Sri Ram DayalKhemka Vivekananda Vidyalaya Junior College

Optics
1. Draw a graph showing the intensity distribution of fringes due to diffraction at single slit.

2. Define the power of a lens. Write its S.I. unit.

The power of a lens equals to the reciprocal of its focal length( in meter).

3 Write two points to distinguish between interference and diffraction fringes.

4. In a Young’s double slit experiment, fringes are obtained on a screen placed a

certain distance away from the slits. If the screen is moved by 5 cm towards the
slits, the fringe width changes by 30 µm. Given that the slits are 1 mm apart,
calculate the wavelength of the light used.
5. Explain two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope.
Advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope
(i) Mechanical support is easier
(ii) Magnifying power is large
(iii) Resolving power is large
(iv) Spherical aberration is reduced
(v) Free from chromatic aberration

6.(a) With the help of a ray diagram, show how a concave mirror is used to obtain an
erect and magnified image of an object.
(b) Using the above ray diagram, obtain the mirror formula and the expression for
linear magnification.
7. The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass
prism having refractive index , placed in water of refractive index . Will this ray suffer total
internal reflection on striking the face AC ? Justify your answer.

8.If one of two identical slits producing interference in Young’s experiment is covered with
glass, so that the light intensity passing through it is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of the
maximum and minimum intensity of the fringe in the interference pattern.
9. What kind of fringes do you expect to observe if white light is used instead of
monochromatic light ?
The central fringe remains white.
No clear fringe pattern is seen after a few (coloured) fringes on either side of the central
fringe.

10. An object is kept in front of a concave lens. What is the nature of the image formed ?
Virtual/ erect/ diminished

11.When light travels from a rarer medium to denser medium, the speed of light decreases.
Does the reduction in speed imply a reduction in the energy ?
No

12.(a) Define a wavefront. Using Huygens’ principle, verify the laws of reflection at a plane
surface.
∠𝑖 = ∠𝑟

13. In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original
width. How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band ? Explain.

2𝜆𝐷
Size of central maxima reduces to half. ( size of central maxima = 𝑎 )
This is because the amount of light, entering the slit, has increased and the area, over which it
falls, decreases. (Also accept if the student just writes that the intensity becomes four fold)
Intensity increases.

14. When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright
spot is seen at the centre of the obstacle. Explain why.
This is because of diffraction of light. [Alternatively: Light gets diffracted by the tiny
circular obstacle and reaches the centre of the shadow of the obstacle.] [Alternatively: There
is a maxima, at the centre of the obstacle, in the diffraction pattern produced by it.]

15. A small illuminated bulb is at the bottom of a tank, containing a liquid of refractive
index µupto a height H. Find the expression for the diameter of an opaque disc, floating
symmetrically on the liquid surface in order to cut-off the light from the bulb.
16.An optical instrument uses eye-lens of power 16 D and objective lens of power 50 D
and has a tube length of 16.25 cm. Name the optical instrument and calculate its
magnifying power if it forms the final image at infinity.
17..A plane wavefront propagating from a rarer into a denser medium is incident at an
angle of incidence i on a refracting surface. Draw a diagram showing incident wavefront and
refracted wavefront. Hence verify Snell’s laws of refraction.

18. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain
interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit experiment.
(i) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum for
wavelength 650 nm.
(ii) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the brightfringes due to both
the wavelengths coincide ?
Given : the separation between the slits is 4 mm and the distance between the screen and
plane of the slits is 1.2 m
19.Draw a ray diagram depicting the formation of the image by an astronomical
telescope in normal adjustment.

20. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you
use as an eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical
telescope ? Give reason

(b) Objective Lens: Lens L1

Eyepiece Lens: Lens L3
Reason:
The objective should have large aperture and large focal length while the
eyepiece should have small aperture and small focal length.

21. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a combination of two
thin convex lenses in contact. Obtain the expression for the power of this
combination in terms of the focal lengths of the lenses.

Two thin lenses, of focal length f1 and f2 are kept in contact. Let O be the
position of object and let u be the object distance. The distance of the image
(which is at I1), for the first lens is v1. This image serves as object for the
second lens.

22.Explain with reason, how the power of a diverging lens changes when (i) it is
kept in a medium of refractive index greater than that of the lens. (ii) incident
red light is replaced by violet light.

23. Deduce the expression, by drawing a suitable ray diagram, for the refractive
index of a triangular glass prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation (D)
and the angle of prism (A).
Draw a plot showing the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of
incidence.
24. Define refractive index of a medium.
i. Refractive index of a medium is the ratio of speed of light (c ) in free space to
the speed of light (𝑣) in that medium.
𝑐
𝜇=
𝑣

25.How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the
incident violet light is replaced by red light ? Give reason.
i. Decreases
ii. nViolet > nRed

26.Define the power of a lens. Write its S.I. unit.

 Power of a lens is the ability of conversion /diversion of the
rays incident on the lens.)
SI Unit: Dioptre(D)

28. Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the near point
adjustment position.

29.Define the term, “refractive index” of a medium.

30. Explain the working of a compound microscope with the help of a labelled
diagram.
Working:
When object is placed just beyond the focus of objective lens, the objective
forms a real and highly magnified image of the object. This image is formed at
the focus of the eye piece or at a point whose distance from the eye piece is less
than the focal length of the eye piece.
The eye piece then forms a (virtual) magnified image of the image formed by
the objective.

31. Write the considerations that you keep in mind, while choosing lenses to be
used as eyepiece and objective in a compound microscope.
Both the objective and the eye piece must have short focal lengths for high
magnification.

32.Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a virtual image of an object by

a convex lens. Using this diagram, obtain the expressions for the lens formula.
33.Under what conditions is the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light
observed ? Obtain the relation between the critical angle of incidence and the
refractive index of the medium.

34. A biconvex lens of glass having refractive index 1·47 is immersed in a

liquid. It becomes invisible and behaves as a plane glass plate. What is the
refractive index of the liquid ?(1.47)

35. For a glass prism, the angle of minimum deviation will be smallest for the
________ colour light (red)

36. A ray of light on passing through an equilateral glass prism, suffers a

minimum deviation equal to the angle of the prism. What is the value of
refractive index of the material of the prism is ?(√3 )

37. Draw the ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final image is
formed at infinity.

38.Using lens maker’s formula, derive the thin lens formula for a biconvex lens.
 DUAL NATURE OFMATTER AND RADIATION

1.An electron and alpha particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength associated with them.
How are their kinetic energies related to each other? (Delhi 2008)

2.The figure shows a plot of three curves a, b, c, showing the variation of photocurrent vs.
collector plate potential for three different intensities I1, I2 and I3 having frequencies V1,
v2 and v3 respectively incident on a photosensitive surface.
Point out the two curves for which the incident radiations have same frequency but different
intensities.

Stopping potential will be same for the same frequency. So its curves ‘a’ and ‘b’ which have
same frequency but different intensities. (I2 > I3)

3.The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1.5 V. What is the

maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted? (All India 2008)
Answer:
K.E. of the electron e– = 1.5 Ev

4.The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 3 eV. What is its stopping potential?

5.A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie
wavelength and why? (All India 2011)

6.A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has smaller de-Broglie
wavelength and why? (All India 2011)
Answer:
7.The given graph shows the variation of photo-electric current (I) versus applied voltage (V)
for two different photosensitive materials and for two different intensities of the incident
radiation. Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to different materials but same intensity
of incident radiation. (Delhi 2013)

Answer:
The pairs (2, 4) and (1, 3) have same intensity but different material.

8.Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle
having charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’, when it is accelerated by a potential V. (All India 2013)

9.Show on a plot the nature of variation of photoelectric current with the intensity of radiation
incident on a photosensitive surface. (Comptt. Delhi 2013)

10.The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation
for two photosensitive metals A and B. Which one of the two has higher value of work-
function? Justify your answer. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Metal ‘A’, because of higher threshold frequency for it.

11.An electron is revolving around the nucleus with a constant speed of 2.2 × 108 m/s. Find
the de-Broglie wavelength associated with it. (Comptt. Delhi 2014)

12.Draw a plot showing the variation of de Broglie wavelength of electron as a function of its
K.E.(Comptt. Delhi 2014)

13.Plot a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with the frequency of incident
radiation for two different photosensitive materials having work functions W1 and W2 (W1 >
W2). On what factors does the
(i) slope and
(ii) intercept of the lines depend? (Delhi 2010)
:

14.A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the same accelerating potential. Which
one of the two has
(a) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(b) less momentum?
Give reasons to justify your answer. (Delhi 2010)

For proton and deuteron, charge (q) is the same, while the mass of deuteron is more than that
of proton

Here q and V are the same for both,

∴ Proton will be associated with greater value of de-Broglie wavelength.

15.(i) Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 × 1014 Hz is produced by a laser. The power
emitted is 2.0 × 10-3 W. Estimate the number of photons emitted per second on an average by
the source.
(ii) Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current versus the intensity of incident
radiation on a given photosensitive surface. (Delhi 2010)

(ii)

16.(i) Define the term ‘threshold frequency’ as used in photoelectric effect.

(ii) Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current as a function of anode
potential for two light beams having the same frequency but different intensities I1 and
I2 (I1 > I2). (Comptt. All India 2010)

(i) Threshold frequency. The minimum frequency v0 which the incident light must possess so
as to eject photoelectrons from a metal surface, is called threshold frequency of the metal.

17.A proton and an a-particle have the same de- roglie wavelength. Determine the ratio of
(i) their accelerating potentials
(ii) their speeds. (Delhi 2015)

The de-Broglie wavelength for a proton is,

18.Using the graph shown in the figure for stopping potential v/s the incident frequency of
photons, calculate Planck’s constant. (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
19.Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron orbitting in the n = 2 state of
hydrogen atom. (All India 2015)

Given : n = 2 of hydrogen atom X = ?

Kinetic energy for the second state,

20.Derive the Bohr’s quantisation condition for angular momentum of the orbitting of
electron in hydrogen atom, using de Broglie’s hypothesis. (Comptt. All India 2015)
 Atom and nuclei
1. (a) Draw a plot showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a
function of their separation. Mark the regions where the nuclear force is
(i) attractive and (ii) repulsive.
2. Four nuclei of an element undergo fusion to form a heavier nucleus, with release of energy.
Which of the two parent or the daughter nucleus would have higher binding energy per
nucleon ?
Daughter nucleus 1

3. State Bohr’s postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de Broglie’s
hypothesis explain the stability of these orbits ?

4.A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = 4
level. Estimate the frequency of the photon.
5.Explain the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding
energy per nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass number A.

From the plot we note that

i) During nuclear fission

A heavy nucleus in the larger mass region ( A>200) breaks into two middle level nuclei,
resulting in an increase in B.E/ nucleon. This results in a release of energy.
ii) During nuclear fusion

Light nuclei in the lower mass region (A<20 ) fuse to form a nucleus having higher B.E /
nucleon. Hence Energy gets released.

Semiconductor
1.(a) Explain with the help of suitable diagram, the two processes which occur during
the formations of a p-n junction diode. Hence define the terms (i) depletion
region and (ii) potential barrier.
(b) Draw a circuit diagram of a p-n junction diode under forward bias and explain its
working.

a) The two important processes are diffusion and drift

Due to concentration gradient, the electrons diffuse from the 𝓃 side to the p side and holes
diffuse from the 𝜌 side to the 𝓃 side.
Due to the diffusion, an electric field develops across the junction. Due to the field, an
electron moves from the p-side to the n -side, a hole moves from the n-side to the p-side. The
flow of the charge carriers due to the electric field, is called drift.
Depletion region:
It is the space charge region on either side of the junction, that gets depleted of free charges,
is known as the depletion region.
Potential Barrier
The potential difference, that gets developed across the junction and opposes the diffusion of
charge carries and brings about a condition of equilibrium, is known as the barrier potential.

b) The circuit diagram is as shown

Working
In forward bias condition, the direction of the applied voltage is opposite to the barrier
potential. This reduces the width of the depletion layer as well as the height of the barrier. A
current can, therefore, flow through the circuit. This current increases ( non linearly) with
increase in the applied voltage

4. (a) A student wants to use two p-n junction diodes to convert alternating current into direct
current. Draw the labelled circuit diagram she would use and explain how it works.

The working of this circuit is as follows:

i) During one half cycle( of the input ac) diode 𝐷1 alone gets forward biased and conducts.
During the other half cycle, it is diode 𝐷2 (alone) that conducts.
ii) Because of the use of the center tapped transformer the current though the load flows in
the same direction in both the half cycles.

Hence we get a unidirectional/ direct current through the load, when the input is alternating
current.