domain D(D  R) and S be a subset of D. f is said to be monotonically
increasing (non decreasing) (increasing) in S if for every x 1, x 2  S, x 1 < x 2  f(x1)  f(x2). f is said to be
monotonically decreasing (non increasing) (decreasing) in S if for every x1, x 2  S, x1 < x 2  f(x 1)  f(x2)
f is said to be strictly increasing in S if for x 1, x 2  S, x 1 < x 2  f(x 1) < f(x2). Similarly, f is said to be
strictly decreasing in S if for x 1, x 2  S, x 1 < x2  f(x 1) > f(x 2) .
Notes : (i) f is strictly increasing  f is monotonically increasing (non decreasing). But converse need
not be true.
(ii) f is strictly decreasing  f is monotonically decreasing (non increasing). Again, converse need

8
 Application of Derivatives
not be true.
(iii) If f(x) = constant in S, then f is increasing as well as decreasing in S
(iv) A function f is said to be an increasing function if it is increasing in the domain. Similarly, if f is
decreasing in the domain, we say that f is monotonically decreasing
(v) f is said to be a monotonic function if either it is monotonically increasing or monotonically
decreasing
(vi) If f is increasing in a subset of S and decreasing in another subset of S, then f is non monotonic
in S.

Application of differentiation for detecting monotonicity :

Let  be an interval (open or closed or semi open and semi closed)
(i) If f(x) > 0  x  , then f is strictly increasing in 
(ii) If f(x) < 0  x  , then f is strictly decreasing in 
Note : Let I be an interval (or ray) which is a subset of domain of f. If f (x) > 0,  x   except for countably
many points where f (x) = 0, then f(x) is strictly increasing in .
{f (x) = 0 at countably many points  f (x) = 0 does not occur on an interval which is a subset of  }
Let us consider another function whose graph is shown below for x  (a, b).

Here also f(x)  0 for all x  (a, b). But, note that in this case, f(x) = 0 holds for all x  (c, d) and (e,b).
Thus the given function is increasing (monotonically increasing) in (a, b), but not strictly increasing.

 
Example # 17 : Prove that the function f  x   log x  x  1 is entirely increasing.
3 6


Solution : Now, f  x   log x  x  1
3 6

1  2 6 x5  3 x2
 f 'x   3 x   0
x 3  x6  1  2 x6  1  x6  1
 f(x) is increasing.

Example # 18 : Let f(x) = x – sinx. Find the intervals of monotonicity.

Solution : f(x) = 1 – cosx
Now, f(x) > 0 every where, except at x = 0, ± 2, ± 4 etc. But all these points are discrete
(countable) and do not form an interval. Hence we can conclude that f(x) is strictly increasing
in R. In fact we can also see it graphically.

Example # 19 : Find the intervals in which f(x) = x 3 – 3x + 2 is increasing.

Solution : f(x) = x3 – 3x + 2
f(x) = 3(x 2 – 1)
9
 Application of Derivatives

f(x) = 3(x – 1) (x + 1)

for M.. f(x)  0  3(x – 1) (x + 1) 0

 x  (– , – 1]  [1, ), thus f is increasing in (– , –1] and also in [1, )

Example # 20 :Find the intervals of monotonicity of the function y  x2  log e x ,  x  0  .

Solution : Let y  f  x   x2  log e x

 1
 x 2  log e   x  , x  0 2 x    x   1  , x  0

fx   2  f '  x  
 x  log e  x  , x  0  2x  1 , x  0
 x
1
 f '  x  2 x  ; for all x  x  0  + – +
x
1 0 1
–
2 2
f '  x 
2 x2  1
 f '  x 
 2x 1  2x 1 
x x
 1   1   1   1 
So f '  x   0 when x    ,0   ,  and f '  x   0 when x   ,     0, 
 2   2  2  2

 1   1 
 f(x) is increasing when x    ,0   , 
2   2 
 1   1 
and decreasing when x   ,     0,  Ans.
2  2

Example # 21 : Find the intervals of monotonicity of the following functions.

(i) f(x) = x 2 (x – 2)2 (ii) f(x) = x n x
(iii) f(x) = sinx + cosx ; x  [0, 2]
Solution : (i) f(x) = x 2 (x – 2)2  f(x) = 4x (x – 1) (x – 2)

observing the sign change of f(x)

Hence increasing in [0, 1] and in [2, )
and decreasing for x  (– , 0] and [1, 2]
(ii) f(x) = x n x
f(x) = 1 + n x
1
f(x)  0  n x  – 1  x
e
1   1
 increasing for x   ,   and decreasing for x  0 ,  .
 e   e 
(iii) f(x) = sinx + cosx
f(x) = cosx – sinx
for increasing f(x)  0  cosx  sinx
   5 
 f is increasing in 0 ,  and  , 2
 4   4 
  5 
f is decreasing in  , 
4 4 
Note : If a function f(x) is increasing in (a, b) and f(x) is continuous in [a, b], then f(x) is increasing on [a, b]

Example # 22: f(x) = [x] is a step up function. Is it a strictly increasing function for x  R.
Solution : No, f(x) = [x] is increasing (monotonically increasing) (non-decreasing), but not strictly increasing
function as illustrated by its graph.

10
 Application of Derivatives

Example # 23 : If f(x) = sin4x + cos 4x + bx + c, then find possible values of b and c such that f(x) is monotonic
for all x  R
Solution : f(x) = sin4x + cos4x + bx + c
f(x) = 4 sin3x cosx – 4cos 3x sinx + b = – sin4x + b.
Case - (i) : for M.I. f(x)  0 for all x  R
 b  sin4x for all x  R  b1
Case - (ii) : for M.D. f(x)  0 for all x  R
 b sin4x for all x  R  b–1
Hence for f(x) to be monotonic b  (– , – 1]  [1, ) and c  R.

Example # 24:Find possible values of 'a' such that f(x) = e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2x is monotonically increasing for
xR
Solution : f(x) = e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2x
f(x) = 2e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2
Now, 2e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2  0 for all x  R
 x 1 
 2  e  x  – (a + 1)  0 for all x  R
 e 
 x 1 
(a + 1) < 2  e  x  for all x  R
 e 
 1 
 a+14  e x  x has min imum value 2 
 e 
 a3
Aliter (Using graph)
2e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2  0 for all x  R
putting ex = t ; t  (0, )
2t2 – (a + 1) t + 2  0 for all t  (0, )
Case - (i) : D0
 (a + 1)2 – 4  0
 (a + 5) (a – 3) 0
 a  [– 5, 3]
or
Case - (ii) : both roots are non positive

b
D0 & – <0 & f(0)  0
2a

a 1
 a  (– , – 5]  [3, ) & <0 & 20
4
 a  (– , – 5]  [3, ) & a<–1 & aR
 a  (– , – 5]
Taking union of (i) and (ii), we get a  (– , 3].

Monotonicity of function about a point :

1. A function f(x) is called as a strictly increasing function about a point (or at a point) a  Df if it is strictly
increasing in an open interval containing a (as shown in figure).

11
 Application of Derivatives

2. A function f(x) is called a strictly decreasing function about a point x = a, if it is strictly decreasing in
an open interval containing a (as shown in figure).

Note : If x = a is a boundary point then use the appropriate one sided inequality to test monotonicity of f(x).

e.g. : Which of the following functions (as shown in figure) is increasing, decreasing or neither increasing nor
decreasing at x = a.

(i) (ii)

12
 Application of Derivatives

(iii) (iv)

Test for increasing and decreasing functions about a point

Let f(x) be differentiable.
(1) If f(a) > 0 then f(x) is increasing at x = a.
(2) If f(a) < 0 then f(x) is decreasing at x = a.
(3) If f(a) = 0 then examine the sign of f(x) on the left neighbourhood and the right neighbourhood
of a.
(i) If f(x) is positive on both the neighbourhoods, then f is increasing at x = a.
(ii) If f(x) is negative on both the neighbourhoods, then f is decreasing at x = a.
(iii) If f(x) have opposite signs on these neighbourhoods, then f is non-monotonic at x = a.
Example # 25: Let f(x) = x3 – 3x + 2. Examine the monotonicity of function at points x = 0, 1, 2.
Solution : f(x) = x3 – 3x + 2
f(x) = 3(x 2 – 1)
(i) f(0) = – 3  decreasing at x = 0
(ii) f(1) = 0
also, f(x) is positive on left neighbourhood and f(x) is negative in right neighbourhood.
 neither increasing nor decreasing at x = 1.
(iii) f(2) = 9  increasing at x = 2
Note : Above method is applicable only for functions those are continuous at x = a.

Global Maximum :
A function f(x) is said to have global maximum on a set E if there exists at least one c E such that f(x)  f(c)
for all x E.

We say global maximum occurs at x = c and global maximum (or global maximum value) is f(c).

Local Maxima :
A function f(x) is said to have a local maximum at x = c if f(c) is the greatest value of the function in a small
neighbourhood (c – h, c + h), h > 0 of c.
i.e. for all x (c – h, c + h), x c, we have f(x)  f(c).
i.e. f(c – )  f(c)  f(c + ), 0 < h
Note : If x = c is a boundary point then consider (c – h, c) or (c, c + h) (h > 0) appropriately.

Global Minimum :
A function f(x) is said to have a global minimum on a set E if there exists at least one c E such that f(x) 
f(c) for all x E.

Local Minima :
A function f(x) is said to have a local minimum at x = c if f(c) is the least value of the function in a small
neighbourhood (c – h, c + h), h > 0 of c.
i.e. for all x (c –h, c + h), x c, we have f(x)  f(c).
i.e. f(c – )  f(c)  f(c + ), 0 < h
Extrema :
A maxima or a minima is called an extrema.
Explanation : Consider graph of y = f(x), x [a, b]

13
 Application of Derivatives

x = a, x = c2, x = c4 are points of local maxima, with maximum values f(a), f(c2), f(c4) respectively.
x = c1, x = c3, x = b are points of local minima, with minimum values f(c1), f(c3), f(b) respectively
x = c2 is a point of global maximum
x = c3 is a point of global minimum
Consider the graph of y = h(x), x [a, b)
h(c4)

h(c1)
h(c3)
h(c2)
h(a)

a c1 c2 c3 c4 b

x = c1, x = c4 are points of local maxima, with maximum values h(c1), h(c4) respectively.
x = a, x = c2 are points of local minima, with minimum values h(a), h(c2) respectively.
x = c3 is neither a point of maxima nor a minima.
Global maximum is h(c4)
Global minimum is h(a)

Note:
(i) the maximum & minimum values of a function are also known as local/relative maxima or
local/relative minima as these are the greatest & least values of the function relative to
some neighbourhood of the point in question.
(ii) the term 'extremum' (or extremal) or 'turning value' is used both for maximum or a minimum
value.
(iii) a maximum (minimum) value of a function may not be the greatest (least) value in a finite interval.
(iv) a function can have several maximum & minimum values & a minimum value may even be
greater than a maximum value.
(v) local maximum & local minimum values of a continuous function occur alternately & between
two consecutive local maximum values there is a local minimum value & vice versa.

| x | 0  | x |  2
Example # 26: Let f(x) =  . Examine the behaviour of f(x) at x = 0.
 1 x0
Solution : f(x) has local maxima at x = 0 (see figure).

 (b 3  b 2  b  1)
 – x3  0  x 1
Example # 27: Let f(x) =  (b 2  3b  2)
2x  3 1 x  3

Find all possible values of b such that f(x) has the smallest value at x = 1.

14
 Application of Derivatives

Solution. Such problems can easily be solved by graphical approach (as in figure).

Hence the limiting value of f(x) from left of x = 1 should be either greater or equal to the value of function
at x = 1.
lim f(x)  f(1)
x 1

(b 3  b 2  b  1)
 –1+ –1
(b 2  3b  2)

(b 2  1)(b  1)
 0
(b  1) (b  2)
 b  (– 2, –1)  [1, + )

Maxima, Minima for differentiable functions :

Mere definition of maxima, minima becomes tedious in solving problems. We use derivative as a tool to
overcome this difficulty.
A necessary condition for an extrema :
Let f(x) be differentiable at x = c.
Theorem : A necessary condition for f(c) to be an extremum of f(x) is that f(c) = 0.
i.e. f(c) is extremum  f(c) = 0
Note : f(c) = 0 is only a necessary condition but not sufficient
i.e. f(c) = 0  
 f(c) is extremum.

Consider f(x) = x3
f(0) = 0
but f(0) is not an extremum (see figure).

Sufficient condition for an extrema :

Let f(x) be a differentiable function.

Theorem : A sufficient condition for f(c) to be an extremum of f(x) is that f(x) changes sign as x passes through c.
i.e. f(c) is an extrema (see figure)  f(x) changes sign as x passes through c.

x = c is a point of maxima. f(x) changes sign from positive to negative.

15
 Application of Derivatives

x = c is a point of local minima (see figure), f(x) changes sign from negative to positive.

Stationary points :
The points on graph of function f(x) where f(x) = 0 are called stationary points.
Rate of change of f(x) is zero at a stationary point.

Example # 16: Find stationary points of the function f(x) = 4x3 – 6x2 – 24x + 9.
Solution : f(x) = 12x2 – 12x – 24
f(x) = 0  x = – 1, 2
f(– 1) = 23, f(2) = – 31
(– 1, 23), (2, – 31) are stationary points
Example # 17: If f(x) = x3 + ax 2 + bx + c has extreme values at x = – 1 and x = 3. Find a, b, c.
Solution. Extreme values basically mean maximum or minimum values, since f(x) is differentiable function so
f(– 1) = 0 = f(3)
f(x) = 3x 2 + 2ax + b
f(3) = 27 + 6a + b = 0
f(– 1) = 3 – 2a + b = 0
 a = – 3, b = – 9, c  R

First Derivative Test :

Let f(x) be continuous and differentiable function.

Step -  Find f(x)
Step - . Solve f(x) = 0, let x = c be a solution. (i.e. Find stationary points)
Step - . Observe change of sign
(i) If f(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x crosses c from left to right then x = c is a point of
local minima
(ii) If f(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x crosses c from left to right then x = c is a point of
local maxima.
(iii) If f(x) does not changes sign as x crosses c then x = c is neither a point of maxima nor minima.

Example # 28: Find the points of maxima or minima of f(x) = x2 (x – 2)2.

Solution. f(x) = x2 (x – 2)2
f(x) = 4x (x – 1) (x – 2)
f(x) = 0  x = 0, 1, 2
examining the sign change of f(x)

Hence x = 1 is point of maxima, x = 0, 2 are points of minima.

Note : In case of continuous functions points of maxima and minima are alternate.

Example # 29: Find the points of maxima, minima of f(x) = x3 – 12x. Also draw the graph of this functions.

Solution. f(x) = x3 – 12x

f(x) = 3(x 2 – 4) = 3(x – 2) (x + 2)
f(x) = 0  x=±2

16
 Application of Derivatives

For tracing the graph let us find maximum and minimum values of f(x).

x f(x)
2  16
 2  16

1
Example # 30 : Let f(x) = x + ; x 0. Discuss the local maximum and local minimum values of f(x).
x

1 x 2  1 (x  1)(x  1)
+ – +
Solution : Here, f'(x) = 1 – =  –1 1
x2 x2 x2
Using number line rule, f(x) will have local maximum at x = –1 and local minimum at x = 1
 local maximum value of f(x) = –2 at x = –1
and local minimum value of f(x) = 2 at x = 1

Example # 31 : Show that f(x) = (x3 – 6x 2 + 12x – 8) does not have any point of local maxima or minima. Hence
draw graph
Solution. f(x) = x3 – 6x 2 + 12x – 8
f(x) = 3(x2 – 4x + 4)
f(x) = 3(x – 2)2
f(x) = 0  x=2
but clearly f(x) does not change sign about x = 2. f(2+) > 0 and f(2–) > 0. So f(x) has no point
of maxima or minima. In fact f(x) is a monotonically increasing function for x  R.

Example # 32 : Let f(x) = x 3 + 3(a – 7)x 2 + 3(a2 – 9) x – 1. If f(x) has positive point of maxima, then find possible
values of 'a'.
Solution. f(x) = 3 [x 2 + 2(a – 7)x + (a2 – 9)]
Let ,  be roots of f(x) = 0 and let  be the smaller root. Examining sign change of f(x).

Maxima occurs at smaller root  which has to be positive. This basically implies that both
roots of f(x) = 0 must be positive and distinct.
29
(i) D>0  a<
7
b
(ii) – >0  a<7
2a
(iii) f(0) > 0  a  (– , – 3) (3, )

17
 Application of Derivatives

 29 
from (i), (ii) and (iii)  a  (– , – 3)   3, 
 7 

Example # 33 : If f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 36x + 6 has local maximum and minimum at x = a and x = b respectively,
then ordered pair (a, b) is -
(A) (3, –2) (B) (2, –3) (C) (–2, 3) (D) (–3, 2)
Solution : f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 36x + 6
f'(x) = 6x2 – 6x – 36 & f''(x) = 12x – 6
Now f'(x) = 0  6(x2 – x – 6) = 0  (x – 3) (x + 2) = 0  x = –2, 3
f''(–2) = –30
 x = –2 is a point of local maximum
f''(3) = 30
 x = 3 is a point of local minimum
Hence, (–2, 3) is the required ordered pair. Ans. (C)

Maxima, Minima for continuous functions :

Let f(x) be a continuous function.

Critical points :

The points where f(x) = 0 or f(x) is not differentiable are called critical points.

Stationary points  Critical points.

Example # 34 : Find critical points of f(x) = max (sinx, cosx) , x  (0, 2).

Solution :

  5
From the figure it is clear that f(x) has three critical points x = , , .
4 2 4
Important Note :
For f(x) defined on a subset of R, points of extrema (if exists) occur at critical points

Example # 35 : Find the possible points of Maxima/Minima for f(x) = |x 2 – 2x| (x  R)

x 2  2x x  2
 2
Solution. f(x) = 2x  x 0x2
x 2  2x x  0


2( x  1) x  2

f(x) = 2(1  x ) 0  x  2
2( x  1) x  0

f(x) = 0 at x = 1 and f(x) does not exist at x = 0, 2. Thus these are critical points.

18
 Application of Derivatives

 x 3  x 2  10 x x0
Example # 36 : Let f(x) =  . Examine the behaviour of f(x) at x = 0.
3 sin x x0
Solution. f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
 3 x 2  2x  10 x0
f(x) = 
3 cos x x0
f(0+) = 3 and f(0–) = – 10 thus f(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0 x = 0 is a critical point.
Also derivative changes sign from negative to positive, so x = 0 is a point of local minima.
Example # 37 : Find the critical points of the function f(x) = 4x 3 – 6x 2 – 24x + 9 if (i) x  [0, 3] (ii) x  [–3, 3]
(iii) x  [– 1, 2].
Solution. f(x) = 12(x 2 – x – 2)
= 12(x – 2) (x + 1)
f(x) = 0  x = – 1 or 2
(i) if x  [0, 3] , x = 2 is critical point.
(ii) if x  [– 3, 3], then we have two critical points x = – 1, 2.
(iii) If x  [– 1, 2], then no critical point as both x = 1 and x = 2 become boundary points.
Note : Critical points are always interior points of an interval.
Global extrema for continuous functions :
(i) Function defined on closed interval

Let f(x), x [a, b] be a continuous function

Step - I : Find critical points. Let it be c1, c2 ......., cn
Step - II: Find f(a), f(c1).........., f(cn), f(b)
Let M = max· { f(a), f(c1),..........., f(cn), f(b)}
m = min · {f(a), f(c1), ........f(cn), f(b)}
Step -  M is global maximum.
m is global minimum.
(ii) Function defined on open interval.
Let f(x), x (a, b) be continuous function.
Step - I Find critical points . Let it be c1, c2, .......cn
Step - II Find f(c1), f(c2), ........., f(cn)
Let M = max · {f(c1), .......f(cn)}
m = min· {f(c1),............,f(cn)}
Step - III Lim f(x) =  (say), Lim f(x) =  (say).
x  a 1 x  b– 2

Let  = min. {1, 2}, L = max. {1, 2}

Step - IV
(i) If m  then m is global minimum
(ii) If m >  then f(x) has no global minimum
(iii) If M  L then M is global maximum
(iv) If M < L , then f(x) has no global maximum

Example # 38 : Find the greatest and least values of f(x) = x3 – 12x x  [– 1, 3]

Solution. The possible points of maxima/minima are critical points and the boundary points.
for x  [– 1, 3] and f(x) = x 3 – 12x
x = 2 is the only critical point.
Examining the value of f(x) at points x = –1, 2, 3. We can find greatest and least values.
x f(x)
 1 11
2  16
3 9
 Minimum f(x) = – 16 & Maximum f(x) = 11.

19
 Application of Derivatives
e x  e x
Example # 39: Find the global maximum and global minimum of f(x) = in [–loge 2, loge 7].
2
e x  e x
Solution : f(x) = is differentiable at all x in its domain.
2
e x  e x e x  e x
Then f '(x) = , f ''(x) =
2 2
e x  e x
f '(x) = 0  = 0  e2x = 1  x = 0
2
f''(0) = 1  x = 0 is a point of local minimum
Points x = – loge2 and x = loge7 are extreme points.
Now, check the value of f(x) at all these three points x = –loge2, 0, loge7
Y
e  loge 2  e  loge 2 5 25
 f(–loge2) =  7
2 4

e0  e 0 5
4
f(0) = 1
2 1
–loge2 0 loge7 X
e loge 7  e  loge 7 25
f(loge7) = 
2 7

 x = 0 is absolute minima & x = loge7 is absolute maxima

Hence, absolute/global minimum value of f(x) is 1 at x = 0
25
and absolute/global maximum value of f(x) is at x = loge7
7

 x2  x ; 1 x  0

  ; x0
Example # 40 : Let f(x) = 
  1  3
log1 / 2  x   ; 0  x 
  2 2

Discuss global maxima, minima for  = 0 and = 1. For what values of  does f(x) has global
maxima

Solution : Graph of y = f(x) for  = 0

–1/2 3/2
–1

–1

No global maxima, minima

Graph of y = f(x) for  = 1

–1/2 3/2
–1

–1

Global maxima is 1, which occurs at x = 0

Global minima does not exists

20
 Application of Derivatives
Lim f(x) = 0, Lim f(x) = 1, f(0) = 
x 0  x 0
For global maxima to exists
f(0)  1    1.

Maxima, Minima by higher order derivatives :

Second derivative test :

Let f(x) have derivatives up to second order

Step - I. Find f(x)
Step - II. Solve f(x) = 0. Let x = c be a solution
Step - III. Find f(c)
Step - IV.
(i) If f(c) = 0 then further investigation is required
(ii) If f(c) > 0 then x = c is a point of minima.
(iii) If f(c) < 0 then x = c is a point of maxima.

For maxima f(x) changes from positive to negative (as shown in figure).
 f(x) is decreasing hence f(c) < 0

Example # 41 : Find the points of local maxima or minima for f(x) = sin2x – x, x  (0, ).
Solution. f(x) = sin2x – x
f(x) = 2cos2x – 1
1  5
f(x) = 0  cos 2x =  x= ,
2 6 6
f(x) = – 4 sin 2x
 
f   < 0  Maxima at x =
6 6

 5  5
f   >0  Minima at x =
 6  6

n th Derivative test :

Let f(x) have derivatives up to nth order

If f(c) = f(c) = ..........= fn–1(c) = 0 and
n
f (c) 0 then we have following possibilities
(i) n is even, f(n)(c) < 0 x = c is point of maxima
(ii) n is even, f(n)(c) > 0 x = c is point of minima.
(iii) n is odd, f(n)(c) < 0 f(x) is decreasing about x = c
(iv) n is odd, f(n) > 0 f(x) is increasing about x = c.

Example # 42 : Find points of local maxima or minima of f(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 1

Solution. f(x) = x 5 – 5x 4 + 5x 3 – 1
f(x) = 5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3)
f(x) = 0  x = 0, 1, 3
f(x) = 10x (2x2 – 6x + 3)
Now, f(1) < 0  Maxima at x = 1
f(3) > 0  Minima at x = 3
and, f(0) = 0  nd derivative test fails
21
 Application of Derivatives

so, f(x) = 30 (2x2 – 4x + 1)

f(0) = 30
 Neither maxima nor minima at x = 0.
Note : It was very convenient to check maxima/minima at first step by examining the sign
change of f(x) no sign change of f(x) at x = 0
f(x) = 5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3)

Example # 43 :Find point of local maxima and minima of f(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 1
Solution : f(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 – 1
f'(x) = 5x4 – 20x3 + 15x2 = 5x2 (x2 – 4x + 3)
= 5x2 (x – 1)(x – 3)
f'(x) = 0  x = 0, 1, 3
f''(x) = 10x(2x2 – 6x + 3)
Now f''(1) < 0  Maxima at x = 1
f''(3) > 0  Minima at x = 3
and f''(0) = 0  IInd derivative test fails
so, f'''(x) = 30(2x2 – 4x + 1)
f'''(0) = 30
 Neither maxima nor minima at x = 0.

Application of Maxima, Minima :

For a given problem, an objective function can be constructed in terms of one parameter and then
extremum value can be evaluated by equating the differential to zero. As discussed in nth derivative test
maxima/minima can be identified.

Useful Formulae of Mensuration to Remember :

1. Volume of a cuboid = bh.

2. Surface area of cuboid = 2(b + bh + h).

3. Volume of cube = a3

4. Surface area of cube = 6a2

1 2
5. Volume of a cone = r h.
3

6. Curved surface area of cone = r ( = slant height)

7. Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2rh.

8. Total surface area of a cylinder = 2rh + 2r2.

4 3
9. Volume of a sphere = r .
3

10. Surface area of a sphere = 4r2.

1 2
11. Area of a circular sector = r , when  is in radians.
2

12. Volume of a prism = (area of the base) × (height).

22
 Application of Derivatives
13. Lateral surface area of a prism = (perimeter of the base) × (height).

14. Total surface area of a prism = (lateral surface area) + 2 (area of the base)
(Note that lateral surfaces of a prism are all rectangle).
1
15. Volume of a pyramid = (area of the base) × (height).
3
1
16. Curved surface area of a pyramid = (perimeter of the base) × (slant height).
2
(Note that slant surfaces of a pyramid are triangles).

SUMMARY OF WORKING RULE FOR SOLVING REAL LIFE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM :

First : When possible, draw a figure to illustrate the problem & label those parts that are important in the
problem. Constants & variables should be clearly distinguished.
Second : Write an equation for the quantity that is to be maximized or minimized. If this quantity
is denoted by ‘y’, it must be expressed in terms of a single independent variable x. This
may require some algebraic manipulations.

Third : If y = f (x) is a quantity to be maximum or minimum, find those values of x for which dy/dx =
f (x)= 0.

Fourth : Using derivative test, test each value of x for which f (x) = 0 to determine whether it provides a
maximum or minimum or neither.

Fifth : If the derivative fails to exist at some point, examine this point as possible maximum or minimum.
Sixth : If the function y = f(x) is defined only for x  [a,b] then examine x = a & x = b for possible
extreme values.

Example # 44: If the equation x3 + px + q = 0 has three real roots, then show that 4p3 + 27q2 < 0.
Solution: f(x) = x3 + px + q, f(x) = 3x2 + p
 f(x) must have one maximum > 0 and one minimum < 0. f(x) = 0

p
 x=± ,p0
3

p p
f is maximum at x = – and minimum at x =
3 3

  p    p 
f  – f 0
 3   3 

  
 q  2p  p   q  2p  p   0
 3 3   3 3 


4p3
q2 + < 0, 4p3 + 27q2 < 0.
27

Example # 45 : A box of maximum volume with top open is to be made by cutting out four equal squares from four
corners of a square tin sheet of side length a ft, and then folding up the flaps. Find the side of the square
base cut off.
Solution : Volume of the box is, V = x(a – 2x)2 i.e., squares of side x are cut out then we will get a box
with a square base of side (a – 2x) and height x.

23
 Application of Derivatives

xx a

x x x
x x x

Removed a–2x
xx a
a–2x

dV
 = (a – 2x)2 + x·2(a – 2x)(–2)
dx
dV
= (a – 2x) (a – 6x)
dx
dV
For V to be extremum =0  x = a/2, a/6
dx
But when x = a/2; V = 0 (minimum) and we know minimum and maximum occurs alternately
in a continuous function.
Hence, V is maximum when x = a/6. Ans.

Example # 46 : A Conical vessel is to be prepared out of a circular sheet of gold of unit radius. How much sectorial
area is to be removed from the sheet so that vessel has maximum volume.
Solution : Lateral height of cone = Radius of circle = 1
Lateral area of cone = Area of circle with sector removed

 (1)2 O
i.e. r(1) = (2   2  )
2 2
A B

i.e. r = (here r is radius of cone)


Height 'h' of cone = 12  r 2

2 2
1 2 1        
Volume of cone V = r h =   12  
3 3      

 2  2
upon maximizing V, we get  =   1  
 3  3
1 2
Area of sector removed = (1) (2  ) =   1  2  Ans.
2  
3

Example # 47 : Rectangles are inscribed inside a semicircle of radius r. Find the rectangle with maximum
area.
Solution. Let sides of rectangle be x and y (as shown in figure).
 A = xy.
Here x and y are not independent variables and are related by Pythogorus theorem with r.
x2 x2
+ y2 = r2  y= r2 
4 4

x2
 A(x) = x r2 
4

x4
 A(x) = x 2r 2 
4
x4
Let f(x) = r2x 2 – ; x  (0, r)
4

24
 Application of Derivatives
A(x) is maximum when f(x) is maximum
Hence f(x) = x(2r2 – x 2) = 0  x=r 2

also f(r 2  ) < 0 and f(r 2  ) > 0

r
confirming at f(x) is maximum when x = r 2 & y = .
2
Aliter Let us choose coordinate system with origin as centre of circle (as shown in figure).
A = xy

 
 A = 2 (rcos) (rsin)  A = r2 sin2   0, 
 2 
 r
Clearly A is maximum when  =  x=r 2 and y= .
4 2

Example # 48. Show that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle circumscribed about a circle of radius ‘r’ is
6 3r. A
Sol. AQ = r cot  = AP

(
AO = r cosec
x Q P
= tan
AO  ON
r r
x = (r cosec + r) tan x O x
x = r(sec + tan)
Perimeter = p = 4x + 2AQ B x C
x N
p = 4r(sec + tan) + 2rcot
p = r(4sec + 4tan + 2cot)
dp
= r[4sec tan + 4sec2  – 2cosec2]
d
dp
for max or min =0  2sin3  + 3sin2 – 1 = 0  (sin + 1) (2sin2 + sin – 1) = 0
d
(sin + 1)2 (2sin – 1) = 0  sin = 1/2   = 30° = /6
 4.2
pleast = r  
4  8  4  6 
 2 3 = r   =r
6 3 3 
=6 3 r
 3 3   3  3

Example # 49 : Show that the triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a given circle is an equilateral
triangle.
1
Solution :  Area = (Base) × (Height)
2
For maximum area height must be maximum. Height will be maximum if triangle is an isosceles
triangle. A
Let ABC is isosceles.
Let AB = AC
Let B = C =  then A =  – 2
 COM  BOM    2  O
If r be the radius of circle
 OM = rcos( – 2) and MC = rsin( – 2)
B M C

25
 Application of Derivatives
1
 Area of ABC   BC  AM
2
1
=
2

 2r sin(  2 )  r  r cos    2   
= r2sin2(1 – cos2)
 1 
Let S = r2 sin 2   sin 4  
 2 

dS d2 S
  r 2 2 cos 2   2 cos 4  and  r 2  4 sin 2   8 sin 4 
d d2
dS
For max. or min. of S, 0
d
or cos 2   cos 4  or 4  2   2

 d2 S
  and  6 3r 2  0
3 d2  / 3


  is point of maxima
3
 2 
 B  C  and A    
3 3 3
 Area of triangle is maximum if triangle is equilateral.
Example # 50 : Among all regular square pyramids of volume 36 2 cm 3. Find dimensions of the pyramid
having least lateral surface area.
Solution. Let the length of a side of base be x cm and y be the perpendicular height of the pyramid
(see figure).
1
V= × area of base x height
3
1 2 108 2
 V= x y = 36 2  y=
3 x2
1
and S= × perimeter of base x slant height
2
1
= (4x). 
2

x2 x2
but =  y2  S = 2x  y2 = x 4  4x 2 y 2
4 4
2
4
 108 2 
 S= x  4x 2 
 2
x 
 
8.(108 )2
S(x) = x4 
x2
8.(108 )2
Let f(x) = x 4 + for minimizing f(x)
x2

16(108 )2 (x 6  66 )
f(x) = 4x 3 – 3 =0  f(x) = 4 =0
x x3
 x = 6, which a point of minima
Hence x = 6 cm and y = 3 2 .

26
 Application of Derivatives

PA + PB  AB and equality hold when P, A and B becomes collinear. Thus for minimum path length
point P is that special point for which PA and PB becom e incident and ref lected rays
with respect to the mirror y = x.

Equation of line joining A and B is y = 2x intersection of this line with y = x is the point P.

Concavity, convexity, point of inflection

A function f(x) is concave in (a, b) if tangent drawn at every point (x 0, (f(x 0)), for x0  (a, b) lie below the
curve. f(x) is convex in (a,b) if tangent drawn at each point (x 0, f(x0)), x 0  (a, b) lie above the curve.
A point (c, f(c)) of the graph y = f(x) is said to be a point of inflection of the graph, if f(x) is concave in
(c – , c) and convex in (c, c + ) (or vice verse), for some   R+.
Results : 1. If f(x) > 0  x  (a, b), then the curve y = f(x) is concave in (a, b)

2. If f(x) < 0  x  (a, b) then the curve y = f(x) is convex in (a, b)

3. If f is continuous at x = c and f(x) has opposite signs on either sides of c, then the
point (c, f(c)) is a point of inflection of the curve
4. If f(c) = 0 and f(c)  0, then the point (c, f(c)) is a point of inflection

Proving Inequalities using curvature :

Generally these inequalities involve comparison between values of two functions at some particular
points.
2 x1  x 2
x1 x2
Example # 51 : Prove that for any two numbers x 1 & x2 , 2e  e > e 3
3
Solution : Assume f(x) = ex and let x1 & x 2 be two points on the curve y = ex.
Let R be another point which divides PQ in ratio 1 : 2.

27
 Application of Derivatives
2 x1  x 2
x1 x2
y coordinate of point R is 2e  e and y coordinate of point S is e 3 . Since f(x) = ex is
3
concave up, the point R will always be above the point S.
2x  x
2e x1  e x 2 1 2

 > e 3
3
Alternate : Above inequality could also be easily proved using AM and GM.
 x1  x 2  x 3  sin x 1  sin x 2  sin x 3
Example # 52 : If 0 < x1 < x 2 < x3 <  then prove that sin   > . Hence
 3  3
prove that : if A, B, C are angles of a triangle then maximum value of
3 3
sinA + sinB + sinC is .
2

Solution :

Point A, B, C form a triangle.

sin x 1  sin x 2  sin x 3
y coordinate of centroid G is and y coordinate of point F is
3
 x1  x 2  x 3 
sin   .
 3 
 x1  x 2  x 3  sin x 1  sin x 2  sin x 3
Hence sin    .
 3  3
If A + B + C = , then
 A B C sin A  sin B  sin C
sin   
 3  3
 sin A  sin B  sin C
 sin 
3 3
3 3
  sin A  sin B  sin C
2
3 3
 maximum value of (sinA + sinB + sinC) =
2

Example # 53 : Find the points of inflection of the function f(x) = sin2x x  [0, 2]
Solution : f(x) = sin2x
f(x) = sin2x
f(x) = 2 cos2x
f(0) = 0
 3
 x= ,
4 4
both these points are inflection points as sign of f(x) change on either sides of these points.

28
 Application of Derivatives

Example # 54 : Find the inflection point of f(x) = 3x4 – 4x 3. Also draw the graph of f(x) giving due importance to
concavity and point of inflection.
Solution : f(x) = 3x4 – 4x3
f(x) = 12x 3 – 12x 2
f(x) = 12x 2 (x – 1)
f(x) = 12(3x2 – 2x)
f(x) = 12x(3x – 2)
2
f(x) = 0  x = 0, .
3
Again examining sign of f(x)

2
thus x = 0, are the inflection points
3
Hence the graph of f(x) is

Use of monotonicity for proving inequalities

Comparison of two functions f(x) and g(x) can be done by analysing the monotonic behaviour of
h(x) = f(x) – g(x)
 
Example # 55 : For x   0,  prove that sin x < x < tan x
 2
Solution : Let f(x) = x – sin x  f(x) = 1 – cos x
 
f(x) > 0 for x   0, 
 2
 f(x) is M.I.  f(x) > f(0)
 x – sin x > 0  x > sin x
Similarly consider another function g(x) = x – tan x  g(x) = 1 – sec 2x
 
g(x) < 0 for x   0,   g(x) is M.D.
 2
Hence g(x) < g(0)
x – tan x < 0  x < tan x
sin x < x < tan x Hence proved
x3
Similarly g(x) = x – – tan–1x
6
x2 1
g(x) = 1 – –
2 1 x2

x 2 (1  x 2 )
g(x) =
2(1  x 2 )
g(x) > 0 for x  (0, 1)  g(x) is M.I.
 g(x) > g(0)

29
 Application of Derivatives

  x3
Example # 56 : For x   0,  , prove that sin x > x –
 2 6
3
x
Solution : Let f(x) = sin x – x +
6
2
x
f(x) = cos x – 1 +
2
we cannot decide at this point whether f(x) is positive or negative, hence let us check for
monotonic nature of f(x)
f(x) = x – sinx
 
Since f(x) > 0  f(x) is M.I. for x   0, 
 2
 f(x) > f(0)  f(x) > 0
 f(x) is M..  f(x) > f(0)
x3 x3
 sin x – x + >0  sin x > x – . Hence proved
6 6
x
 1
Example # 57 : Prove that f(x) = 1   is monotonically increasing in its domain. Hence or otherwise draw
 x
graph of f(x) and find its range
x
 1 1
Solution : f(x) = 1   , for Domain of f(x), 1 + >0
 x  x

x 1
 >0  (–, –1)  (0, )
x
 
x   1 x  1
 1 n1    
Consider f(x) = 1   x 1 2
 x   1 x 
 x 
x
 1   1 1 
 f(x) = 1   n1    
 x   x  x  1
x
 1  1 1
Now 1   is always positive, hence the sign of f(x) depends on sign of n 1   –
 x  x 1  x

 1 1
i.e. we have to compare n 1   and
 x  1  x

 1 1
So lets assume g(x) = n 1   –
 x x 1

1 1 1 1
g(x) = +  g(x) =
1 x 2
( x  1) 2
x( x  1)2
1
x
(i) for x  (0, ), g(x) < 0  g(x) is M.D. for x  (0, )
g(x) > xlim

g(x)
g(x) > 0. and since g(x) > 0  f(x) > 0
(ii) for x  (– , – 1), g(x) > 0  g(x) is M.I. for x  (– , –1)
 g(x) > xlim

g(x)
 g(x) > 0  f(x) > 0
Hence from (i) and (ii) we get f(x) > 0 for all x  (– , –1)  (0, )
 f(x) is M.I. in its Domain

30
 Application of Derivatives

For drawing the graph of f(x), its important to find the value of f(x) at boundary points
i.e. ± , 0, –1
x
lim  1
1   = e
x   x

x x
lim 1  1  = 1 and lim  1
1   = 
x 0 x x 1 x
 
so the graph of f(x) is

Range is y  (1, ) – {e}

Example # 58 : Compare which of the two is greater (100)1/100 or (101)1/101.

Solution : Assume f(x) = x 1/x and let us examine monotonic nature of f(x)
 1  nx 
f(x) = x 1/x .  
 x2 
f(x) > 0  x  (0,e)
and f(x) < 0  x  (e,)
Hence f(x) is M.D. for x e
and since 100 < 101
 f(100) > f(101)
 (100)1/100 > (101)1/101

Rolle’s Theorem :

If a function f defined on [a, b] is

(i) continuous on [a, b]
(ii) derivable on (a, b) and
(iii) f(a) = f(b),
then there exists at least one real number c between a and b (a < c < b) such that f(c) = 0

Geometrical Explanation of Rolle’s Theorem :

Let the curve y = f(x), which is continuous on [a, b] and derivable on (a, b), be drawn (as shown in figure).

A(a, f(a)), B(b, f(b)), f(a) = f(b), C(c, f(c)), f(c) = 0.

C1 (c1, f(c1)), f(c1) = 0

C2 (c2, f(c2)), f(c2) = 0
C3 (c3, f(c3)), f(c3) = 0
The theorem simply states that between two points with equal ordinates on the graph of f(x), there exists at
least one point where the tangent is parallel to x-axis.

31
 Application of Derivatives
Algebraic Interpretation of Rolle’s Theorem :

Between two zeros a and b of f(x) (i.e. between two roots a and b of f(x) = 0) there exists at least one zero of f(x)

Example # 59 : Verify Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = (x – a)n (x – b)m , where m, n are positive real numbers, for
x  [a, b].
Solution : Being a polynomial function f(x) is continuous as well as differentiable. Also f(a) = f(b)
 f(x) = 0 for some x  (a , b)
n(x – a)n–1 (x – b)m + m(x – a)n (x – b)m–1 = 0
 (x – a)n–1 (x – b)m–1 [(m + n) x – (nb + ma)] = 0
nb  ma
 x= , which lies in the interval (a, b), as m, n  R+.
mn
Example # 60 : Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 2x in the interval [0, 2].
Solution : Here we observe that
(a) f(x) is polynomial and since polynomial are always continuous, as well as differentiable.
Hence
f(x) is continuous in the [0,2] and differentiable in the (0, 2).
&
3 2
(b) f(0) = 0, f(2) = 2 – 3. (2) + 2(2) = 0
 f(0) = f(2)
Thus, all the condition of Rolle's theorem are satisfied.
So, there must exists some c  (0, 2) such that f'(c) = 0
1
 f'(c) = 3c2 – 6c + 2 = 0  c=1±
3
1
where both c = 1 ±  (0, 2) thus Rolle's theorem is verified.
3

Example # 61 : If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 then prove that the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one real root
between 0 and 1.
ax 3 bx 2
Solution : Let f(x) = + + cx
3 2
a b
f(0) = 0 and f(1) = + + c = 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
3 2
If f(0) = f(1) then f(x) = 0 for some value of x  (0, 1)
 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 for at least one x  (0, 1)

Example # 62 : Show that between any two roots of e –x – cosx = 0 there exists at least one root of
sin x – e–x = 0.
Solution : If x = a and x = b are two distinct roots of e–x – cosx = 0
then e–a – cosa = 0 and e–b – cosb = 0 ......... (1)
–x
and let f(x) = e – cosx
We observe that
(i) e–x and cos x are continuous as well as differentiable in [a, b] then f(x) is also continuous
in [a, b] & differentiable in (a,b).

(ii) f(a)  e  a  cos a  0  {from (1)}

b

and f(b)  e  cos b  0 
i.e. f(a) = f(b) = 0
Thus f satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem in [a, b]. Hence there is at least one
value of x in (a, b), say c such that f'(c) = 0.

32
 Application of Derivatives

Now f'(c) = 0  –e–c + sinc = 0  sinc – e–c = 0

 c is a root of the equation sin x – e–x = 0.
Hence between any two roots of the equation e–x – cosx = 0 there is at least one root of the
equation sinx – e–x = 0.

Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (LMVT) :

If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b] and
(ii) derivable on (a, b)
f (b )  f (a )
then there exists at least one real numbers between a and b (a < c < b) such that = f(c)
ba

Proof : Let us consider a function g(x) = f(x) + x, x  [a, b]

where  is a constant to b determined such that g(a) = g(b).
f (b )  f (a )
 =–
ba
Now the function g(x), being the sum of two continuous and derivable functions it self
(i) continuous on [a, b]
(ii) derivable on (a, b) and
(iii) g(a) = g(b).
Therefore, by Rolle’s theorem there exists a real number c  (a, b) such that g(c) = 0
But g(x) = f(x) + 
 0 = g(c) = f(c) + 

f (b )  f (a )
f(c) = –  =
ba

Geometrical Interpretation of LMVT :

The theorem simply states that between two points A and B of the graph of f(x) there exists at least one point
where tangent is parallel to chord AB.

C(c, f(c)), f(c) = slope of AB.

Alternative Statement : If in the statement of LMVT, b is replaced by a + h, then number c between a and
b may be written as a + h, where 0 <  < 1. Thus

f (a  h )  f ( a )
= f(a + h) or f(a + h) = f(a) + hf (a + h), 0 <  < 1
h

33
 Application of Derivatives
Example # 63 : Find c of the Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 7 in the interval [1, 3].
Solution : Given f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 7 ...... (i)
 f(1) = 3 + 5 + 7 = 15 and f(3) = 27 + 15 + 7 = 49
Again f'(x) = 6x + 5
Here a = 1, b = 3
Now from Lagrange's mean value theorem
f(b)  f(a) f(3 )  f(1) 4 9  1 5
f'(c) =  6c + 5 = = = 17 or c = 2.
ba 3 1 2
Example # 64 : If f(x) is continuous and differentiable over [–2, 5] and –4  f'(x)  3 for all x in (–2, 5), then the
greatest possible value of f(5) – f(–2) is -
(A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 15 (D) 21
Solution : Apply LMVT
f(5 )  f(2 )
f'(x) = for some x in (–2, 5)
5  (2 )

f(5 )  f(2 )
Now, –4  3
7
–28  f(5) – f(–2)  21
 Greatest possible value of f(5) – f(–2) is 21.

Example # 65 : If g(x) = f(x) + f(1 – x) and f''(x) < 0; 0  x  1, show that g(x) increasing in x  [0, 1/2] and
decreasing in x  [1/2, 1]

Solution :  f''(x) < 0  f'(x) is decreasing function.

Now, g(x) = f(x) + f(1 – x)  g'(x) = f'(x) – f'(1 – x) ......... (i)

Case I : If x  (1 – x)  x  1/2

 f'(x)  f'(1 – x)  f'(x) – f'(1 – x)  0

 g'(x)  0

1 
 g(x) decreases in x   , 1 
2 

Case II : If x  (1 – x)  x  1/2

 f'(x)  f'(1 – x)  f'(x) – f'(1 – x)  0

 g'(x)  0

 g(x) increases in x  [0, 1/2]

Example # 66 : Prove that if 2a02 < 15a, all roots of x5 – a0x4 + 3ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 can't be real. It is given
that a0, a, b, c, d R.

Solution : Let f(x) = x5 – a0x4 + 3ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

f'(x) = 5x4 –4a0x3 + 9ax2 + 2bx + c

f"(x) = 20x3 – 12a0x2 + 18ax + 2b

f"'(x) = 60x2 – 24a0x + 18a = 6(10x2 – 4a0x + 3a)

34
 Application of Derivatives

Now, discriminant = 16a02 – 4. 10. 3a = 8(2a02 – 15a) < 0

as 2a02 – 15a < 0 is given.

Hence the roots of f"'(x) = 0 can not be real.

 f''(x) have one real root and f'(x) = 0 have at most two real roots so f(x) = 0 have at most
three real roots.

Therefore all the roots of f(x) = 0 will not be real.

Example # 67 : Let f : R  R be a twice differentiable function such that f(2) = 8, f(4) > 64, f(7) = 343 then show that
there exists a c  (2, 7) such that f(c) < 6c.
Solution: Consider g(x) = f(x) – x3
By LMVT

g ( 4 )  g ( 2) g (7 )  g ( 4 )
= g(c1) , 2 < c1 < 4 and = g(c2), 4 < c2 < 7
42 74
g(c1) > 0 , g(c2) < 0
By LMVT

g (c 2 )  g (c 1 )
c 2  c1 = g(c), c1 < c < c2  g(c) < 0  f(c) – 6c < 0

for same c  (c1 , c2) c (2, 7)

Example # 68 : Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, prove that if b > a > 0,

ba ba
then < tan–1 b – tan–1 a <
1  b2 1  a2

Solution : Let f(x) = tan–1 x ; x  [a, b] applying LMVT

tan 1 b  tan 1 a 
f(c) = for a < c < b and f(x) = ,
ba 1 x 2

Now f(x) is a monotonically decreasing function

Hence if a < c < b  f(b) < f(c) < f(a)

1 tan 1 b  tan 1 a 1
 < < Hence proved
1  b2 ba 1  a2

35
Application of Derivatives

Exercise-1 (Bronze)
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Equation of Tangent / Normal and Common Tangents / Normals

2at 2 2at 3
A-1. (i) Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve x = ,y  at the point for which
1 t2 1 t2
1
t= .
2

x 2 sin 1 / x x  0
(ii) Find the equation of tangent to the curve y =  at (0,0)

 0 x0

2 2
A-2. (i) Find equations of tangents drawn to the curve y – 2x – 4y+ 8 = 0 from the point (1, 2).
2
(ii) Find the equation of all possible normals to the curve x = 4y drawn from the point (1,2)

2 3
A-3. (i) Find the point on the curve 9y = x where normal to the curve has non zero x-intercept and both
the x intercept and y-intercept are equal.
2 2
(ii) If the tangent at (1, 1) on y = x(2 – x) meets the curve again at P, then find coordinates of P\
5 3
(iii). The normal to the curve 5x – 10x + x + 2y + 6 = 0 at the point P(0, –3) is tangent to the curve at
some other point(s). Find those point(s)?
2
A-4. The sum of the ordinates of point of contacts of the common tangent to the parabolas y = x + 4x + 8 and y
2
= x + 8x + 4, is
3 2 2
A-5 (i) Find common tangent between curves y = x and 112x + y = 112
1 2 2
(ii) Find common normals of the curves y = 2 and x + y – y = 0
x
–1
A-6. (i) If the tangent to the curve xy + ax + by = 0 at (1, 1) is inclined at an angle tan 2 with positive
x-axis in anticlockwise, then find a and b ?
a
 b is
3 2 2
(ii) The curve y = ax + bx + 3x + 5 touches y = (x + 2) at (–2, 0) then
2

A-7. A function is defined parametrically by the equations

 1 1
2t  t sin ; t  0  sin t ; t  0
2 2
f(t) = x =  t and g(t) = y = t
0 ; t0 0 ; t0
 
Find the equation of the tangent and normal at the point for t = 0 if exist.

Section (B) : Angle between curves, Orthogonal curves, Shortest/Maximum distance

between two curves
x 2x
B-1. Find the cosine of angle of intersection of curves y = 2 lnx and y = x –1 at (1, 0).
2
B-2Find the angle between the curves y = lnx and y = (lnx) at their point of intersections.

36
Application of Derivatives
2 2
B-3. Find the angle between the curves y = 4x + 4 and y = 36 (9 – x).
2 2 2 2
B-4. Show that if the curves ax + by = 1 and Ax + By = 1 are orthogonal then ab(A – B) = AB(a – b).
2
B-5. Find the shortest distance between line y = x – 2 and y = x + 3x + 2
2 2 2
B-6. Find shortest distance between y = 4x and (x – 6) + y = 1

-1 y
B-7. Show that the angle between the tangent at any point ‘A’ of the curve n(x2 + y2) = C tan and the line
x
joining A to the origin is independent of the position of A on the curve.

x2 y2 x2 y2
B-8. (a) Find the condition that the curves  1 &   1 may cut orthogonally.
a b a' b'
x 2
y2 x2 y2
(b) Show that the curves  1 &   1 intersect orthogonally (K1  K2).
a2  k1 b2  k1 a2  k 2 b2  k 2

Section (C) : Rate of change and approximation

C-1. A ladder of length 5 m is leaning against a wall. The bottom of ladder is being pulled along the ground away
from wall at rate of 2cm/sec. How fast is the top part of ladder sliding on the wall when foot of ladder is 4 m
away from wall.

2
C-2. x and y are the sides of two squares such that y = x – x . Find the rate of change of the area of the second
square with respect to the first square.

C-3. Water is dripping out of a conical funnel of semi-vertical angle 45° at rate of 2cm3/s. Find the rate at which
slant height of water is decreasing when the height of water is 2 cm.

C-4.A man 1.5 m tall walks away from a lamp post 4.5 m high at a rate of 4 km/hr.
(i) How fast is his shadow lengthening?
(ii) How fast is the farther end of shadow moving on the pavement?

C-5. Water is flowing out at the rate of 6 m 3/min from a reservoir shaped like a hemispherical bowl of radius R =
 2
13 m. The volume of water in the hemispherical bowl is given by V = .y (3R – y) when the water is y
3
meter deep. Find
(a) At what rate is the water level changing when the water is 8 m deep.
(b) At what rate is the radius of the water surface changing when the water is 8 m deep.

C-6. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12cc/sec. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such a
way that the height of the cone is always 1/6th of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the sand
cone increasing when the height is 4 cm.

C-7. A hot air balloon rising straight up from a level field is tracked by a range finder 500 ft from the lift-off point.
At the moment the range finder's elevation angle is /4, the angle is increasing at the rate of 0.14 rad/min.
How fast is the balloon rising at that moment?

37
Application of Derivatives

C-8. Find the approximate change in volume V of a cube of side 5m caused by increasing its side length by 2%.

Section (D): Monotonicity on an interval, about a point and inequalities, local maxima /
minima
x
D-1. Show that f(x) = –  n (1 + x) is an increasing function for x > – 1.
1 x
D-2. Find the intervals of monotonicity for the following functions.
x 4 x3 1
(i)   3x 2  5 (ii) log32 x  log3 x (iii) f(x) = x +
4 3 x 1
f ( x)  x.e x  x
2
(iv) (v) f(x) = x – tan – 1 x

D-3. Find the range of values of 'a' for which the function f (x) = x 3 + (2a + 3)x2 + 3(2a + 1)x + 5 is monotonic in
R. Hence find the set of values of 'a' for which f (x) is invertible.

D-4. Find the intervals of monotonocity of the functions in [0, 2]

(a) f (x) = sin x – cos x in x [0 , 2 ] (b) g (x) = 2 sinx + cos 2x in (0  x  2 ).

D-5. Let f (x) = 1 – x – x3. Find all real values of x satisfying the inequality, 1 – f (x) – f 3(x) > f (1 – 5x)

D-6. If g(x) is monotonically increasing and f(x) is monotonically decreasing for x R and if (gof) (x) is defined
for x R, then prove that (gof)(x) will be monotonically decreasing function. Hence prove that (g of) (x + 1)
(gof) (x – 1).

x 2 ; x0
D-7. Let f(x) =  . Find real values of 'a' such that f(x) is strictly monotonically increasing at x = 0.
ax; x0

D-8. Let f(x) = e2x – aex + 1. Prove that f(x) cannot be monotonically decreasing for x  R for any value of 'a'.

D-9. Check monotonocity at following points for

3
(i) f(x) = x – 3x + 1 at x = –1, 2
(ii) f(x) = | x – 1 | + 2 | x – 3 | – | x + 2 | at x = – 2, 0, 3, 5
1/3
(iii) f(x) = x at x = 0
2 1
(iv) f(x) = x + 2 at x = 1, 2
x

x  2x 2  5x, x  0
3
(v) f(x) =  at x = 0

 3 sin x, x0

  1    1 
 sin    sin  
Prove that         
10 9
D-10.
1 1
   
 10   9 

 3 
D-11. Prove that tan2x + 6 ln secx + 2cos x + 4 > 6 sec x for x .  ,2 
 2 

38
Application of Derivatives

D-12. If 0 < x < 1 prove that y = x ln x – (x²/2) + (1/2) is a function such that d 2y/dx2 > 0. Deduce
that x ln x > (x2/2)  (1/2).

D-13. Let f and g be differentiable on R and suppose f(0) = g(0) and f(x) g(x) for all x 0. Then show that f(x)
g(x) for all x 0.

x ; 0  x  1
D-14. Draw the graph of function f(x) =  . Graphically comment on the monotonic behaviour of f(x)
[ x] ; 1  x  2
at x = 0, 1, 2. Is f(x) M.. for x  [0, 2] ?

 3x 0  x 1
D-15. Let f(x) =  2 . Find the set of values of b such that f(x) has a local minima at x = 1.
x  nb x 1

D-16. Find the points of local maxima/minima of following functions

3 2 3 2
(i) f(x) = 2x – 21x + 36x – 20 (ii) f(x) = – (x – 1) (x + 1) (iii) f(x) = x  nx

D-17. Find points of local maxima / minima of

x x 2
(i) f(x) = (2 – 1)(2 – 2)
2 –x
(ii) f(x) = x e
(iii) f(x) = 3cos x + 10cos x + 6cos x – 3, x [0, ]
4 3 2

2/3
(iv) f(x) = 2x + 3x
x2  2
(v) f(x) =
x2  1

D-18. Draw graph of f(x) = x|x – 2| and, hence find points of local maxima/minima.


( x   )2 ; x  0
D-19. If f(x) =  , find possible values of  such that f(x) has local maxima at x = 0.

cos x ; x0

D-20. Let f(x) = sinx (1 + cosx) ; x  (0, 2). Find the number of critical points of f(x). Also identify which of these
critical points are points of Maxima/Minima.

Section (E) : Global maxima, Global minima, Application of Maxima and Minima
E-1. Find the absolute maximum/minimum value of following functions
x [–2, 2]
3
(i) f(x) = x ;
(ii) f(x) = sinx + cosx ; x [0, ]
x 2
 9
(iii) f(x) = 4x – ; x   2, 
2  2
x [0, 3]
4 3 2
(iv) f(x) = 3x – 8x + 12x – 48x + 25 ;
1  
(v) f (x) = sin x + cos 2 x ; x  0. 
2  2

Let f(x) = x ; x (– 1, 2). Then show that f(x) has exactly one point of local minima but global maximum is
2
E-2.
not defined.

39
Application of Derivatives
2 2
E-3. Find the minimum and maximum values of y in 4x + 12xy + 10y – 4y + 3 = 0.

E-4. Let f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 6

(i) Find the possible points of Maxima/Minima of f(x) for x  R.
(ii) Find the number of critical points of f(x) for x  [0, 2].
(iii) Discuss absolute (global) maxima/minima value of f(x) for x  [0, 2]
(iv) Prove that for x  (1, 3), the function does not has a Global maximum.

E-5. A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a square from each
corner and folding up the slops to form a box. What should be the side of the square to be cut off such that
volume of the box is maximum possible?

E-6. John has 'x' children by his first wife and Anglina has 'x + 1' children by her first husband. They both marry
and have their own children. The whole family has 24 children. It is given that the children of the same
parents don't fight. Then find then maximum number of fights that can take place in the family.

E-7. If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and another side of a right angled triangle is given, show that
the area of the triangle is a maximum when the angle between these sides is /3.

-1
E-8. Show that the semi vertical angle of a right circular cone of maximum volume, of a given slant height is tan
2.

E-9. A running track of 440 m. is to be laid out enclosing a football field, the shape of which is a rectangle with
semi circle at each end. If the area of the rectangular portion is to be maximum, find the length of its sides.

6
E-10. Of all the lines tangent to the graph of the curve y = , find the equations of the tangent lines of
x 3
2

minimum and maximum slope.

E-11. Find the area of the largest rectangle with lower base on the x-axis and upper vertices on the curve y =
12x².

E-12. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 cm which will sweep out a volume as large as possible
when revolved around one of its side.

1 1 1
E-13. The combined resistance R of two resistors R1 & R2 (R1, R2 > 0) is given by,   If R1 + R2 =
R R1 R 2
constant. Prove that the maximum resistance R is obtained by choosing R 1 = R2.

Section (F) : Rolle's Theorem, LMVT

F-1. Let f : [1, 2] [1, 4] and g : [1, 2] [2, 7] be two continuous bijective functions such that f(1) = 4 &
g(2) = 7. The number of solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x) in (1, 2), is:

 x 2  ab 
F-2. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function, f(x) = loge   + p, for [a, b] where 0 < a < b.
 xa  b  
 

40
Application of Derivatives

  for x  0
x sin
F-3. Using Rolle's theorem show that the derivative of the function f(x) =  x vanishes at an
 0 for x  0
infinite set of points of the interval (0, 1).

F-4. Let f(x) be differentiable function and g(x) be twice differentiable function. Zeros of f(x), g(x) be a, b
respectively (a < b). Show that there exists at least one root of equation f(x) g(x) + f(x) g(x) = 0 on (a, b).

F-5. If p (x) = 51x101 – 2323x100 – 45x + 1035, using Rolle's theorem, prove that at least one root of p(x) lies
between (451/100, 46).

F-6.If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions for 0 x 23 such that f(0) = 2, g(0) = 0, f(23) = 22, g(23) = 10,
then show that f'(x) = 2g'(x) for at least one x in the interval (0, 23).

sin 3 x sin 3 a sin 3 b

F-7. If f(x) = xe x aea beb where 0 < a < b < 2, then show that the equation f (x) = 0 has atleast one
x a b
1  x 2 1  a2 1  b2
root in the interval (a, b)

F-8. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and assume the second derivative f " exists on (a, b). Suppose that the graph
of f and the line segment joining the point a, f (a) and b, f (b) intersect at a point
where a < x0 < b. Show that there exists a point c  (a, b) such that f "(c) = 0.

F-9. Assume that f is continuous on [a, b], a > 0 and differentiable on an open interval (a, b).
f (a) f (b)
Show that if =  , then there exist x0  (a, b) such that x0 f '(x0) = f (x0).
a b

F-10. Let a > 0 and f be continuous in [–a, a]. Suppose that f ' (x) exists and f ' (x)  1 for all x  (–a, a).
If f (a) = a and f (– a) = – a, show that f (0) = 0.

F-11. Let f : [0, 1]  R be continuous with f(0) = f(1) = 0. Assume that f (x) exists on 0 < x < 1, with f (x) +
2f (x) + f(x)  0. Show that f(x) 0 for all x [0, 1].

      2
F-12. If f(x) = tanx, x  0,  then show that  f  
 5 5 5 5

PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : Equation of Tangent / Normal and Common Tangents / Normals

A-1. If a variable tangent to the curve x2y =c3 makes intercepts a, b on x and y axis respectively, then the value
2
of a b is –
3 4 3 27 3 4 3
(A) 27c (B) c (C) c (D) c
27 4 9

41
Application of Derivatives

x4
A-2. The number of values of c such that the straight line 3x + 4y = c touches the curve  x  y is –
2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

5
A-3. The numbers of tangent to the curve y – 2 = x which are drawn from point (2,2) is / are
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 5

A-4. The equation of tangent drawn to the curve xy = 4 from point (0, 1) is
1 1
  x  8   x  8   x  8
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) y  (B) y  (C) y  (D) y  8   x  
2 16 2 16 2 16 16  2

The curve y e + x = 0 has a vertical tangent at point

xy
A-5.
(A) (1, 1) (B) (0, 1) (C) (1, 0) (D) no point

A-6. Find the point of intersection of the tangents drawn to the curve x2y = 1 – y at the points where it is
intersected by the curve xy = 1 – y.
(A) (0, 0) (B) (0, 1) (C) (1, 1) (D) none of these

A-7.If the normal at the point (3t, 4/t) of the curve xy = 12 cuts the curve again at (3t 1, 4/t1) then find 't1' in terms
of 't'
9 16 9 16
(A) 3
(B) 3
(C) 3
(D)
16t 9t 16t 9t 3

subnormal
A-8. At any point of a curve is equal to -
sub tan gent
(A) the abscissa of that point (B) the ordinate of that point
(C) slope of the tangent at that point (D) slope of the normal at that point


A-9. Find length of subnormal to x = 2 cos t, y = – 3sint at t = .
4
2 7 9
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D)
9 2 2

2 1 2
A-10. The common tangent of the curves y = x + and y = 4x
x
(A) y = x + 1 (B) y = x –1 (C) y = – x + 1 (D) y = – x –1

2
A-11. The area of triangle formed by tangent at (1,1) on y = x + bx + c with coordinate axis is equal to 1 then the
integral value of b is
(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) –2

4
A-12. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = x + , that is parallel to the x-axis, is
x2
(A) y = 1 (B) y = 2 (C) y = 3 (D) y = 0

42
Application of Derivatives
3 2
A-13. Find the product of length of tangent and length of normal for the curve y = x + 3x + 4x – 1 at point x = 0.
17 15 4
(A) (B) (C) 17 (D)
4 4 17

Section (B) : Angle between curves, Orthogonal curves, Shortest/Maximum distance

between two curves
x x
B-1. The angle of intersection of y = a and y = b is given by
logab loga / b  loga / b 
(A) tan = (B) (C) (D) None
1  logab 1  loga logb 1  loga / b 

B-2. The angle of intersection of the curves 2y = x3 and y2 = 32x at origin is -

   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 6 2

3 2 2 3
B-3. Find the angle at which two curves x – 3xy + 2 = 0 and 3x y – y – 2 = 0 intersect
  
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
6 3 2
x2 y2

2 3
B-4The value of a if the curves = 1 and y = 16x cut orthogonally is
a2 4
(A) 3/4 (B) 1 (C) 4/3 (D) 4

2 2
B-5. The shortest distance between curves y = 8x and y = 4 (x–3) is
(A) 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 3 2 (D) 4 2

2
x2 y2  7
B-6. The shortest distance between curves   1 and  x    y 2  1
32 18  4
(A) 15 (B) 11/2 (C) 15/4 (D) 11/4

2
B-7. The shortest distance between the line y – x = 1 and the curve x = y is
3 2 2 3 3 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 5 4

Section (C) : Rate of change and approximation

C-1. Water is poured into an inverted conical vessel of which the radius of the base is 2 m and height 4 m, at the
rate of 77 litre/minute. The rate at which the water level is rising at the instant when the depth is 70 cm is
(use = 22/7)
(A) 10 cm/min (B) 20 cm/min (C) 40 cm/min (D) 30 cm/min

3
C-2. On the curve x = 12y. The interval in which abscissa changes at a faster rate then its ordinate
(A) (–3, 0) (B) (–, –2) (2, ) (C) (–2, 2) (D) (–3, 3)

43
Application of Derivatives

C-3. A particle moves along the curve y = x3/2 in the first quadrant in such a way that its distance from the origin
dx
increases at the rate of 11 units per second. The value of when x = 3 is -
dt
9 3 3
(A) 4 (B) (C) (D) none of these
2 2

C-4. The approximate value of tan 46° is (take = 22/7):

(A) 3 (B) 1.035 (C) 1.033 (D) 1.135

C-5. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a layer of ice of uniform thickness that melts at a rate of
3
50 cm /min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm, then the rate at which the thickness of ice decreases, is-
5 1 1 1
(A) cm/min (B) cm/min (C) cm/min (D) cm/min
6 54 18 36

C-6. A spherical balloon is filled with 4500cubic meters of helium gas. If a leak in the balloon causes the gas to
escape at the rate of 72cubic meters per minute, then the rate (in meters per minute) at which the radius
of the balloon decreases 49 minutes after the leakage began is :
(A) 9/7 (B) 7/9 (C) 2/9 (D) 9/2

Section (D): Monotonicity on an interval, about a point and inequalities, local

maxima/minima
3 2
D-1. The complete set of values of ‘a’ for which the function f(x) = (a + 2) x – 3ax + 9ax – 1 decreases for all
real values of x is.
(A) (– , – 3] (B) (– , 0] (C) [– 3, 0] (D) [– 3, )

D-2. Let f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all real values of x. If g(x) = f(x) + f'(x) +f''(x), then for
any real x -
(A) g(x) < 0 (B) g(x) > 0 (C) g(x) = 0 (D) g(x)  0

3 2 2
D-3. Let f(x) = x + ax + bx + 5 sin x be an increasing function in the set of real numbers R. Then a & b satisfy
the condition:
(A) a 3b 15 > 0 (B) a 3b + 15 0 (C) a 3b 15 < 0
2 2 2
(D) a > 0 & b > 0

| x  1|
D-4. The function is monotonically decreasing at the point
x2
(A) x = 3 (B) x = 1 (C) x = 2 (D) none of these

2 4 6 100
D-5. If f(x) = 1 + 2 x + 4 x + 6 x +...... + 100 x is a polynomial in a real variable x, then f(x) has:
(A) neither a maximum nor a minimum (B) only one maximum
(C) only one minimum (D) one maximum and one minimum

D-6. Let f : R  R be defined by

k  2x, if x  1
f ( x)  
2x  3, if x  -1
If f has a local minimum at x = – 1, then a possible value of k is
1
(A) 0 (B)  (C) –1 (D) 1
2
44
Application of Derivatives

D-7. Which of the following statement is/are true?

  
(1) f(x) = sin x is increasing in interval  , 
 2 2
  
(2) f(x) = sin x is increasing at all point of the interval  , 
 2 2
      3 5 
(3) f(x) = sin x is increasing in interval  ,  , 
 2 2  2 2 
      3 5 
(4) f(x) = sin x is increasing at all point of the interval  ,  , 
 2 2  2 2 
      3 5 
(5) f(x) = sin x is increasing in intervals  , & , 
 2 2  2 2 
(A) all are correct (B) all are false
(C) (2) and (4) are correct (D) (1), (3), (4) & (5) are correct

 x x  [1,2]

5 - x x  2,4
D-8. Let f(x) =  then which of the following statement is / are correct about f(x)?
 2 x4
7 - x x  ( 4,6]
(A) Function is strictly increasing at point x = 2
(B) Function is strictly increasing at point x = 4
(C) Function is not increasing at point x = 2 and x = 4
(D) None of these

STATEMENT-1 : eis bigger than  .

e
D-9.
STATEMENT-2 : f(x) = x is a increasing function when x [e, )
1/x

(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
(E) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is False

D-10. Let f be a function defined by –

 tan x x  0
 ,
f ( x)   x
 1, x0

Statement - 1 : x = 0 is point of minima of f

Statement - 2 : f '(0) = 0.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is not a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

D-11. The value of 'a' for which f (x) = x3 + 3 (a  7)x2 + 3 (a2  9)x  1 have a positive point of maximum lies in the
interval (a1, a2)  (a3, a4). Find the value of a2 + 11a3 + 70a4.
(A) 340 (B) 0 (C) 320 (D) 300
45
Application of Derivatives

Section (E) : Global maxima, Global minima, Application of Maxima and Minima

E-1. The greatest, the least values of the function, f(x) = 2 1  2x  x 2 , x [21] are respectively
(A) 2, 1 (B) 2, 1 (C) 2, 0 (D) –2, 3

2 2
E-2. Let f(x) = (1 + b )x + 2bx + 1 and let m(b) be the minimum value of f(x). As b varies, the range of m(b) is
 1 1 
(A) [0, 1] (B)  0,  (C)  ,1 (D) (0, 1]
 2 2 
E-3. The radius of a right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface which can be inscribed in a given right
circular cone is
(A) one third that of the cone (B) 1/ 2 times that of the cone
(C) 2/3 that of the cone (D) 1/2 that of the cone

2 2
E-4. The dimensions of the rectangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in the ellipse (x/4) + (y/3) = 1 are
(A) 8, 2 (B) 4, 3 (C) 2 8,3 2 (D) 2, 6

E-5. The largest area of a rectangle which has one side on the xaxis and the two vertices on the curve y =

e  x is
2

–1/2 –1/2 –1/2

(A) 2e (B) 2 e (C) e (D) none of these

2 2
E-6. A normal is drawn to the ellipse (x/5) + (y/4) = 1. Find the maximum distance of this normal from the
centre.
(A) 5 unit (B) 1 unit (C) 3 unit (D) 9 unit

E-7. A line is drawn passing through point P(1, 2) to cut positive coordinate axes at A and B. Find minimum area
of PAB.
(A) 5 unit (B) 1 unit (C) 3 unit (D) 4 unit

2 2
E-8. The maximum distance of the point (k, 0) from the curve 2x + y – 2x = 0 is equal to

(A) 1  2k  k 2 (B) 1  2k  2k 2 (C) 1  2k  2k 2 (D) 1  2k  k 2

Section (F) : Rolle's Theorem, LMVT

3 2
F-1. The function f(x) = x – 6x + ax + b satisfy the conditions of Rolle's theorem on [1, 3]. Which of these are
correct?
(A) a =11, b R (B) a = 11, b = – 6 (C) a = –11, b = 6 (D) a = – 11, b R

–x/2
F-2. The function f(x) = x(x + 3)e satisfies all the conditions of Rolle's theorem on [–3, 0]. The value of c which
verifies Rolle's theorem, is
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) – 2 (D) 3

46
Application of Derivatives

1
F-3. Let f : R  R be a continuous function defined by f(x) =
e  2e  x
x

Statement -1 : f(c) =1/3, for some c R.

1
Statement -2 : 0 < f(x)  for all x R.
2 2
(A) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for Statement -1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(C) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(D) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

1
F-4. If f(x) satisfies the requirements of Lagrange’s mean value theorem on [0, 2] and if f(0) = 0 and f(x)  x
2
[0, 2], then
(A) | f(x) | 2 (B) f(x) 1
(C) f(x) = 2x (D) f(x) = 3 for at least one x in [0, 2]

F-5 If ab > 0 and 3a + 5b + 15 c = 0 then which of the following statement is “INCORRECT”?

4 2
(A) there exist exactly one root of equation ax + bx + c = 0 in (–1,0)
4 2
(B) there exist exactly one root of equation ax + bx + c = 0 in (0,1)
4 2
(C) there exist exactly two root of equation ax + bx + c = 0 in (–1,1)
4 2
(D) number of roots of equation ax + bx + c = 0 can be two in (–1,0)

F-6. Consider the function for x [–2, 3]

 6 x 1
 ;
f(x) =  x 3  2x 2  5 x  6 The value of c obtained by applying Rolle's theorem for which f(c) = 0 is
 ; x 1
 x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) 'c' does not exist

47
Application of Derivatives

Exercise-2 (Silver)
PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
sin x 2
1. Equation of normal drawn to the graph of the function defined as f(x) = , x 0 and f(0) = 0 at the
x
origin is
(A) x + y = 0 (B) x y = 0 (C) y = 0 (D) x = 0

x y
 touches the curve y = be at the point
-x/a
2. The line
a b
a b  b
(A) (– a, 2b) (B)  ,  (C)  a,  (D) (0, b)
2 2  e

3. Let ƒ (x) = x3 + ax + b with a  b and suppose the tangent lines to the graph of ƒ at x = a and x = b have
the same gradient. Then the value of ƒ (1) is equal to –
1 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – (D)
3 3

4. The tangent to the curve 3xy2 – 2x2y = 1 at (1,1) meets the curve again at the point –
 16 1   16 1   1 16   1 16 
(A)  ,  (B)   ,  (C)  ,  (D)   , 
 5 20   5 20   20 5   20 5 

3 3 2
5.The equation of normal to the curve x + y = 8xy at point where it is meet by the curve y = 4x, other than
origin is
(A) y = x (B) y = –x + 4 (C) y = 2x (D) y = –2x

px
6. Determine 'p' such that the length of the subtangent and subnormal is equal for the curve y = e + px at the
point (0, 1).
1 1
(A) ±1 (B) ±2 (C) ± (D) ±
2 4

{x}
7. Number of tangents drawn from the point (–1/2, 0) to the curve y = e . (Here { } denotes fractional part
function).
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4

8. The lines tangent to the curves y3 – x2y + 5y – 2x = 0 and x4 – x3y2 +5x +2y = 0 at the origin intersect at an
angle equal to -
   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2

 x 2 , x0
9. Let f(x) =  2 Equation of tangent line touching both branches of y = f(x) is

x  8 , x0
(A) y = 4x + 1 (B) y = 4x + 4 (C) y = x + 4 (D) y = x + 1

48
Application of Derivatives

The point(s) on the parabola y = 4x which are closest to the circle, x + y 24y + 128 = 0 is/are:
2 2 2
10.

(A) (0, 0) (B) 2, 2  2  (C) (4, 4) (D) none

11. A horse runs along a circle with a speed of 20 km/hr. A lantern is at the centre of the circle. A fence is along
the tangent to the circle at the point at which the horse starts. The speed with which the shadow of the horse
move along the fence at the moment when it covers 1/8 of the circle in km/hr is -
(A) 20 (B) 60 (C) 30 (D) 40

12. If f(x) = a a
| x|
sgn x ; g( x)  a a
| x|
sgn x  for a > 1, a 1and x R, where { } & [ ] denote the fractional part and
integral part functions respectively, then which of the following statements holds good for the function h(x),
where n ah( x)  n f(x)  ng( x) .
(A) ‘h’ is even and increasing (B) ‘h’ is odd and decreasing
(C) ‘h’ is even and decreasing (D) ‘h’ is odd and increasing

13. Let f (x) be a increasing function defined on (0, ). If f (2a2 + a + 1) > f (3a2 – 4a + 1). Find the range of a.
(A) (, 5) (B) (, 3) (C) (0, 1/3)  (1, 5) (D) (1, 5)

14. If f : [1, 10] [1, 10] is a non-decreasing function and g : [1, 10] [1, 10] is a non-increasing function. Let
h(x) = f(g(x)) with h(1) = 1, then h(2)
(A) lies in (1, 2) (B) is more than 2 (C) is equal to 1 (D) is not defined

15. If f(x) = |ax – b| + c|x| is strictly increasing at atleast one point of non differentiability of the function where a
> 0, b > 0, c > 0 then
(A) c > a (B) a > c (C) b > a + c (D) a = b

16. The values of 'a' for which function f(x) = (a + 2) x3 – ax2 + 9ax – 1 monotonically decreasing for  x  R.
(A) R (B)  ,3 (C)  ,0 (D)  ,3

e x  ex
17. If g(x) is a curve which is obtained by the reflection of f(x) = by the line y = x then
2
(A) g(x) has more than one tangent parallel to x-axis
(B) g(x) has more than one tangent parallel to y-axis
(C) y = –x is a tangent to g(x) at (0, 0)
(D) g(x) has no extremum

The set of values of p for which all the points of extremum of the function f(x) = x 3 px + 3 (p 1) x + 1
3 2 2
18.
lie in the interval (2, 4), is:
(A) (3, 5) (B) (3, 3) (C) (1, 3) (D) (1, 4)

19. The complete set of values of the parameter ‘a’ for which the point of minimum of the function
2 3 x2  x  2
f(x) = 1 + a x – x satisfies the inequality <0
x 2  5x  6
(A) (3 3,2 3 )  2 3,3 3   
(B)  3 3,2 3 

(C)  3 3,2 3  (D)  3 2,2 3 
49
Application of Derivatives

20. Consider the following statements :

2 x2  1
S1 : The function y = is neither increasing nor decreasing.
x4
S2 : If f(x) is strictly increasing real function defined on R and c is a real constant, then number of Solutions
of f(x) = c is always equal to one.
S3 : Let f(x) = x ; x (0, 1). f(x) does not has any point of local maxima/minima
S4 : f(x) = {x} has maximum at x = 6 (here {.} denotes fractional part function).
(A) TTFT (B) FTFT (C) TFTF (D) TFFT

If f(x) = sin x + sin x ; –/2 < x < /2, then the interval in which should lie in order that f(x) has exactly
3 2
21.
one minima and one maxima
(A) (–3/2, 3/2) (B) (–2/3, 2/3) – {0} (C) R (D) none of these

4 3 2
22. Given P(x) = x + ax + bx + cx + d such that x = 0 is the only real root of P(x) = 0. If P(–1) < P(1), then in
the interval [–1, 1]
(A) P (–1) is the minimum and P(1) is the maximum of P
(B) P (–1) is not minimum but P(1) is the maximum of P
(C) P (–1) is the minimum and P(1) is not the maximum of P
(D) neither P (–1) is the minimum nor P(1) is the maximum of P


 x 3  x 2  10x  5, x  1
23. Let f(x) = 

 2x  log2 b  2 , x  1
 2

the set of values of b for which f(x) has greatest value at x = 1 is given

by :
(A) 1 b 2 (B) b = {1, 2}
(C) b (, 1) 
(D)  130, 2    2, 130 
Let f, g and h be real-valued functions defined on the interval [0, 1] by f(x) = e x  e  x , g(x) = xe x  e  x
2 2 2 2
24.

and h(x) = x 2e x  e  x . If a, b and c denote, respectively, the absolute maximum of f, g and h on [0, 1],
2 2

then
(A) a = b and c b (B) a = c and a b (C) a b and c b (D) a = b = c

2
25. Four points A, B, C, D lie in that order on the parabola y = ax + bx + c. The coordinates of A, B & D are
known as A(2, 3); B(1, 1) and D(2, 7). The coordinates of C for which the area of the quadrilateral ABCD
is greatest, is
(A) (1/2, 7/4) (B) (1/2, 7/4) (C) (1/2, 7/4) (D) (D) (1/2, –7/4)

26. In a regular triangular prism the distance from the centre of one base to one of the vertices of the other
base is  . The altitude of the prism for which the volume is greatest, is:
   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4

50
Application of Derivatives

27. Suppose f(x) is real valued polynomial function of degree 6 satisfying the following conditions ;
(a) f has minimum value at x = 0 and 2
(b) f has maximum value at x = 1
f (x)
1 0
x
1 1
(c) for all x, lim ln 0 1 2.
x 0 x x
1
1 0
x
Determine f (x).
(A) f (x) = x6 x5 + 2x4 (B) f (x) = x6 x5 + 2x4 + 1 (C) f (x) = x6 x5 + 2x4 (D) None of these

28. The maximum area of the rectangle whose sides pass through the angular points of a given rectangle of
sides a and b is
1 2 1 2 2 a3
(A) 2 (ab) (B) (a + b) (C) (a + b ) (D)
2 2 b

29. Let ABC is given triangle having respective sides a,b,c. D,E,F are points of the sides BC,CA,AB
respectively so that AFDE is a parallelogram. The maximum area of the parallelogram is
1 1 1
(A) bcsinA (B) bcsinA (C) bcsinA (D) bcsinA
4 2 8

30. If f(x) = (x – 4) (x – 5) (x – 6) (x – 7) then,

(A) f(x) = 0 has four roots.
(B) three roots of f(x) = 0 lie in (4, 5) (5, 6) (6, 7).
(C) the equation f(x) = 0 has only one real root.
(D) three roots of f(x) = 0 lie in (3, 4) (4, 5) (5, 6).

2
31. Square roots of 2 consecutive natural number greater than N is differ by
1 1 1 1
(A) > (B) ≥ (C) < (D) >
2N 2N 2N N

32. Two towns A and B are situated on the same side of a straight road at distances a and b respectively
perpendiculars drawn from A and B meet the road at point C and D respectively. The distance between C
and D is c. A hospital is to be built at a point P on the road such that the distance APB is minimum. Find
position of P.
abc c
(A) P is at distance of from C (B) P is at distance of from C
ab ab
ac ac
(C) P is at distance of from C (D) P is at distance of from C
ab ab
nx
33. If Rolle's theorem is applicable to the function f(x) = , (x > 0) over the interval [a, b] where a , b ,
x
2 2
then the value of a + b can be
(A) 20 (B) 25 (C) 45 (D) 10
2
34. If f(x) be a twice differentiable function such that f(x) = x for x = 1, 2, 3, then
(A) f(x) = 2 x [1, 3] (B) f(x) = 2 for some x (1, 3)
(C) f(x) = 2 x (1, 3) (D) f(x) = 2x x (1, 3)

51
 Application of Derivatives

PART - II : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

If tangent to curve 2y = ax + x at point (a, a) cuts off intercepts , on co-ordinate axes, where  +  =
3 2 3
1.
61, then the value of 'a' is equal to
(A) 20 (B) 25 (C) 30 (D) 30

2 2
2. For the curve x = t + 3t – 8, y = 2t – 2t – 5, at point (2, – 1)
(A) length of subtangent is 7/6. (B) slope of tangent = 6/7
(C) length of tangent = 85 / 6 (D) None of these

x 3 5x 2
3. The coordinates of the point(s) on the graph of the function f ( x )    7x  4 , where the tangent
3 2
drawn cut off intercepts from the coordinate axes which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, is -
(A) (2,8/3) (B) (3,7/2) (C) (1,5/6) (D) none

4. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(A) x + sinx is increasing function
(B) sec x is neither increasing nor decreasing function
(C) x + sinx is decreasing function
(D) sec x is an increasing function

If f(x) = 2x + cot x +  n  1  x 2  x  , then f(x) :

–1
5.
 
(A) increases in [0, ) (B) decreases in [0, )
(C) neither increases nor decreases in [0, ) (D) increases in (– , )

6. Let g(x) = 2f(x/2) + f(1 – x) and f(x) < 0 in 0 x 1 then g(x)
 2 2   2 2 
(A) decreases in 0,  (B) decreases  ,1 (C) increases in 0,  (D) increases in  ,1
 3 3   3 3 

Let f(x) = x for x R where m and n are integers, m even and n odd and 0 < m < n. Then
m/n
7.
(A) f(x) decreases on (– , 0] (B) f(x) increases on [0, )
(C) f(x) increases on (– , 0] (D) f(x) decreases on [0, )

8. Let f and g be two differentiable functions defined on an interval such that f(x) 0 and g(x) 0 for all
xand f is strictly decreasing on while g is strictly increasing on then
(A) the product function fg is strictly increasing on 
 (B) the product function fg is strictly decreasing on I
(C) fog(x) is monotonically increasing on 
 (D) fog (x) is monotonically decreasing on 

Let (x) = (f(x)) – 3(f(x)) + 4f(x) + 5x + 3 sin x + 4 cos x x R, where f(x) is a differentiable function
3 2
9.
xR, then
(A) is increasing whenever f is increasing (B) is increasing whenever f is decreasing
(C) is decreasing whenever f is decreasing (D) is decreasing if f(x) = – 11
52
Application of Derivatives

x  p2 pq pr
10. If p, q, r be real, then the intervals in which, f(x) = pq x  q2 qr
pr qr x  r2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) increase is x < – (p + q + r ), x > 0 (B) decrease is (– (p + q + r ), 0)
3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(C) decrease is x < – (p + q + r ), x > 0 (D) increase is (– (p + q + r ), 0)
3 3

11. Set of all values of the parameter 'a' for which the function, f(x) = sin 2x – 8(a + 1) sin x + (4a2 + 8a – 14)x
increases for all x  R and has no critical points for all x  R, may contain the interval -
(A) a > 5 (B) a <  (2  5 ) (C) a <  (3  7 ) (D) a > 7

x2 x2
12. If f(x) = ; g( x )  where 0 < x < 1, then
2  2 cos x 6x  6 sin x
(A) 'f' is increasing function (B) 'g' is decreasing function
f (x)
(C) is increasing function (D) g(f(x)) is decreasing function
g( x )

x  
13. Let f(x) = & x   0, 
sin x  2
2 3 4
Then the interval in which at least one root of equation lie   0
     5 
x  f  x  f  x  f 
 12  4  12 
             5        5  
(A)  f  , f    (B)  0, f    (C)  f  ,   (D)  f  , f   
  12   4     12     12     4   12  

 x2 
14. Consider the function g(x) = 2f   + f(6 – x2)  x  R where f  (x) > 0  x  R, then which of the
 2 
 
following is(are) true.
(A) 'g' is increasing function in (–2, 0)  (2, ) (B) 'g' is decreasing function in (–, –2) (0, 2)
(C) 'g' is decreasing function in (–2, 0)  (2, ) (D) 'g' is increasing function in (–, –2) (0, 2)

Let f(x) = (x 1) (x + x + 1). f(x) has local extremum at x = 1 if

2 n 2
15.
(A) n = 2 (B) n = 3 (C) n = 4 (D) n = 6

x  
16. If f(x) = x   0,  , then
1  x tan x  2
(A) f(x) has exactly one point of minima (B) f(x) has exactly one point of maxima
 
(C) f(x) is increasing in  0,  (D) maxima occurs at x0 where x0 = cosx0
 2

2
17. If f(x) = a  n |x| + bx + x has its extremum values at x = – 1 and x = 2, then
(A) a = 2 (B) b = – 1/2 (C) a = – 2 (D) b = ½

53
Application of Derivatives

 , 0  x 1
If f(x) =  1  x
2
18. , then
  x , x 1
(A) Maximum of f(x) exist at x = 1 (B) Maximum of f (x) doesn't exists
-1 -1
(C) Minimum of f (x) exist at x = – 1 (D) Minimum of f (x) exist at x = 1

-1
19. If f(x) = tan x – (1/2)  n x. Then
 
(A) the greatest value of f(x) on 1/ 3, 3 is /6 + (1/4)  n 3
 
(B) the least value of f(x) on 1/ 3, 3 is /3 - (1/4)  n 3
(C) f(x) decreases on (0, )
(D) f(x) increases on (– , 0)

40
20. Let f(x) = . Which of the following statement(s) about f(x) is (are) correct?
3x 4  8x 3  18x 2  60
(A) f(x) has local minima at x = 0. (B) f(x) has local maxima at x = 0.
(C) Absolute maximum value of f(x) is not defined. (D) f(x) is local maxima at x = – 3, x = 1.

x 2  3x  2
21. A function f(x) = is –
x 2  2x  3
(A) 1 is not in its domain (B) minimum at x = – 3 and maximum at x = 1
(C) no point of maxima and minima (D) increasing in its domain

For the function f(x) = x cot x, x 0

-1
22.
x
(A) there is atleast one x (0, 1) for which cot x =
-1

1 x2
 2
(B) for atleast one x in the interval (0, ), f  x   - f(x) < 1
 
(C) number of solution of the equation f(x) = sec x is 1
(D) f’(x) is strictly decreasing in the interval (0, )

23. Which of the following statements are true :

(A) If f(x) is differentiable function such that f(a) f(b) then there exist no c(a, b) such that f '(c) = 0
100
(B) The function x + sinx – 1 is strictly increasing in [0, 1]
2
(C) If a, b, c are in A.P, then at least one root of the equation 3ax – 4bx + c = 0 is positive
(D) The number of solution(s) of equation 3 tanx + x = 2 in (0, /4) is 2
3

24. Let f(x) be a differentiable function and f() = f() = 0 (< ), then in the interval (, )
(A) f(x) + f '(x) = 0 has at least one root
(B) f(x) – f '(x) = 0 has at least one real root
(C) f(x) . f '(x) = 0 has at least one real root
(D) none of these

25. Which of the following inequalities are valid –

(A) |tan x – tan y| |x – y| x, y R (B) |tan x – tan y| |x – y|
-1 -1 -1 -1

(C) |sin x – sin y| |x – y| (D) |sin x – sin y| |x – y|

54
Application of Derivatives

26. For all x in [1, 2]

Let f"(x) of a non-constant function f(x) exist and satisfy |f(x)| 2. If f(1) = f(2), then
(A) There exist some a (1, 2) such that f(a) = 0
(B) f(x) is strictly increasing in (1, 2)
(C) There exist atleast one c (1, 2) such that f(c) > 0
(D) |f(x)| < 2 x [1, 2]

1
27. For the function f(x) = x cos , x 1,
x
(A) for at least one x in the interval [1, ), f(x + 2) – f(x) < 2
(B) lim f(x) = 1
x 

(C) for all x in the interval [1, ), f(x + 2) – f(x) > 2
(D) f(x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1, )

Exercise-3 (Gold)
PART - I : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE
3 2
1. The number of distinct line(s) which is/are tangent at a point on curve 4x = 27 y and normal at other point,
is :

2. The coordinates of point at which the tangents to the curve y = x3 – 3x2 – 7x + 6 cut off on the positive semi
axis OX a line segment half that on the negative semi axis OY is given by (a,b) then a-b is

1
3.The chord of the parabola y =  a2x2 + 5ax  4 touches the curve y = at the point x = 2 and is bisected
1 x
by that point. Find 'a'.

4. If p (0, 1/e) then the number of the distinct roots of the equation  n xpx = 0 is:

5. A cubic polynomial f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d has a graph which is tangent to the x-axis at 2, has another x-
intercept at –1, and has y-intercept at –2 as shown. The values of –( a + b + c + d) equals-

55
Application of Derivatives

6. A light shines from the top of a pole 50 ft. high. A ball is dropped from the same height from a point 30 ft.
away from the light. If the shadow of the ball moving at the rate of 100ft/sec along the ground 1/2 sec.
2
later [Assume the ball falls a distance s = 16 t ft. in ' t ' sec.], then || is:

7. A variable ABC in the xy plane has its orthocenter at vertex 'B' , a fixed vertex 'A' at the origin and the third
7x 2
vertex 'C' restricted to lie on the parabola y = 1 + . The point B starts at the point (0, 1) at time t = 0
36
and moves upward along the y axis at a constant velocity of 2 cm/sec. If the area of the triangle increasing
2 7
at the rate of 'p' cm /sec when t = sec, then 7p is.
2

8. An open Can of oil is accidently dropped into a lake; assume the oil spreads over the surface as a circular
disc of uniform thickness whose radius increases steadily at the rate of 10 cm/sec. At the moment when the
radius is 1 meter, the thickness of the oil slick is decreasing at the rate of 4 mm/sec, It is decreasing at the
rate  cm/sec when the radius is 2 meters then value of 1000  is

e x  ex
2 2

9. Function defined by f(x) = is injective in [– 2, ), the least value of is
e x  ex
2 2

 3x 
10. Find lim   where [ . ] denotes the GIF.
x 0  2 sin x  tan x 

 
{Hint: For x   0,  identify which is greater (2sinx + tanx) or (3x)}
 2

–x
11. If f(x) = 2e – ae + (2a + 1) x – 3 monotonically increases for x R, then the minimum value of 'a' is
x

12. If the set of all values of the parameter 'a' for which the function
f(x) = sin2x – 8(a + 1) sin x + (4a + 8a – 14)x increases for all x R and has no critical points for all x R,
2

n ) ( n , ) then (m + n ) is (where m, n are prime numbers):

2 2
is (–, –m –

13. If  n2< log2 (2 + 3 ) <  n3, then number of roots of the equation 4cos (e x) = 2x + 2–x is

4 3 2
14. The number of distinct real roots of x – 4x + 12x + x – 1 = 0 is

15. Number of solution(s) satisfying the equation, 3x 2  2x 3  log2 ( x 2  1)  log2 x is –

1 
For –1 p 1, the equation 4x – 3x – p = 0 has ‘n’ distinct real roots in the interval  ,1 and one of the its
3
16.
2 
-1 1
root is cos(kcos p), then the value of n + is
k

2 2
17. Least value of the function, f(x) = 2 x  1  is
x2
2 1

56
Application of Derivatives

18. Real root of the equation

2013 2013 2013 2013
(x – 1) + (x – 2) + (x – 3) +...............+(x – 2013) = 0 is a four digit number. Then the sum of the
digits is :
a 3
x + (a + 2) x + (a 1) x + 2 possess a
2
19. The exhaustive set of values of 'a' for which the function f(x) =
3
negative point of minimum is (q, ). The value of q is:

f x  
1/ x

20. If f(x) is a polynomial of degree 6, which satisfies Lim1  3 
2
= e and has local maximum at x = 1 and
x 0 x 
4
 5   18 
local minimum at x = 0 and x = 2, then the value of   f   is
9  5 

 p( x ) 
21. Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having extremum at x = 1, 2 and lim1  2  = 2. Then the value of
x 0 x 
p(2) is

22. Let f be a function defined on R (the set of all real numbers) such that
f(x) = 2010 (x – 2009) (x – 2010) (x – 2011) (x – 2012) , for all x R.
2 3 4

If g is a function defined on R with values in the interval (0, ) such that f(x) = ln (g(x)), for all x R,
then the number of points in R at which g has a local maximum is
2
Maximum value of   3  4x  x 2  4  (x – 5) (where 1 x 3) is
2
23.
 

The three sides of a trapezium are equal each being 6 cms long. Let cm be the maximum area of the
2
24.
trapezium. The value of 3 is-

25. Let p(x) be a real polynomial of least degree which has a local maximum at x = 1 and a local minimum at x
= 3. If p(1) = 6 p(3) = 2 , then p(0) is

Let f : R R be defined as f(x) = |x| + |x – 1|. The total number of points at which f attains either a local
2
26.
maximum or a local minimum is

27. A sheet of poster has its area 18 m². The margin at the top & bottom are 75 cms. and at the sides 50 cms.
Let  , n are the dimensions of the poster in meters when the area of the printed space is maximum. The
2
value of  2 + n is:

28. The fuel charges for running a train are proportional to the square of the speed generated in m.p.h. and
costs Rs. 48/- per hour at 16 mph. What is the most economical speed if the fixed charges i.e. salaries etc.
amount to Rs. 300/- per hour.

Let f(x) = Max. {x , (1 – x) , 2x(1 – x)} where x [0, 1] If Rolle's theorem is applicable for f(x) on largest
2 2
29.
possible interval [a, b] then the value of 2(a + b + c) when c (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0, is

30. If f  (x) exists x R such that f(x) = f(6 – x), f (0) = 0 = f  (2) = f (5). Find the minimum number of roots
of equation (f (x))2 + f (x) f (x) = 0 in interval [0, 6].

31. For every twice differentiable function f(x) the value of |f(x)| 3 x R and for some f() + (f'()) = 80.
2

2
Number of integral values that (f'(x)) can take between (0, 77) are equal to

57
Application of Derivatives

PART - II : MATCH THE COLUMN & COMPREHENSIONS

1. Column-I Column-II
The slope of the curve 2y = ax + b at (1, –1) is –1, then a–b=2
2 2
(A) (p)

a – b = 7/2
2 3
(B) If (a, b) be the point on the curve 9y = x where normal to (q)

the curve makes equal intercepts with the axes, then

7
a – b = 4/3
2
(C) If the tangent at a point (1, 2) on the curve y = ax + bx+ (r)
2
be parallel to the normal at (–2, 2) on the curve
2
y = x + 6x + 10, then
(D) If the tangent to the curve xy + ax + by = 0 at (1, 1) (s) a–b=3
–1
is inclined at an angle tan 2 with x-axis, then

2. Column – I Column – II
x
2

(A) If curves y = 4ax and y = e a2 are orthogonal then ‘a’ (p) 3
can take value

(B) If is angle between the curves y = [| sin x | + | cos x|], (q) 1
([] denote GIF) and x + y = 5 then cosec is
2 2 2

2 2
(C) If curves y = 4a (x + a) and y = 4b (x + b) intersects (r) 5/4
each other orthogonally then a/b can be equal to____

2 2
(D) If y = x + 3x + c and x =y + 3y + c touches each other (s) 2
at (h, k) then |h + k + c| is equal to……

3. Column-I Column-II
2 1
(A) The number of point (s) of maxima of f(x) = x + is (p) 0
x2
3 3
(B) (sin– 1 x) + (cos– 1 x) is maximum at x = (q) 2

(C) If [a, b], (b < 1) is largest interval in which (r) 8/3

4 3 2
f(x) = 3x + 8x – 6x – 24x + 19 is strictly increasing
then a / b is
a3  b3
(D) If a + b = 8, a, b > 0 then minimum value of (s) –1
48

58
 Application of Derivatives

4. Column – I Column – II
sin x
(A) f(x) = , x [0,] (p) Conditions in Rolle's theorem are satisfied.
ex
1 3
(B) f(x) = sgn ((e – 1)  nx), x   ,   (q) Conditions in LMVT are satisfied.
x

2 2
 (C) f(x) = (x–1) , x [0,3]
2/5
(r) At least one condition in Rolle's theorem is not
satisfied.
  1 
  e x  1
 x , x  [ 1,1]  {0}
(D) f(x) =   1  (s) At least one condition in LMVT is not satisfied.
  e x  1 
 x0
 0,

5. Column – I Column – II
(A) A rectangle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side 4cm. (p) 65
Square of maximum area of such a rectangle is
(B) The volume of a rectangular closed box is 72 and the base (q) 45
sides are in the ratio 1 : 2. The least total surface area is
3
(C) If x and y are two positive numbers such that x + y = 60 and x y is (r) 12
maximum then value of x is
(D) The sides of a rectangle of greatest perimeter which is inscribed (s) 108
3 3
in a semicircle of radius 5 are a and b. Then a + b =

Comprehension # 1
Consider the function f(x) = x2 f(1) – xf'(2) + f''(3) such that f(0) = 2
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:

6. The values of f'(1) is -

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 1

7. Equation of tangent to y = f(x) at x = 3 is -

x
(A) y = x – 7 (B) y = –7 (C) y = 4x – 7 (D) none of these
4
8. The angle of intersection of y = f(x) and y = 2e2x is -
-1 3 -1 4 -1 6
(A) tan (B) tan (C) 0 (D) tan
4 3 7

Comprehension # 2
 x  sin x 
 x [, ], which satisfies f(x) + f(2– x) =
-1
Consider a function f defined by f(x) = sin sin 
 2 
,x [, 2] and f(x) = f(4– x) for all x [2, 4], then

9. If is the length of the largest interval on which f(x) is increasing, then =
(A) /2 (B)  (C) 2 (D) 4

59
 Application of Derivatives

10. If f(x) is symmetric about x = , then =

(A) 2 (B)  (C) 4 (D) 2

11. Maximum value of f(x) on [0, 4] is :
(A) 2 (B)  (C) 4 (D) 2

Comprehension # 3
Consider the polynomial function
f(x) = 3x4 – 4x3 – 12x2 + 5. This function has monotonicity as given below :
in (–, a1) decreasing
in (a1, a2) increasing
in (a2, a3) decreasing
in (a3, ) increasing
A rectangle ABCD is formed such that 
 (AB) = portion of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at x = a 1, intercepted between the lines x = a1
& x = a3 .
 (BC) = portion of the line x = a3 intercepted between the curve & x-axis.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

12. Triplet (a1, a2, a3) is given by -

(A) (–1, 0, 2) (B) (0, –1, 2) (C) (2, –1, 0) (D) (2, 0, –1)

13. Area of rectangle ABCD -

(A) 51 (B) 57 (C) 87 (D) 81

14. The equation f(x) = 0 has -

(A) 2 real, 2 imaginary roots (B) 2 complex, 2 irrational roots
(C) 4 real & distinct roots (D) 2 real coincident roots & 2 irrational roots


Comprehension # 4
For a double differentiable function f(x) if f(x) 0 then f(x) is concave upward and if f(x) 0 then f(x) is
concave downward

 k   k2 
Here M  1 ,0 
 k1  k 2 
k1f    k 2 f    k1  k 2  
If f(x) is a concave upward in [a, b] and , [a, b] then  f   , where k1, k2 R+
k1  k 2  k1  k 2 
k1f    k 2 f    k1  k 2  
If f(x) is a concave downward in [a, b] and , [a, b] then  f   , where
k1  k 2  k1  k 2 
k1, k2 R+ , then answer the following

60
Application of Derivatives

15. Which of the following is true

sin   sin    sin   sin     
(A)  sin ; ,   0,  (B)  sin ; ,    ,2 
2  2  2  2 
sin   sin   
(C)  sin ; ,   0,  (D) None
2  2 

16. Which of the following is true

 2
2  2  1 2n   n  2   
(A) 2 3 (B)  n 
3 3  3 
 2
tan1   tan1      e  2e 
(C)  tan1 a,b  R  (D) e 3
2  2  3

17. Let , and are three distinct real numbers and f(x) < 0. Also f(x) is increasing function and let
f 1   f 1   f 1  -1       
A= and B = f   , then order relation between A and B is ?
3  3 
(A) A > B (B) A < B (C) A = B (D) none of these

Exercise-4 (Platinum)
PART - I : JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

3
1. The real number k for which the equation, 2x + 3x + k = 0 has two distinct real roots in [0, 1]
[AIEEE 2013, (4,-1),120]
(1) lies between 1 and 2 (2) lies between 2 and 3
(3) lies between –1 and 0 (4) does not exist.

2. If f and g are differentiable functions in [0, 1] satisfying f(0) = 2 = g(1), g(0) = 0 and f(1) = 6, then for some
c]0, 1[ : [JEE(Main) 2014, (4,-1),120]
(1) f'(c) = g'(c) (2) f'(c) = 2g'(c) (3) 2f'(c) = g'(c) (4) 2f'(c) = 3g'(c)

If x = –1 and x = 2 are extreme points of f(x) = log|x| + x + x then :

2
3. [JEE(Main) 2014, (4,-1),120]
1 1 1 1
(1) = 2, =  (2) = 2, = (3) = –6, = (4) = –6, = –
2 2 2 2

4. A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are bent respectively to form a square of side = x units
and a circle of radius = r units. If the sum of the areas of the square and the circle so formed is minimum,
then [JEE(Main) 2016, (4,-1),120]
(1) (4 – ) x = r (2) x = 2r (3) 2x = r (4) 2x = (+ 4) r

61
Application of Derivatives

 1  sin x 
5. Consider f(x) = tan
-1  , x   0,   . A normal to y = f(x) at x =  also passes through the point :
 1  sin x   2 6
 
[JEE(Main) 2016, (4,-1),120]
 2     
(1)  0,  (2)  ,0  (3)  ,0  (4) (0, 0)
 3  6  4 

6. Twenty meters of wire is available for fencing off a flower-bed in the form of a circular sector. Then the
maximum area (in sq. m) of the flower-bed, is: [JEE(Main) 2017, (4,-1),120]
(1) 12.5 (2) 10 (3) 25 (4) 30

7. The normal to the curve y(x – 2)(x – 3) = x + 6 at the point where the curve intersects the y-axis passes
through the point : [JEE(Main) 2017, (4,-1),120]
 1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1
(1)   ,  (2)  ,  (3)  ,  (4)  , 
 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3

2
8. The radius of a circle, having minimum area, which touches the curve y = 4 – x and the lines, y = |x| is
[JEE(Main) 2017, (4,-1),120]

(1) 2 2  1  
(2) 2 2  1  (3) 4 2  1  
(4) 4 2  1 
2 2 2
9. If the curves y = 6x, 9x + by = 16 intersect each other at right angles, then the value of b is :
[JEE(Main) 2018, (4,-1),120]

(1) 4 (2) 9/2 (3) 6 (4) 7/2

Let f(x) = x + 1/x and g(x) = x – 1/x, x R – {–1, 0, 1}. If h(x) = f(x) / g(x) , then the local minimum value of
2 2
10.
h(x) is :   [JEE(Main) 2019, (4,-1),120]
(1)  2 2 (2) 2 2 (3) 3 (4) – 3

2
11. Let A(4, –4) and B(9, 6) be points on the parabola, y = 4x. Let C be chosen on the arc AOB of the
parabola, where O is the origin, such that the area of ACB is maximum. Then, the area (in sq. units) of
ACB, is: [JEE(Main) 2019, Online(09-01-19),P-2(4,-1),120]
1 3 1
(1) 30 (2) 31 (3) 31 (4) 32
2 4 4

1 
= 7, (x 0). A soldier positioned at the point  ,7 
3/2
12. A helicopter is flying along the curve given by y – x
2 
wants to shoot down the helicopter when it is nearest to him. Then this nearest distance is :
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online(10-01-19),P-2(4,-1),120]
1 1 7 1 7 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 3 3 6 3 6

62
Application of Derivatives

13. Let f(x) =

x

d  x  , xR, where a, b and d are non-zero real constant. Then:
a x  d  x 
2 2 2 2
b
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online(11-01-19),P-2(4,-1),120]
(1) f is neither increasing nor decreasing function of x
(2) f is an increasing function of x
(3) fis not a continuous function of x
(4) f is a decreasing function of x

14. If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local maximum and local minimum points of the function
f ( x)  9x 4  12x 3  36x 2  25, x  R , then [JEE(Main) 2019, Online(08-04-19),P-1(4,-1),120]
(1) S1  {2}; S2  { 0,1} (2) S1  {2,1}; S 2  { 0 }
(3) S1  {2,0 }; S 2  { 1} (4) S1  {1}; S 2  { 0,2 }

15. The height of a light circular cylinder of maximum volume inscribed in a sphere of radius 3 is
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online(08-04-19),P-2(4,-1),120]
2
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 3 (4) 2 3
3
16. Let S be the set of all values of x for which the tangent to the curve y  f ( x)  x 3  x 2  2x at (x,y) is parallel
to the line segment joining the points (1,f(1)) and (-1,f(-1)) , then S is equal to:
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online(09-04-19),P-1(4,-1),120]
1   1  1   1 
(1)  ,1 (2)  ,1 (3)  ,1 (4)  ,1
3   3  3   3 
1
17. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone , whose semi vertical angle is tan1 . Water
2
3
is poured into it at a constant rate of 5m /min. Then the rate (in m/min.), at which the level of water is rising
at the instant when the depth of water in the tank is 10m, is
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online(09-04-19),P-2(4,-1),120]
1 1 1 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
15 10 5 

2
18. The equation of common tangent to the curves, y =16x and xy= - 4, is:
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online(12-04-19),P-2(4,-1),120]
(1) 2x-y+2=0 (2) x-2y+16=0 (3) x-y+4=0 (4) x-2y+4=0

PART - II : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS(PREVIOUS YEARS)

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

The number of points in (– ,), for which x – x sinx – cosx = 0, is

2
1.
[JEE(Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (2,0)/60]
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 0

2.*  A rectangular sheet of fixed perimeter with sides having their lengths in the ratio 8 : 15 is converted into an
open rectangular box by folding after removing squares of equal area from all four corners. If the total area
of removed squares is 100, the resulting box has maximum volume. The lengths of the sides of the
rectangular sheet are [JEE(Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4,-1)/60]
(A) 24 (B) 32 (C) 45 (D) 60
63
Application of Derivatives

x2 y2
3. 
A vertical line passing through the point (h, 0) intersects the ellipse
= 1 at the points P and Q. Let
4 3
the tangents to the ellipse at P and Q meet at the point R. If (h) = area of the triangle PQR,
1  max h and  2  min h, then
8
1  8  2  [JEE(Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4,-1)/60]
1/ 2h1 1/2  h1 5

4.* The function f(x) = 2|x| + |x + 2| – ||x + 2| – 2|x|| has a local minimum or a local maximum at x =
[JEE(Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3,-1)/60]
2 2
(A) – 2 (B) (C) 2 (D)
3 3

Paragraph for Question Nos. 5 to 6

Let f : [0, 1] R (the set of all real numbers) be a function. Suppose the function f is twice differentiable,
f(0) = f(1) = 0 and satisfies f(x) – 2f(x) + f(x) ex, x [0, 1].

5. Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1? [JEE(Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3,-1)/60]
1 1 1
(A) 0 < f(x) <  (B) –  f ( x)  (C) – < f(x) < 1 (D) – < f(x) < 0
2 2 4

–x 1
6. If the function e f(x) assumes its minimum in the interval [0, 1] at x = , which of the following is true ?
4
[JEE(Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3,-1)/60]
1 1 3
(A) f (x) < f(x), (B) f (x) > f(x), 0 < x < (C) f (x) < f(x), 0 < x < (D) f (x) < f(x), < x < 1
4 4 4

A line L : y = mx + 3 meets y-axis at E(0, 3) and the arc of the parabola y =16x, 0 y 6 at the point F(x0 ,
2
7.
y0). The tangent to the parabola at F(x 0, y0) intersects the y-axis at G(0, y1). The slope m of the line L is
chosen such that the area of the triangle EFG has a local maximum
[JEE(Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3,-1)/60]
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:

List - I List – II
P. m = 1.1/2
Q. Maximum area of EFG is 2. 4
R. y0 = 3. 2
S. y1 = 4. 1
Codes :
P Q R S
(A) 4 1 2 3
(B) 3 4 1 2
(C) 1 3 2 4
(D) 1 3 4 2

8.* Let a R and let f : R R be given by f(x) = x – 5x + a. Then [JEE(Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3,0)/60]
5

(A) f (x) has three real roots i f a > 4 (B) f (x) has only one real root if a > 4
(C) f (x) has three real roots if a < – 4 (D) f (x) has three real roots if – 4 < a <4

5 2 2 2
9. The slope of the tangent to the curve (y – x ) = x(1 + x ) at the point (1, 3) is
[JEE(Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3,0)/60]

64
Application of Derivatives

10. A cylindrical container is to be made from certain solid material with the following constraints: It has fixed
3
inner volume of V mm , has a 2 mm thick sol id wall and is open at the top. The bottom of the container is
solid circular disc of thickness 2 mm and is of radius equal to the outer radius of the container. If the volume
of the material used to make the container is minimum when the inner radius of the container is 10 mm,
V
then the value of is [JEE(Advanced) 2015, Paper-1, (4,0)/88]
250

11.* Let f , g : [ –1, 2] R be continuous function which are twice differentiable on the interval (–1, 2). Let the
values of f and g at the points –1, 0 and 2 be as given in the following table :
x  –1 x  0 x  2
f(x) 3 6 0
(x) 0 1 –1
In each of the intervals (–1, 0) and (0, 2) the function (f – 3g)" never vanishes. Then the correct
statement(s) is (are) [JEE(Advanced) 2015, Paper-2, (4,-2)/80]
(A) f '(x) – 3g'(x) = 0 has exactly three solutions in ( –1, 0) (0, 2)
(B) f '(x) – 3g'(x) = 0 has exactly one solution in ( –1, 0)
(C) f '(x) – 3g'(x) = 0 has exactly one solution in (0, 2)
(D) f '(x) – 3g'(x) = 0 has exactly two solutions in ( –1, 0) and exactly two solutions in (0,2)

12.* Let f : R (0, ) and g : R R be twice differentiable functions such that f " and g" are continuous
f x gx 
functions on R. Suppose f '(2) = g(2) = 0, f "(2) 0 and g'(2) 0, If lim =1, then
x2 f ' x g' x 

[JEE(Advanced) 2016, Paper-2, (4,-2)/62]

(A) f has a local minimum at x = 2 (B) f has a local maximum at x = 2
(C) f "(2) > f(2) (D) f(x) – f "(x) = 0 for at least one x R

Answer Q.13, Q.14 and Q.15 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns
of the following table.

Let f(x) = x + logex – xlogex, x  (0, )

 Column1 contains information about zeros of f(x), f(x) and f(x).
 Column2 contains information about the limiting behavior of f(x), f(x) and f(x) at infinity.
 Column3 contains information about increasing/decreasing nature of f(x) and f(x).
Column-1 Column-2 Column-3
() f(x) = 0 for some x  (1, e2) (i) limx f(x) = 0 (P) f is increasing in (0, 1)
() f(x) = 0 for some x  (1, e) (ii) limx f(x) = –  (Q) f is decreasing in (e, e2)
() f(x) = 0 for some x  (0, 1) (iii) limx f(x) = –  (R) f is increasing in (0, 1)
(V) f(x) = 0 for some x  (1, e) (iv) limx f(x) = 0 (S) f is decreasing in (e, e2)

13. Which of the following options is the only INCORRECT combination?

[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1, (3,-1)/61]
(A) () (iii) (P) (B) () (iv) (Q) (C) () (iii) (P) (D) () (i) (R)

14. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination?

[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1, (3,-1)/61]
(A) () (ii) (R) (B) () (iv) (P) (C) () (iii) (S) (D) (V) (i) (S)

15. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination?

[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1, (3,-1)/61]
(A) () (iii) (R) (B) (V) (iv) (S) (C) () (ii) (Q) (D) () (i) (P)

65
 Application of Derivatives

 1 1
16. If f : R R is a twice differentiable function such that f (x) > 0 for all x R, and f    f(1) = 1, then
2 2
[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2, (3,-1)/61]
1 1
(A) f (1) 0 (B) f (1) > 1 (C) 0 < f (1)  (D) < f (1) 1
2 2

17.* If f : R R is a differentiable function such that f(x) > 2f(x) for all x R, and f(0) = 1, then
[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2, (4,-2)/61]
(A) f(x) > e in (0, ) (B) f(x) < e in (0, ) 
2x 2x

 (C) f(x) is increasing in (0,) (D) f(x) is decreasing in (0, )

cos2x  cos2x  sin2x 

18.* If f(x) =  cos x cos x  sin x , then
sin x sin x cos x
[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2, (4,-2)/61]
(A) f (x) attains its minimum at x = 0
(B) f (x) attains its maximum at x = 0
(C) f '(x) = 0 at more than three points in (–, )
(D) f '(x)= 0 at exactly three points in (–, )

19.* For every twice differentiable function f : R  [–2, 2] with (f(0))2 + (f’(0))2 = 85, which of the following
statement(s) is (are) TRUE? [JEE (Advanced) 2018, Paper-1, (4,-2)/60]
(A) There exist r, s R, where r < s, such that f is one-one on the open interval (r, s)
(B) There exists x0 (–4, 0) such that |f(x0)| 1
(C) lim f(x) = 1
x 

(D) There exists (–4, 4) such that f() + f() = 0 and f() 0

x
20.* 
Let f : R  R be given by f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 5). Define F(x) = f ( t )dt, x  0 . Then which of the following
0

options is/are correct? [JEE (Advanced) 2019, Paper-2, (4,-1)/62]

(A*) F(x) has a local maximum at x = 2
(B*) F(x) has a local minimum at x = 1
(C) F(x) has two local maxima and one local minimum in (0, )
(D*) F(x) 0, for all x(0, 5)
sin x
21.* Let f(x) = ,x  0 . [JEE (Advanced) 2019, Paper-2, (4,-1)/62]
x2
Let x1  x 2  x 3  ......  xn  ..... be all points of local maximum of f
and y1  y 2  y 3  ......  y n  ..... be all the points of local minimum of f
Then which of the following options is/are correct?
(A) | x n  y n | > 1 for every n (B) x1  y1
 1
(C) x n1  x n > 2 for every n (D) x n   2n,2n   for every n
 2 

66
Application of Derivatives

Answers
Exercise-1
PART - I

A-1. (i) 16x + 13y = 9a (ii) y=0

A-2. (i) 2x + y = 4, y = 2x (ii) x+y=3
 8
A-3. (i)  4,  (ii) (9/4, 3/8) (iii) (1, –1) , (–1, –5)
 3
A-4. 24
A-5 (i) y = 12x – 16 or y = 12x + 16 (ii) x – 2y + 1 = 0 or 2y + x – 1 = 0
A-6. (i) a = 1, b = –2 (ii) 1
A-7. T : x – 2y = 0 ; N : 2x + y = 0
–1  e 
B-1. 1 B-245° at (1, 0) and tan  2  at (e, 1)
e 2
3
B-3. 90° B-5. B-6. 20  1
2
2
B-7.   tan1 B-8. (a) a – b = a' – b'
c
8 2 1
C-1. cm/sec C-2. 2x – 3x + 1 C-3. cm/sec
3 2
1 5
C-4.(i) 2 km/hr (ii) 6 km/h C-5. (a )  m / min., (b)  m / min
24 288
1 3
C-6. cm / s C-7. 140 ft/min C-8. 7.5 m
48
D-2. (i) M.D. in (– , –3]
M.I. in [– 3 , 0]
M.D. in [0 , 2]
M.I. in [2 , )
 1 
(ii) M.D. in  0, 
 3
 1 
M.I. in  ,  
 3 
(iii) M.I in (– , – 2]  [0, ) ; M.D. in [– 2, – 1)  (–1, 0]
 1   1
(iv) M.I. in  ,1 ; M.D. in   ,   [1, )
 2   2
(v) M.I. in R

3
D-3. 0a
2
D-4. (a) I in [0, 3/4)  (7/4 , 2 ] & D in (3/4 , 7 /4)
(b) I in [0 , /6)  (/2 , 5/6)  (3/2 , 2 ] & D in (/6 , /2)  (5/6, 3 /2)]

D-5. (–2, 0)  (2, )

67
Application of Derivatives

a R
+
D-7.
D-9. (i) Neither increasing nor decreasing at x = –1 and increasing at x = 2
(ii) at x = – 2 decreasing
at x = 0 decreasing
at x = 3 neither increasing nor decreasing
at x = 5 increasing
(iii) Strictly increasing at x = 0
(iv) Strictly increasing at x = 2, neither increasing nor decreasing at x = 1
(v) Strictly increasing at x = 0
D-14. M.. at x = 0, 2 ; neither M.. nor M.D. at x = 1.
No, f(x) is not M.. for x  [0, 2].
D-15. b (0, e]
1
D-16. (i) local max at x = 1, local min at x = 6 (ii) local max. at x =  local min. at x = – 1
5
1
(iii) local mini at x = , No local maxima
e
4
D-17. (i) local maxima at x = log2 and local minima at x = 1
3
(ii) local min at 0, local max at 2
2 
(iii) local max at x = 0, , local min at x = , π
3 2
(iv) local maxima at –1 and local minima at 0
(v) local minima at x = ± 2,0

D-18. local max at x = 1, local min at x = 2.

D-19.  [ –1, 1]

D-20. Three, x = is point of maxima.
3
x =  is not a point of extrema.
5
x= is point of minima.
3

E-1. (i) max = 8, min. = – 8

(ii) max = 2 , min = – 1
(iii) max. = 8, min. = – 10
(iv) max. = 25, min = – 39
(v) max. at x = /6, max. value = 3/4; min. at x = 0 and /2, min. value = ½
E-3. 1, 3 (respective)
E-4. (i) x = 1, 2
(ii) one
(iii) f(0) = 6 is the global minimum, f(1) = 11 is global maximum
E-5. 3 cm E-6. F = 191
220
E-9. 110 m, m E-10. 3x + 4y – 9 = 0 ; 3x – 4y + 9 = 0

E-11. 32 sq. units E-12. 12cm, 6 cm
F-1. 1

68
Application of Derivatives

PART - II
A-1. (C) A-2. (B) A-3. (C) A-4. (B) A-5. (C)
A-6. (B) A-7.(B) A-8. (C) A-9. (D) A-10. (A)
A-11. (A) A-12. (C) A-13. (A) B-1. (B) B-2. (D)
B-3. (D) B-4(C) B-5. (B) B-6. (D) B-7. (A)
C-1. (B) C-2. (C) C-3. (A) C-4. (B) C-5. (C)
C-6. (C) D-1. (A) D-2. (B) D-3. (B) D-4. (A)
D-5. (C) D-6. (C) D-7. (D) D-8. (C) D-9. (C)
D-10. (B) D-11. (C) E-1. (C) E-2. (D) E-3. (D)
E-4. (D) E-5. (A) E-6. (B) E-7. (D) E-8. (C)
F-1. (A) F-2. (C) F-3. (D) F-4. (B) F-5 (D)
F-6. (C)

Exercise-2
PART - I
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5.(A)
6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (C)
11. (D) 12. (D) 13. (C) 4. (C) 15. (A)
16. (B) 17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (C)
21. (D) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (D) 25. (A)
26. (B) 27. (D) 28. (B) 29. (A) 30. (B)
31. (C) 32. (D) 33. (A) 34. (B)

PART - II
1. (CD) 2. (ABC) 3. (AB) 4. (AB) 5. (AD)
6. (BC) 7. (AB) 8. (AD) 9. (AD) 10. (AB)
11. (ABCD) 12. (ABC) 13. (AD) 14. (AB) 15. (ACD)
16. (BD) 17. (AB) 18. (AC) 19. (ABC) 20. (ACD)
21. (AC) 22. (BD) 23. (BC) 24. (ABC) 25. (AC)
26. (ACD) 27. (BCD)

Exercise-3
PART - I
1. 2 2. 18 3. a=1 4. 3 5. 1
6. 15 7. 66 8. 50 9. 2 10. 0
11. 0 12. 29 13. 4 14. 2 15. 1
16. 4 17. 1 18. 8 19. 1 20. 32
21. 0 22. 1 23. 36 24. 81 25. 9
26. 5 27. 39 28. 40 mph 29. 3 30. 12
31. 76

69
Application of Derivatives

PART - II
1. (A) (p); (B) (r); (C)  (q); (D)  (s)
2. (A p, q, r,s); (B r) ; (C p,q,r,s); (D q)
3. (A p); (B s) ; (C q); (D r)
4. (A p, q); (B r, s) ; (C r,s); (D r, s)
5. (A) (r), (B) (s), (C) (q), (D) (p)
6. (A) 7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (C) 10. (B)
11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (D) 14. (D) 15. (C)
16. (D) 17. (A)

Exercise-4
PART - I
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (1)
6. (3) 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (2)
11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (4)
16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (3)

PART - II
1. (C) 2.*  (AC) 3. 9 4.* (AB) 5. (D)
6. (C) 7. (A) 8.* (BD) 9. 8 10. 4
11.* (BC) 12.* (AD) 13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (C)
16. (B) 17.* (AC) 18.* (BC) 19.* (ABD) 20.* (ABD)
21.* (ACD)

70
Application of Derivatives

Exercise-5 (Diamond)
PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
5
x and y = x – 3x + 2+ 1 touch each other at some point then the value of
2
1. If two curves y = 2sin
6
3  18 
is  0  x  
5  5 
2 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3

2. Find the interval in which f(x) = x 4ax  x 2 (a < 0) is decreasing

(A) [6a, 3a] (B) [4a, 3a] (C) [4a, 0] (D) [4a, a]

2 2
3. Find the minimum distance of origin from the curve ax + 2bxy + ay = c where a > b > c > 0
abc c 2c 3c
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ab ab ab ab

 
4*. Let f(sinx) < 0 and f(sin x) > 0, x   0,  and g(x) = f(sin x) + f(cos x), then find the intervals of
 2
monotonicity of g(x).
  
(A) Increasing when x   , 
4 2
 
(B) decreasing when x   0, 
 4
  
(C) Decreasing when x   , 
4 2
 
(D) Increasing when x   0, 
 4
4 3 2
5. Find the values of the parameter ‘k’ for which the equation x + 4x – 8x + k = 0 has all roots real.
(A) k [1,3] (B) k [0,1] (C) k [-3,3] (D) k [0,3]

3
6. The equation x – 3x + [a] = 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, will have three real and
distinct roots then find the set of all possible values of a.
(A) a [–1, 1) (B) a [0, 2) (C) a [–1, 2) (D) a [–1, 2]

7. Let f(x) = x3 – 3x + a, a (0, 2) has 3 distinct real roots x 1, x2, x3, find {x1} + {x2} + {x3}, where {.} denote
fraction part function.
2 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) 2 (D)
3 3

3
8. Find positive real numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ such that f(x) = ax – bx has four extrema on [–1, 1] at each of which |
f(x) | = 1
(A) a = 1, b = 0 (B) a=3, b=0 (C) a = 3 , b = 4 (D) a=1, b=4

71
Application of Derivatives

Find the minimum value of f(x) = 8 + 8 – 4(4 + 4 ), x R

x -x x -x
9.
(A) -10 (B) 10 (C) -6 (D) -12

10. Let f(x) = sin

x  cos x where a > 0 and { . } denotes the fractional part function. Then find the set of
a a
values of 'a' for which f can attain its maximum values.
1 4 2 4  4  4
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  0,  (D) 1, 
       
 x 2   27 
11. Find the interval of increasing and decreasing for the function g(x) = 2f    f   x 2  , where f "(x) < 0
 2   2 
 
for all x R.
(A) g(x) is increasing if x (–, 3] [0, 3] , g(x) is decreasing if x [–3, 0] [3, )
(B) g(x) is decreasing if x (–, 3] [0, 3] , g(x) is increasing if x [–3, 0] [3, )
(C) g(x) is increasing if x R
(D) g(x) is decreasing if x R

sin A sin B sin C

12. For any acute angled ABC, find the maximum value of  
A B C
3 3 3 3 9 3 9 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 2 2 

2
13. A figure is bounded by the curves, y = x + 1, y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1. At what point (a, b), a tangent
2
should be drawn to the curve y = x + 1 for it to cut off a trapezium of the greatest area from the figure.
 5 1  1 3 1 5
(A)  0,  (B)  ,1 (C)  ,  (D)  , 
 4 2  2 4 2 4
ax  b
14. If y = has a turning value at (2, 1) find a and b, such that the turning value is a maximum.
x  1x  4
2 2
(A) a = 1, b = 0 (B) a= , b=0 (C) a=2, b=0 (D) a=1, b=
3 3
15. Find the cosine of the angle at the vertex of an isosceles triangle having the greatest area for the given
constant length  of the median drawn to its lateral side .
(A) cos A = 0.5 (B) cos A = 0.707 (C) cos A = 0.8 (D) cos A = 0.85

2
16. Find the possible values of 'a' such that the inequality 3 – x > |x – a| has atleast one negative solution
 13   13 
(A) a [–1, 1) (B) a    ,1 (C) a    ,3  (D) a   0,3
 4   4 
A tangent to the curve y = 1 x is drawn so that the abscissa x0 of the point of tangency belongs to the
2
17.
interval (0, 1]. The tangent at x0 meets the xaxis and yaxis at A & B respectively. Then find the minimum
area of the triangle OAB, where O is the origin
3 3 3 2
(A) (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 4
9 9 9 9

18. A cone is made from a circular sheet of radius 3 by cutting out a sector and keeping the cut edges of the
remaining piece together. Then find the maximum volume attainable for the cone
(A)  (B) /2 (C) /3 (D) 2/3

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Application of Derivatives

19. Find the set of values of the parameter 'a' for which the function ;
f(x) = 8ax – a sin 6x – 7x – sin 5x increases & has no critical points for all x R, is
 13 
(A) a [–1, ) (B) a (0, ) (C) a    , (D) a (6, )
 4 
ax 3
+ (a + 2) x + (a 1) x + 2 possess a
2
20. If the complete set of value(s) of 'a' for which the function f (x) =
3
negative point of inflection is (, ) (, ), then || + || is :
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 6

PART - II : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. At time t > 0, the volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate proportional to the reciprocal of its radius. At t = 0,
the radius of the sphere is 1 unit and at t = 15 the radius is 2 units.
(a) Find the radius of the sphere as a function of time t.
(b) At what time t will the volume of the sphere be 27 times its volume at t = 0

a a  a2  x 2
2. Prove that the segment of the tangent to the curve y  n  a 2  x 2 contained between the
2 a a x
2 2

y-axis & the point of tangency has a constant length.

3. If the tangent at the point (x1,y1) to the curve x3+y3 = a3 meets the curve again in (x2, y2) then show that
x2 y2
  1 .
x1 y1

4. A particle moving on a curve has the position at time t given by x = f'(t) sin t + f''(t) cos t, y = f'(t) cos t - f''(t)
sin t, where f is a thrice differentiable function. Then prove that the velocity of the particle at time t is f'(t) +
f'''(t).

f : [0, 4] R is a differentiable function. Then prove that for some a, b (0, 4) , f (4) – f (0) = 8f(a). f(b)
2 2
5.

6. The tangent at a variable point P of the curve y = x 2  x3 meets it again at Q. Show that the locus of the
middle point of PQ is y = 1  9x + 28x2  28x3.

a 2 2 3
7. If all the extreme value of function f(x) = a x –
x – 2x – b are positive and the minimum is at the point x0
2
1 11 1
= then show that when a = –2 b < and when a = 3 b < –
3 27 2

 3 | x  k |, xk

8. If f(x) =  2 sinx  k  , has minimum at x = k, then show that |a| > 2
a 2 xk
 x k

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Application of Derivatives

Comprehension (Q. No. 9 to 11)

A function f(x) having the following properties;
(i) f(x) is continuous except at x = 3
(ii) f(x) is differentiable except at x = – 2 and x = 3
(iii) f(0) = 0, lim f(x) – , lim f(x) = 3, lim f(x) = 0
x 3 x   x 

(iv) f (x) > 0 x (–, – 2) (3, ) and f (x) 0 x (– 2, 3)
(v) f (x) > 0 x (– , – 2) (– 2, 0) and f (x) 0 x (0, 3) (3, )
then answer the following questions

9. Find the Maximum possible number of solutions of f(x) = | x |

10. Show that graph of function y = f (– | x |) is continuous but not differentiable at two points, if f (0) = 0

11. Show that f(x) + 3x = 0 has five solutions if f (0) > – 3 and f(– 2) > 6

Let F(x) = (f(x)) + (f(x)) , F(0) =7, where f(x) is thrice differentiable function such that |f(x)| 1 x [–1, 1],
2 2
12.
then prove the followings.
(i) there is atleast one point in each of the intervals (–1, 0) and (0, 1) where |f(x)| 2
(ii) there is atleast one point in each of the intervals (–1, 0) and (0, 1) where F(x) 5
(iii) there exits atleast one maxima of F(x) in (–1, 1)
(iv) for some c (–1, 1), F(c) 7, F(c) = 0 and F(c) 0

dg
13. Let a + b = 4, where a < 2 and let g(x) be a differentiable function. If >0 for all x, prove that
dx
a b

 g( x)dx   g( x)dx increases as (b – a) increases.

0 0

14. With the usual meaning for a, b, c and s, if be the area of a triangle, prove that the error in resulting
 1 1 1 1 
from a small error in the measurement of c, is given by d      dc
4 s s  a s  b s  c 

2 m m-1 m-2
15. If (m – 1) a1 – 2m a2 < 0, then prove that x + a1 x + a2 x + ..... + am-1 x + a0 = 0 has at least one non real
root (a1, a2, ....., am R)

If f '(x) > 0, f''(x) > 0 x (0, 1) and f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1, then prove that f(x) f (x) < x x (0, 1)
-1 2
16.

17. Using calculus prove that H.MG.M. A.M for positive real numbers.

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Application of Derivatives

18. Prove the following inequalities

(i) 1 + x > (x sinx + cosx) for x [0, ).
2

 
(ii) sin x – sin 2x 2x for all x  0, 
 3
x2
+ 2x + 3 (3 – x)e for all x 0
x
(iii)
2
sin 2 x 1 
(iv) 0 < x sinx –    1for0  x 
2 2 2

 21 4b  b 2 
19. Find the interval to which b may belong so that the function f(x) = 1  x 3  5x  6 is
 b 1 
 
increasing at every point of its domain.

x2 1 d2 y x2 1
20. If 0 < x < 1 prove that y = x  n x –  is a function such that > 0. Deduce that x  n x >  .
2 2 dx 2 2 2

21. Suppose p,q,r,s are fixed real numbers such that a quadrilateral can be formed with sides p,q,r,s in
clockwise order. Prove that the vertices of the quadrilateral of maximum area lie on a circle .

5a 2 3
22. For what real values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ all the extrema of the function f(x) = x  2ax2  9x  b are positive
3
5
and the maximum is at the point x0 =
9

23. Using calculus, prove that log23 > log35 > log47.

24. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in a cone of height ' h ' and
4
semi vertical angle is h tan .
3 2
27

     
25. Suppose velocity of waves of wave length in the Atlantic ocean is k      , where k and a are
 a    
constants. Show that minimum velocity attained by the waves is independent of the constant a.

26. Prove that e x  1  e2x  1  x   2  2x  x 2 x R

tan1 x
27. Find which of the two is larger n1  x or .
1 x

– 2014x + 1007, then show that for x [0, 1007

2012 2011 1/2011
28. If f(x) = (2013)x – (2012)x ], f(x) = 0 has at least
one real root.

75
Application of Derivatives

f (x)
29. A function f is differentiable in the interval 0 x 5 such that f(0) = 4 & f(5) = – 1. If g(x) = then prove
x 1
5
that there exists some c (0, 5) such that g(c) =  .
6

30. A beam of rectangular cross section must be sawn from a round log of diameter d. What should the width x
and height y of the cross section be for the beam to offer the greatest resistance (a) to compression; (b) to
bending. Assume that the compressive strength of a beam is proportional to the area of the cross section
and the bending strength is proportional to the product of the width of section by the square of its height.

31. Let f(x) and g(x) be differentiable functions having no common zeros so that f(x) g(x) f(x) g(x). Prove that
between any two zeros of f(x), there exist atleast one zero of g(x).

f (a) f (b)
32. f is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b) (where a > 0 ) such that  . Prove that there
a b
f(x0 )
exist x0 (a, b) such that f(x0) =
x0

If (x) is a differentiable function x R and a R such that (0) = (2a), (a) = (3a) and (0) (a) then
+
33.
show that there is at least one root of equation (x + a) = (x) in (0, 2a)

34. Let h be a twice differentiable positive function on an open interval J. Let

g(x) =  n (h(x)) x J
Suppose (h'(x)) > h''(x) h(x) for each x J. Then prove that g is concave downward on J.
2

76
Application of Derivatives

Answers
Exercise-5
PART - I
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4.* (AB) 5. (D)
6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (C)
11. (A) 12. (C) 13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (C)
16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (D) 19. (D) 20. (A)

PART - II
1. (a) r = (1 + t)1/4, (b) t = 80

9. 3
19. [– 7, – 1) [2, 3]

9 36 81 400
22. If a = , then b > ; If a = then b >
5 5 25 243

27.  n (1 + x)

d d 2
30. (a) x = y = , (b) x = , y= d
2 3 3

77
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