Summary of Fluid Properties

Units Temperature Pressure Effects

Property (SI) Effects (common trends) Notes
Density (ρ): Ratio of kg ρ↓ as T↑ if the ρ↑ as p↑ if a gas is • Air. Find ρ in Table F.4 or Table A.3.
mass to volume at a m3 gas is free to compressed • Other Gases. Find ρ in Table A.2.
point expand • Caution! Tables for gases are for p = 1 atm. For other
pressures, find ρ using the ideal gas law.
Mass and Weight Properties

ρ↓ as T ↑ for A liquid is usually • Water. Find ρ in Table F.5 or Table A.5.

liquids idealized with ρ • Note. For water, ρ↑ as T ↑ for temperatures from 0 to
independent of about 4°C. Maximum density of water is at
pressure
T ≈ 4°C.
• Other Liquids. Find ρ in Table A.4.
Specific Weight (γ): N γ↓ as T ↑ if fluid Gas: γ ↑ as p ↑ if a • Use same tables as for density.
Ratio of weight to m3 is free to expand gas is compressed • ρ and γ can be related using γ = ρg.
volume at a point Liquid: a liquid is usually • Caution! Tables for gases are for p = 1 atm. For other
idealized with γ inde- pressures, find γ using the ideal gas law and γ = ρg.
pendent of pressure • Typically, γ is not used for gases.
Specific Gravity none SG ↓ as T ↑ A liquid is usually • Find SG data in Table A.4.
(S or SG): Ratio of idealized with SG • SG is used for liquids, not commonly used for gases.
(density of a liquid) independent of • Density of water (at 4°C) is listed in Table F.6.
to (density of water pressure • SG = γ/ γH2O, 4°C = ρ/ ρH2O, 4°C.
at 4°C)
Viscosity (μ): A N∙s μ↑ as T ↑ for a A gas is usually • Air: Find μ in Table F.4, Table A.3, Fig. A.2.
property that m2 gas idealized with μ • Other gases: Find properties in Table A.2, Fig. A.2.
characterizes independent of • Hint: Viscosity is also known as dynamic
resistance to shear pressure viscosity and absolute viscosity.
Properties Related to Viscosity

stress and fluid friction • Caution! Avoid confusing viscosity and

kinematic viscosity; these are different properties.
μ↓ as T ↑ for a A liquid is usually • Water: Find μ in Table F.5, Table A.5, Fig. A.2.
liquid idealized with μ • Other Liquids. Find μ in Table A.4, Fig. A.2.
independent of pressure
Kinematic m2 ν↑ as T ↑ for ν↑ as p↑ for a gas • Air: Find μ in Table F.4, Table A.3, Fig. A.3.
Viscosity (ν): A s a gas • Other gases: Find properties in Table A.2, Fig. A.3.
property that • Caution! Avoid confusing viscosity and kinematic
characterizes the mass viscosity; these are different properties.
and viscous properties • Caution! Gas tables are for p = 1 atm. For other
of a fluid pressures, look up μ = μ(T), then find ρ using the
ideal gas law, and calculate ν using ν = μ/ρ.
ν ↓ as T ↑ for a A liquid is usually • Water: Find ν in Table F.5, Table A.5, Fig. A.3.
liquid idealized with ν • Other liquids: Find ν in Table A.4, Fig. A.3.
independent of
pressure
Surface Tension N J σ ↓ as T ↑ for a A liquid is usually • Water: Find σ in Fig. 2.18.
,
(σ): A property that m m2 liquid idealized with σ • Other liquids: Find σ in Table A.4.
Miscellaneous Properties

characterizes the independent of • Surface tension is a property of liquids (not gases).

tendency of a liquid pressure • Surface tension is greatly reduced by contaminates or
surface to behave as a impurities.
stretched membrane
Vapor Pressure pv: Pa pv ↑ as T ↑ for Not applicable • Water: Find pv in Table A-5.
The pressure at which a liquid
a liquid will boil
Bulk Modulus of Pa Not presented Not presented here • Ideal gas (isothermal process): Ev = p = pressure.
Elasticity Ev: A prop- here • Ideal gas (adiabatic process): Ev = kp; k = cp/cv.
erty that characterizes • Water: Ev ≈ 2.2 × 109 Pa.
the compressibility of
a fluid
TAB LE F. 1 Formulas for Unit Conversions*

Name, Symbol, Dimensions Conversion Formula

Length L L 1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd = 39.37 in = km/1000 = 106 μm

1 ft = 0.3048 m = 12 in = mile/5280 = km/3281
1 mm = m/1000 = in/25.4 = 39.37 mil = 1000 μm = 107Å
Speed V L/T 1 m/s = 3.600 km/hr = 3.281 ft/s = 2.237 mph = 1.944 knots
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s = 0.6818 mph = 1.097 km/hr = 0.5925 knots
Mass m M 1 kg = 2.205 lbm = 1000 g = slug/14.59 = (metric ton or tonne or Mg)/1000
1 lbm = lbf∙s2/(32.17 ft) = kg/2.205 = slug/32.17 = 453.6 g
= 16 oz = 7000 grains = short ton/2000 = metric ton (tonne)/2205
Density ρ M/L3 1000 kg/m3 = 62.43 lbm/ft3 = 1.940 slug/ft3 = 8.345 lbm/gal (US)
Force F ML/T 2 1 lbf = 4.448 N = 32.17 lbm∙ft/s2
1 N = kg∙m/s2 = 0.2248 lbf = 105 dyne
Pressure, shear p, τ M/LT 2 1 Pa = N/m2 = kg/m∙s2 = 10–5 bar = 1.450 × 10–4 lbf/in2 = inch H2O/249.1
stress = 0.007501 torr = 10.00 dyne/cm2
1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 2116 psf = 1.013 bar = 14.70 lbf/in2 = 33.90 ft of water
= 29.92 in of mercury = 10.33 m of water = 760 mm of mercury = 760 torr
1 psi = atm/14.70 = 6.895 kPa = 27.68 in H2O = 51.71 torr
Volume V L3 1 m3 = 35.31 ft3 = 1000 L = 264.2 U.S. gal
1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 L = 7.481 U.S. gal = acre-ft/43,560
1 U.S. gal = 231 in3 = barrel (petroleum)/42 = 4 U.S. quarts = 8 U.S. pints
= 3.785 L = 0.003785 m3
Volume flow Q L3/T 1 m3/s = 35.31 ft3/s = 2119 cfm = 264.2 gal (US)/s = 15850 gal (US)/m
rate (discharge) 1 cfs = 1 ft3/s = 28.32 L/s = 7.481 gal (US)/s = 448.8 gal (US)/m
Mass flow rate m· M/T 1 kg/s = 2.205 lbm/s = 0.06852 slug/s
Energy and E, W 2
ML /T 2
1 J = kg∙m2/s2 = N∙m = W∙s = volt∙coulomb = 0.7376 ft∙lbf
work = 9.478 × 10–4 Btu = 0.2388 cal = 0.0002388 Cal = 107 erg = kWh/3.600 × 106
Power · · ML2/T 3 1 W = J/s = N∙m/s = kg∙m2/s3 = 1.341 × 10–3 hp
P, E, W
= 0.7376 ft∙lbf/s = 1.0 volt-ampere = 0.2388 cal/s = 9.478 × 10–4 Btu/s
1 hp = 0.7457 kW = 550 ft∙lbf/s = 33,000 ft∙lbf/min = 2544 Btu/h
Angular speed ω T –1 1.0 rad/s = 9.549 rpm = 0.1591 rev/s
Viscosity μ M/LT 1 Pa∙s = kg/m∙s = N∙s/m2 = 10 poise = 0.02089 lbf∙s/ft2 = 0.6720 lbm/ft∙s
Kinematic ν 2
L /T 1 m2/s = 10.76 ft2/s = 106 cSt
viscosity
Temperature T Θ K = °C + 273.15 = °R/1.8
°C = (°F – 32)/1.8
°R = °F + 459.67 = 1.8 K
°F = 1.8°C + 32
*Visit www.onlineconversion.com for a useful online reference.
TAB LE F. 2 Commonly Used Equations

Ideal gas law equations Continuity equation

p = ρRT
pV = mRT
d
∫
dt cv ∫
ρd V + ρV ∙ d A = 0 (Eq. 5.28)
pV = nRuT cs
d
M = m/ n; R = Ru/ M (§1.6) Mcv + ∑ m· o − ∑ m· i = 0 (Eq. 5.29)
dt cs cs
Specific weight ρ2 A 2V2 = ρ1 A1V1 (Eq. 5.33)
γ = ρg (Eq. 1.21)
Momentum equation
Kinematic viscosity
ν = μ /ρ (Eq. 2.1) ∑ F = dt
d
∫ vρ dV + ∫ vρV ∙ d A
cv cs
(Eq. 6.7)
Specific gravity
d(mcv vcv)
ρ γ
∑F= + ∑ m· ovo − ∑ m· i vi (Eq. 6.10)
S= = (Eq. 2.3) dt
ρ H2 O at 4°C γ H2O at 4°C cs cs

Definition of viscosity Energy equation

dV p1 V 21 p2 V 22
τ=μ (Eq. 2.15) + α1 + z1) + hp = ( + α2 + z 2 ) + ht + hL
dy (γ 2g γ 2g
Pressure equations
pgage = pabs − patm (Eq. 3.3a) (Eq. 7.29)
pvacuum = patm − pabs (Eq. 3.3b) The power equation
Hydrostatic equation P = FV = Tω (Eq. 7.3)
p1 p2 P = m· gh = γQh (Eq. 7.31)
+ z1 = + z2 = constant (Eq. 3.10a)
γ γ Efficiency of a machine
pz = p1 + γz 1 = p2 + γz 2 = constant (Eq. 3.10b) Poutput
η= (Eq. 7.32)
Δp = −γΔz (Eq. 3.10c) Pinput
Manometer equations Reynolds number (pipe)
p2 = p1 + ∑ γi h i − ∑ γi hi (Eq. 3.21) VD ρVD 4Q 4m·
down up Re D = = = = (Eq. 10.1)
v μ πDv πDμ
h1 − h 2 = Δh(γB/ γA − 1) (Eq. 3.22)
Combined head loss equation
Hydrostatic force equations (flat panels)
L V2 V2
FP = pA (Eq. 3.28) hL = ∑ f + ∑ K (Eq. 10.45)
pipes D 2g components 2g
I
ycp − y = (Eq. 3.33)
yA Friction factor f (Resistance coefficient)
64
Buoyant force (Archimedes equation) f= ReD ≤ 2000 (Eq. 10.34)
FB = γV D (Eq. 3.41a) ReD
0.25
The Bernoulli equation f= (ReD ≥ 3000) (Eq. 10.39)
ks 5.74 2
p1 V 21 p2 V 22 [log 10 ( 3.7D + )]
Re 0.9
( γ + 2g + z1) = ( γ + 2g + z2) (Eq. 4.21b) D

ρV 12 ρV 22 Drag force equation

( p1 + 2 + ρg z1) = (p2 + 2 + ρgz 2) (Eq. 4.21a) ρV 20
FD = C D A( (Eq. 11.5)
2 )
Volume flow rate equation
m·
∫ ∫
Lift force equation
Q = VA = = VdA = V ∙ dA (Eq. 5.10)
ρ ρV 20
A A FL = CL A( (Eq. 11.17)
2 )
Mass flow rate equation

m· = ρAV = ρQ = ∫ ρV d A = ∫ ρV ∙ d A
A A
(Eq. 5.11)
TA B LE F. 3 Useful Constants

Name of Constant Value

Acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmol∙K = 1545 ft∙lbf/lbmol∙°R
Standard atmospheric pressure patm = 1.0 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.70 psi = 2116 psf = 33.90 ft of water
patm = 10.33 m of water = 760 mm of Hg = 29.92 in of Hg = 760 torr = 1.013 bar

TA B LE F. 4 Properties of Air [T = 20°C (68°F), p = 1 atm]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Specific gas constant Rair = 287.0 J/kg∙K Rair = 1716 ft∙lbf/slug∙°R
Density ρ = 1.20 kg/m3 ρ = 0.0752 lbm/ft3 = 0.00234 slug/ft3
Specific weight γ = 11.8 N/m3 γ = 0.0752 lbf/ft3
Viscosity μ = 1.81 × 10–5 N∙s/m2 μ = 3.81 × 10–7 lbf∙s/ft2
–5
Kinematic viscosity ν = 1.51 × 10 m /s 2
ν = 1.63 × 10–4 ft2/s
Specific heat ratio k = cp/cv = 1.40 k = cp/cv = 1.40
Specific heat cp = 1004 J/kg∙K cp = 0.241 Btu/lbm∙°R
Speed of sound c = 343 m/s c = 1130 ft/s

TA B LE F. 5 Properties of Water [T = 15°C (59°F), p = 1 atm]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Density ρ = 999 kg/m3 ρ = 62.4 lbm/ft3 = 1.94 slug/ft3
Specific weight γ = 9800 N/m3 γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3
Viscosity μ = 1.14 × 10–3 N∙s/m2 μ = 2.38 × 10–5 lbf∙s/ft2
Kinematic viscosity ν = 1.14 × 10–6 m2/s ν = 1.23 × 10–5 ft2/s
Surface tension (water–air) σ = 0.073 N/m σ = 0.0050 lbf/ft
Bulk modulus of elasticity Ev = 2.14 × 10 Pa 9
Ev = 3.10 × 105 psi

TA B LE F. 6 Properties of Water [T = 4°C (39°F), p = 1 atm]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Density ρ = 1000 kg/m 3
ρ = 62.4 lbm/ft3 = 1.94 slug/ft3
Specific weight γ = 9810 N/m3 γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3
TABLE A.1 Compressible Flow Tables for an Ideal Gas with k = 1.4

M or M1 = local number or Mach number upstream of a normal shock wave; p/pt = ratio of static
pressure to total pressure; ρ/ρt = ratio of static density to total density; T/Tt = ratio of static
temperature to total temperature; A/A* = ratio of local cross-sectional area of an isentropic stream
tube to cross-sectional area at the point where M = 1; M2 = Mach number downstream of a normal
shock wave; p2/p1 = static pressure ratio across a normal shock wave; T2 /T1 = static pressure ratio
across a normal shock wave; pt2 /pt1 = total pressure ratio across normal shock wave.

Subsonic Flow
M p/pt ρ/ρt T/Tt A/A*
0.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 ∞
0.05 0.9983 0.9988 0.9995 11.5914
0.10 0.9930 0.9950 0.9980 5.8218
0.15 0.9844 0.9888 0.9955 3.9103
0.20 0.9725 0.9803 0.9921 2.9630
0.25 0.9575 0.9694 0.9877 2.4027
0.30 0.9395 0.9564 0.9823 2.0351
0.35 0.9188 0.9413 0.9761 1.7780
0.40 0.8956 0.9243 0.9690 1.5901
0.45 0.8703 0.9055 0.9611 1.4487
0.50 0.8430 0.8852 0.9524 1.3398
0.52 0.8317 0.8766 0.9487 1.3034
0.54 0.8201 0.8679 0.9449 1.2703
0.56 0.8082 0.8589 0.9410 1.2403
0.58 0.7962 0.8498 0.9370 1.2130
0.60 0.7840 0.8405 0.9328 1.1882
0.62 0.7716 0.8310 0.9286 1.1657
0.64 0.7591 0.8213 0.9243 1.1452
0.66 0.7465 0.8115 0.9199 1.1265
0.68 0.7338 0.8016 0.9153 1.1097
0.70 0.7209 0.7916 0.9107 1.0944
0.72 0.7080 0.7814 0.9061 1.0806
0.74 0.6951 0.7712 0.9013 1.0681
0.76 0.6821 0.7609 0.8964 1.0570
0.78 0.6691 0.7505 0.8915 1.0471
0.80 0.6560 0.7400 0.8865 1.0382
0.82 0.6430 0.7295 0.8815 1.0305
0.84 0.6300 0.7189 0.8763 1.0237
0.86 0.6170 0.7083 0.8711 1.0179
0.88 0.6041 0.6977 0.8659 1.0129
0.90 0.5913 0.6870 0.8606 1.0089
0.92 0.5785 0.6764 0.8552 1.0056
0.94 0.5658 0.6658 0.8498 1.0031
0.96 0.5532 0.6551 0.8444 1.0014
0.98 0.5407 0.6445 0.8389 1.0003
1.00 0.5283 0.6339 0.8333 1.0000
(Continued)
TABLE A.1 Compressible Flow Tables for an Ideal Gas with k = 1.4 (Continued)
Supersonic Flow Normal Shock Wave
M1 p/pt ρ/ρt T/Tt A/A* M2 p2/p1 T2/T1 pt2 /pt1
1.00 0.5283 0.6339 0.8333 1.000 1.0000 1.000 1.000 1.0000
1.01 0.5221 0.6287 0.8306 1.000 0.9901 1.023 1.007 0.9999
1.02 0.5160 0.6234 0.8278 1.000 0.9805 1.047 1.013 0.9999
1.03 0.5099 0.6181 0.8250 1.001 0.9712 1.071 1.020 0.9999
1.04 0.5039 0.6129 0.8222 1.001 0.9620 1.095 1.026 0.9999
1.05 0.4979 0.6077 0.8193 1.002 0.9531 1.120 1.033 0.9998
1.06 0.4919 0.6024 0.8165 1.003 0.9444 1.144 1.039 0.9997
1.07 0.4860 0.5972 0.8137 1.004 0.9360 1.169 1.046 0.9996
1.08 0.4800 0.5920 0.8108 1.005 0.9277 1.194 1.052 0.9994
1.09 0.4742 0.5869 0.8080 1.006 0.9196 1.219 1.059 0.9992
1.10 0.4684 0.5817 0.8052 1.008 0.9118 1.245 1.065 0.9989
1.11 0.4626 0.5766 0.8023 1.010 0.9041 1.271 1.071 0.9986
1.12 0.4568 0.5714 0.7994 1.011 0.8966 1.297 1.078 0.9982
1.13 0.4511 0.5663 0.7966 1.013 0.8892 1.323 1.084 0.9978
1.14 0.4455 0.5612 0.7937 1.015 0.8820 1.350 1.090 0.9973
1.15 0.4398 0.5562 0.7908 1.017 0.8750 1.376 1.097 0.9967
1.16 0.4343 0.5511 0.7879 1.020 0.8682 1.403 1.103 0.9961
1.17 0.4287 0.5461 0.7851 1.022 0.8615 1.430 1.109 0.9953
1.18 0.4232 0.5411 0.7822 1.025 0.8549 1.458 1.115 0.9946
1.19 0.4178 0.5361 0.7793 1.026 0.8485 1.485 1.122 0.9937
1.20 0.4124 0.5311 0.7764 1.030 0.8422 1.513 1.128 0.9928
1.21 0.4070 0.5262 0.7735 1.033 0.8360 1.541 1.134 0.9918
1.22 0.4017 0.5213 0.7706 1.037 0.8300 1.570 1.141 0.9907
1.23 0.3964 0.5164 0.7677 1.040 0.8241 1.598 1.147 0.9896
1.24 0.3912 0.5115 0.7648 1.043 0.8183 1.627 1.153 0.9884
1.25 0.3861 0.5067 0.7619 1.047 0.8126 1.656 1.159 0.9871
1.30 0.3609 0.4829 0.7474 1.066 0.7860 1.805 1.191 0.9794
1.35 0.3370 0.4598 0.7329 1.089 0.7618 1.960 1.223 0.9697
1.40 0.3142 0.4374 0.7184 1.115 0.7397 2.120 1.255 0.9582
1.45 0.2927 0.4158 0.7040 1.144 0.7196 2.286 1.287 0.9448
1.50 0.2724 0.3950 0.6897 1.176 0.7011 2.458 1.320 0.9278
1.55 0.2533 0.3750 0.6754 1.212 0.6841 2.636 1.354 0.9132
1.60 0.2353 0.3557 0.6614 1.250 0.6684 2.820 1.388 0.8952
1.65 0.2184 0.3373 0.6475 1.292 0.6540 3.010 1.423 0.8760
1.70 0.2026 0.3197 0.6337 1.338 0.6405 3.205 1.458 0.8557
1.75 0.1878 0.3029 0.6202 1.386 0.6281 3.406 1.495 0.8346
1.80 0.1740 0.2868 0.6068 1.439 0.6165 3.613 1.532 0.8127
1.85 0.1612 0.2715 0.5936 1.495 0.6057 3.826 1.569 0.7902
(Continued)
TABLE A.1 Compressible Flow Tables for an Ideal Gas with k = 1.4 (Continued)
Supersonic Flow Normal Shock Wave
M1 p/pt ρ/ρt T/Tt A/A* M2 p2/p1 T2/T1 pt2 /pt1
1.90 0.1492 0.2570 0.5807 1.555 0.5956 4.045 1.608 0.7674
1.95 0.1381 0.2432 0.5680 1.619 0.5862 4.270 1.647 0.7442
2.00 0.1278 0.2300 0.5556 1.688 0.5774 4.500 1.688 0.7209
2.10 0.1094 0.2058 0.5313 1.837 0.5613 4.978 1.770 0.6742
2.20 0.9352–1† 0.1841 0.5081 2.005 0.5471 5.480 1.857 0.6281
2.30 0.7997–1 0.1646 0.4859 2.193 0.5344 6.005 1.947 0.5833
2.50 0.5853–1 0.1317 0.4444 2.637 0.5130 7.125 2.138 0.4990
2.60 0.5012–1 0.1179 0.4252 2.896 0.5039 7.720 2.238 0.4601
2.70 –1 0.1056 0.4068 3.183 0.4956 8.338 2.343 0.4236
0.4295
2.80 0.3685–1 0.9463–1 0.3894 3.500 0.4882 8.980 2.451 0.3895
2.90 0.3165–1 0.8489–1 0.3729 3.850 0.4814 9.645 2.563 0.3577
3.00 0.2722–1 0.7623–1 0.3571 4.235 0.4752 10.330 2.679 0.3283
3.50 0.1311–1 0.4523–1 0.2899 6.790 0.4512 14.130 3.315 0.2129
4.00 –2 –1 0.2381 10.72 0.4350 18.500 4.047 0.1388
0.6586 0.2766
4.50 0.3455–2 0.1745–1 0.1980 16.56 0.4236 23.460 4.875 0.9170–1
5.00 0.1890–2 0.1134–1 0.1667 25.00 0.4152 29.000 5.800 0.6172–1
5.50 0.1075–2 0.7578–2 0.1418 36.87 0.4090 35.130 6.822 0.4236–1
6.00 0.6334–2 0.5194–2 0.1220 53.18 0.4042 41.830 7.941 0.2965–1
6.50 0.3855–2 0.3643–2 0.1058 75.13 0.4004 49.130 9.156 0.2115–1
7.00 0.2416–3 0.2609–2 0.9259–1 104.1 0.3974 57.000 10.47 0.1535–1
7.50 0.1554–3 0.1904–2 0.8163–1 141.8 0.3949 65.460 11.88 0.1133–1
8.00 0.1024–3 0.1414–2 0.7246–1 190.1 0.3929 74.500 13.39 0.8488–2
8.50 0.6898–4 0.1066–2 0.6472–1 251.1 0.3912 84.130 14.99 0.6449–2
9.00 0.4739–4 0.8150–3 0.5814–1 327.2 0.3898 94.330 16.69 0.4964–2
9.50 0.3314–4 0.6313–3 0.5249–1 421.1 0.3886 105.100 18.49 0.3866–2
10.00 0.2356–4 0.4948–3 0.4762–1 535.9 0.3876 116.500 20.39 0.3045–2
† –n
x means x ∙ 10–n.
Data source: R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, The Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Sciences, CRC Press, Inc., Cleveland, 1973. Copyright © 1973
by The Chemical Rubber Co., CRC Press, Inc.
 Temperature, °C
FIGURE A.2
–2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1 × 10 Absolute viscosities of certain
8 4 gases and liquids (Data
6 3 source: Fluid Mechanics,
5th ed., V. L. Streeter, 1971,
4 2 McGraw-Hill, New York.)
3
2 Castor 1 × 10–1
8
oil
6
1 × 10–3
8 4
Glycerine
6 3
SA
4 E1 2
0W
3 SAE 20W -30

2 1 × 10–2
Crude oil (SG = 0.86) 8
–4 6
1 × 10
Absolute viscosity, lbf-s/ft2

Absolute viscosity, N·s/m2

8 Kerosene 4
Aniline
6 3

4 2
3 Car
bon Eth
tetra yl a Mercury
2 chlo lcoh 1 × 10–3
ride ol 8
6
1 × 10–5
8 4
Benzene
6 Water 3

4 Gasoline (SG = 0.68) 2

3
2 1 × 10–4
8
6
1 × 10–6
8 4
Air
6 3
Helium
4 2
3 Carbon dioxide
2 1 × 10–5
Hydrogen

1 × 10–7
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature, °F
 Temperature, °C
FIGURE A.3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Kinematic viscosities of 1 × 10–2
certain gases and liquids. 8 8
The gases are at standard 6 6
pressure. (Data source: Glycerine
Fluid Mechanics, 5th ed., 4
4
V. L. Streeter, McGraw-Hill, 3 3
New York.) Helium
2 2

Hydrogen
1 × 10–3 1 × 10–4
8 SA 8
E 6
6 10
W
-3
0 4
4 SAE 20W
3 3
Air and oxygen
2 2
Carbon dioxide
1 × 10–4 1 × 10–5

Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

8
Kinematic viscosity, ft2/s

8
6 Crude oil (SG = 0.86) 6

4 4
Kerosene
3 3

2 2
Water

1 × 10–5 1 × 10–6
8 Carb Ethyl alcohol 8
on t
etra 6
6 chlo
ride
Benzene 4
4
3 Gasoline (SG = 0.68) 3

2 2

Mercury
1 × 10–6 1 × 10–7
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature, °F
TABLE A.2 Physical Properties of Gases [T = 15°C (59°F), p = 1 atm]
cp
R J
Gas S
kg K
Density Kinematic Constant Sutherland’s
kg/m3 Viscosity J/kg K Btu cp Constant
( lbm-°R ) k=
Gas (slugs/ft3) m2/s (ft2/s) (ft-lbf/slug-°R) cv K(°R)
Air 1.22 1.46 × 10–5 287 1004 1.40 111
(0.00237) (1.58 × 10–4) (1716) (0.240) (199)
Carbon dioxide 1.85 7.84 × 10–6 189 841 1.30 222
(0.0036) (8.48 × 10–5) (1130) (0.201) (400)
Helium 0.169 1.14 × 10–4 2077 5187 1.66 79.4
(0.00033) (1.22 × 10–3) (12,419) (1.24) (143)
Hydrogen 0.0851 1.01 × 10–4 4127 14,223 1.41 96.7
(0.00017) (1.09 × 10–3) (24,677) (3.40) (174)
Methane (natural gas) 0.678 1.59 × 10–5 518 2208 1.31 198
(0.0013) (1.72 × 10–4) (3098) (0.528) (356)
Nitrogen 1.18 1.45 × 10–5 297 1041 1.40 107
(0.0023) (1.56 × 10–4) (1776) (0.249) (192)
Oxygen 1.35 1.50 × 10–5 260 916 1.40
(0.0026) (1.61 × 10–4) (1555) (0.219)

Data source: V. L. Streeter (ed.), Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1961; also R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, Handbook
of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, CRC Press, Inc. Cleveland, 1973; and Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Company, 1951.
TABLE A.3 Mechanical Properties of Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Temperature Density Specific Weight Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity

3 3
kg/m N/m N∙s/m2 m2/s

–20°C 1.40 13.70 1.61 × 10–5 1.16 × 10–5

–10°C 1.34 13.20 1.67 × 10–5 1.24 × 10–5
0°C 1.29 12.70 1.72 × 10–5 1.33 × 10–5
10°C 1.25 12.20 1.76 × 10–5 1.41 × 10–5
20°C 1.20 11.80 1.81 × 10–5 1.51 × 10–5
30°C 1.17 11.40 1.86 × 10–5 1.60 × 10–5
40°C 1.13 11.10 1.91 × 10–5 1.69 × 10–5
50°C 1.09 10.70 1.95 × 10–5 1.79 × 10–5
60°C 1.06 10.40 2.00 × 10–5 1.89 × 10–5
70°C 1.03 10.10 2.04 × 10–5 1.99 × 10–5
80°C 1.00 9.81 2.09 × 10–5 2.09 × 10–5
90°C 0.97 9.54 2.13 × 10–5 2.19 × 10–5
100°C 0.95 9.28 2.17 × 10–5 2.29 × 10–5
120°C 0.90 8.82 2.26 × 10–5 2.51 × 10–5
140°C 0.85 8.38 2.34 × 10–5 2.74 × 10–5
160°C 0.81 7.99 2.42 × 10–5 2.97 × 10–5
180°C 0.78 7.65 2.50 × 10–5 3.20 × 10–5
200°C 0.75 7.32 2.57 × 10–5 3.44 × 10–5
slugs/ft3 lbf/ft3 lbf-s/ft2 ft2/s
0°F 0.00269 0.0866 3.39 × 10–7 1.26 × 10–4
20°F 0.00257 0.0828 3.51 × 10–7 1.37 × 10–4
40°F 0.00247 0.0794 3.63 × 10–7 1.47 × 10–4
60°F 0.00237 0.0764 3.74 × 10–7 1.58 × 10–4
80°F 0.00228 0.0735 3.85 × 10–7 1.69 × 10–4
100°F 0.00220 0.0709 3.96 × 10–7 1.80 × 10–4
120°F 0.00213 0.0685 4.07 × 10–7 1.91 × 10–4
150°F 0.00202 0.0651 4.23 × 10–7 2.09 × 10–4
200°F 0.00187 0.0601 4.48 × 10–7 2.40 × 10–4
300°F 0.00162 0.0522 4.96 × 10–7 3.05 × 10–4
400°F 0.00143 0.0462 5.40 × 10–7 3.77 × 10–4
Data source: R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, CRC Press, Inc., Cleveland, 1973. Copyright © 1973 by The
Chemical Rubber Co., CRC Press, Inc.
TABLE A.4 Approximate Physical Properties of Common Liquids at Atmospheric Pressure

Density Specific Dynamic Kinematic Surface

Liquid and kg/m3 Specific Weight Viscosity Viscosity Tension
Temperature (slugs/ft3) Gravity N/m3 (lbf/ft3) N∙s/m2 (lbf-s/ft2) m2/s (ft2/s) N/m* (lbf/ft)

Ethyl alcohol(1)(3) 799 0.79 7,850 1.2 × 10–3 1.5 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–2
20°C (68°F) (1.55) (50.0) (2.5 × 10–5) (1.6 × 10–5) (1.5 × 10–3)
Carbon tetrachloride(3) 1,590 1.59 15,600 9.6 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–2
20°C (68°F) (3.09) (99.5) (2.0 × 10–5) (6.5 × 10–6) (1.8 × 10–3)
Glycerine(3) 1,260 1.26 12,300 1.41 1.12 × 10–3 6.3 × 10–2
20°C (68°F) (2.45) (78.5) (2.95 × 10–2) (1.22 × 10–2) (4.3 × 10–3)
Kerosene(1)(2) 814 0.81 8,010 1.9 × 10–3 2.37 × 10–6 2.9 × 10–2
20°C (68°F) (1.58) (51) (4.0 × 10–5) (2.55 × 10–5) (2.0 × 10–3)
Mercury(1)(3) 13,550 13.55 133,000 1.5 × 10–3 1.2 × 10–7 4.8 × 10–1
20°C (68°F) (26.3) (847) (3.1 × 10–5) (1.3 × 10–6) (3.3 × 10–2)
Sea water 10°C 1,026 1.03 10,070 1.4 × 10–3 1.4 × 10–6
at 3.3% salinity (1.99) (64.1) (2.9 × 10–5) (1.5 × 10–5)
Oils—38°C (100°F) 870 0.87 8,530 3.6 × 10–2 4.1 × 10–5
SAE 10W(4) (1.69) (54.4) (7.5 × 10–4) (4.4 × 10–4)
SAE 10W-30(4) 880 0.88 8,630 6.7 × 10–2 7.6 × 10–5
(1.71) (55.1) (1.4 × 10–3) (8.2 × 10–4)
SAE 30(4) 880 0.88 8,630 1.0 × 10–1 1.1 × 10–4
(1.71) (55.1) (2.1 × 10–3) (1.2 × 10–3)
*Liquid–air surface tension values.
Data source: (1) V. L. Streeter, Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961; (2) V. L. Streeter, Fluid Mechanics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1966; (3) A. A. Newman, Glycerol, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1968; (4) R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering
Sciences, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973.
TABLE A.5 Approximate Physical Properties of Water* at Atmospheric Pressure

Dynamic Kinematic
Temperature Density Specific Weight Viscosity Viscosity Vapor Pressure

kg/m3 N/m3 N∙s/m2 m2/s N/m2 abs

0°C 1000 9810 1.79 × 10–3 1.79 × 10–6 611

5°C 1000 9810 1.51 × 10–3 1.51 × 10–6 872

10°C 1000 9810 1.31 × 10–3 1.31 × 10–6 1,230

15°C 999 9800 1.14 × 10–3 1.14 × 10–6 1,700

998 9790 –3 –6 2,340
20°C 1.00 × 10 1.00 × 10
25°C 997 9781 8.91 × 10–4 8.94 × 10–7 3,170

30°C 996 9771 7.97 × 10–4 8.00 × 10–7 4,250

35°C 994 9751 7.20 × 10–4 7.24 × 10–7 5,630

40°C 992 9732 6.53 × 10–4 6.58 × 10–7 7,380

50°C 988 9693 5.47 × 10–4 5.53 × 10–7 12,300

60°C 983 9643 4.66 × 10–4 4.74 × 10–7 20,000

70°C 978 9594 4.04 × 10–4 4.13 × 10–7 31,200

80°C 972 9535 3.54 × 10–4 3.64 × 10–7 47,400

90°C 965 9467 3.15 × 10–4 3.26 × 10–7 70,100

100°C 958 9398 2.82 × 10–4 2.94 × 10–7 101,300

slugs/ft 3
lbf/ft 3
lbf-s/ft 2
ft /s
2
psia
1.94 62.43 –5 –5 0.122
40°F 3.23 × 10 1.66 × 10
50°F 1.94 62.40 2.73 × 10–5 1.41 × 10–5 0.178

60°F 1.94 62.37 2.36 × 10–5 1.22 × 10–5 0.256

70°F 1.94 62.30 2.05 × 10–5 1.06 × 10–5 0.363

80°F 1.93 62.22 1.80 × 10–5 0.930 × 10–5 0.506

1.93 62.00 –5 –5 0.949
100°F 1.42 × 10 0.739 × 10
120°F 1.92 61.72 1.17 × 10–5 0.609 × 10–5 1.69

140°F 1.91 61.38 0.981 × 10–5 0.514 × 10–5 2.89

160°F 1.90 61.00 0.838 × 10–5 0.442 × 10–5 4.74

180°F 1.88 60.58 0.726 × 10–5 0.385 × 10–5 7.51

1.87 60.12 –5 –5 11.53
200°F 0.637 × 10 0.341 × 10
212°F 1.86 59.83 0.593 × 10–5 0.319 × 10–5 14.70

*Notes: Bulk modulus Ev of water is approximately 2.2 GPa (3.2 × 105 psi).
Data source: R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, CRC Press, Inc., Cleveland, 1973. Copyright © 1973 by
The Chemical Rubber Co., CRC Press, Inc.