Scribd
Upload
26 views4 pages

UNIT-III Text Classification

Text classification is a key task in Natural Language Processing (NLP) that categorizes text into predefined labels, with applications including sentiment analysis, spam detection, and customer support automation. Various classification types exist, such as binary, multi-class, and multi-label, and multiple classifiers can be employed, including traditional machine learning and deep learning models. Neural embeddings enhance text representation, while model interpretation techniques help understand predictions and improve model performance.

Uploaded by

Bunny Chokkam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views4 pages

UNIT-III Text Classification

Text classification is a key task in Natural Language Processing (NLP) that categorizes text into predefined labels, with applications including sentiment analysis, spam detection, and customer support automation. Various classification types exist, such as binary, multi-class, and multi-label, and multiple classifiers can be employed, including traditional machine learning and deep learning models. Neural embeddings enhance text representation, while model interpretation techniques help understand predictions and improve model performance.

Uploaded by

Bunny Chokkam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

UNIT-III: Text Classification

Applications
One Pipeline
Many Classifiers
Deep Learning for Text Classification
Using Neural Embeddings in Text Classification
Interpreting Text Classification Models

Text classification is a core task in Natural Language Processing (NLP) that involves
assigning predefined categories or labels to text data. It helps machines understand,
organize, and analyze large volumes of textual information efficiently.

Applications of Text Classification in NLP

1. Sentiment Analysis

●​ Determines the sentiment of text (e.g., positive, negative, or neutral).


●​ Used in social media monitoring, customer feedback analysis, and brand reputation
management.

2. Spam Detection

●​ Filters spam emails, SMS, and unwanted messages based on text patterns.
●​ Commonly used in email providers like Gmail and Yahoo.

3. News Categorization

●​ Automatically assigns news articles to predefined topics (e.g., Politics, Sports,


Technology).
●​ Used by news websites to organize content.

4. Customer Support Automation

●​ Classifies customer queries and routes them to the appropriate department.


●​ Enhances efficiency in customer service centers.

5. Toxic Comment Detection

●​ Identifies hate speech, cyberbullying, and offensive language.


●​ Helps maintain safe online discussions on social media and forums.

6. Chatbots & Virtual Assistants

●​ Helps AI-powered chatbots understand user intent and provide accurate responses.
●​ Used in customer service bots, personal assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa).

7. Legal & Healthcare Document Classification

●​ Organizes legal case files, contracts, and medical records for easy access.
●​ Speeds up document retrieval and processing in law firms and hospitals.

8. Fake News Detection

●​ Identifies misinformation and categorizes content as real or fake.


●​ Used by social media platforms and news organizations.

9. Language Identification

●​ Recognizes the language of a given text for multilingual processing.


●​ Helps in machine translation and content filtering.

10. Product Review Analysis

●​ Analyzes customer reviews to gain insights into product quality and performance.
●​ Used in e-commerce platforms like Amazon for product recommendations.

Types of Text Classification in NLP

1️⃣ Binary Classification

●​ Definition: Classifies text into two categories.


●​ Example: Spam detection (Spam vs. Non-Spam emails).
●​ Use Case: Fraud detection, sentiment analysis (Positive vs. Negative).

2️⃣ Multi-Class Classification

●​ Definition: Assigns one label from multiple predefined categories.


●​ Example: Categorizing news articles into Sports, Politics, Technology, Business.
●​ Use Case: Topic classification, product categorization.

3️⃣ Multi-Label Classification

●​ Definition: Assigns multiple labels to a single text.


●​ Example: A movie review classified as both "Comedy" and "Drama".
●​ Use Case: Tagging customer support tickets, classifying research papers into
multiple topics.

One Pipeline for Text Classification


Steps to Build a Text Classification System

1.​ Data Collection – Gather or create a labeled dataset.


2.​ Data Splitting – Divide into training, validation, and test sets.
3.​ Feature Extraction – Convert text into numerical representations (e.g., BoW,
TF-IDF, embeddings).
4.​ Model Training – Train a classifier using labeled data.
5.​ Evaluation – Assess model performance using predefined metrics.
6.​ Deployment & Monitoring – Deploy the model and track real-world performance.

Many Classifiers in Text Classification

Several classifiers can be used for text classification:

Traditional Machine Learning Classifiers

1.​ Naïve Bayes (NB)


○​ Based on Bayes' theorem; assumes word independence.
○​ Works well for spam detection and sentiment analysis.
2.​ Support Vector Machines (SVM)
○​ Finds an optimal boundary to classify text.
○​ Effective for high-dimensional text data.
3.​ Logistic Regression
○​ Used for binary and multi-class classification.
○​ Works well with TF-IDF and BoW representations.
4.​ Decision Trees & Random Forests
○​ Tree-based models that classify text based on learned rules.

Deep Learning-Based Classifiers

1.​ Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) & Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
○​ Handle sequential dependencies in text.
○​ Suitable for sentiment analysis and text generation.
2.​ Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
○​ Extract patterns in text via convolutional filters.
○​ Used for document classification.
3.​ Transformer-Based Models (BERT, GPT, T5)
○​ Use attention mechanisms to understand context.
○​ Provide state-of-the-art results in NLP tasks.

Using Neural Embeddings in Text Classification

Traditional text representations (like one-hot encoding and TF-IDF) ignore word
relationships. Neural embeddings address this limitation:

1.​ Word2Vec
○​ Uses CBOW & Skip-gram to generate word vectors.
○​ Captures word meanings and relationships.
2.​ GloVe
○​ Creates embeddings using word co-occurrence matrices.
○​ Captures global relationships between words.
3.​ FastText
○​ Extends Word2Vec by learning subword embeddings.
○​ Helps in handling rare and out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words.
4.​ BERT & Transformer Models
○​ Generate contextual embeddings for words based on their sentence position.
○​ Achieve high accuracy in text classification tasks.

Interpreting Text Classification Models

Interpreting a text classification model helps understand why a model makes a specific
prediction. This is essential for debugging, improving fairness, and increasing trust in AI
systems.

Techniques for Model Interpretation

1.​ Feature Importance – Identifies which words or phrases influence predictions (e.g.,
using TF-IDF weights or feature coefficients in logistic regression).
2.​ SHAP (SHapley Additive Explanations) – Explains individual predictions by
analyzing the impact of each feature.
3.​ LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) – Generates locally
interpretable approximations for complex models like deep learning.
4.​ Attention Mechanisms – Used in transformer models (e.g., BERT) to highlight
words contributing most to classification.
5.​ Saliency Maps – Visualizes important regions of input text that affect predictions.
6.​ Error Analysis – Examines misclassified examples to identify model weaknesses.

You might also like