Software Development Lifecycles

Part 1

Chapter 1
The Systems Analyst and Information Systems Development

Systems Analysis and Design

1
OBJECTIVES
• The systems analyst.
• The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
• Information system project identification and initiation.
• Feasibility analysis.

2
Introduction

• The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the process of

determining how an information system (IS) can support business
needs, designing the system, building it, and delivering it to users.

• The key person in the SDLC is the systems analyst, who analyzes the
business situation, identifies the opportunities for improvements, and
designs an IS to implement the improvements.

3
The systems analyst
• The systems analyst plays a key role in IS development projects.
• The systems analyst works closely with all project team members so that
the team develops the right system in an effective way.
• Systems analysts must understand how to apply technology in order to
solve problems.
• Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify organizational
improvement needed, design systems to implement those changes, and
train and motivate others to use the systems.
4
Systems Analyst Skills
• Technical – Must understand the technical environment, technical foundation,
and technical solution.
• Business – Must understand how IT can be applied to business situations.
• Analytical – Must be problem solvers.

5
(cont’d)
• Interpersonal – Need to communicate effectively.

• Management – Need to manage people and to manage pressure and risks.

• Ethical - Must deal fairly, honestly, and ethically with other project members,
managers, and systems users.

6
Systems Analyst Roles
• Business analyst - Focuses on the IS issues surrounding the system.
• Systems analyst - Focuses on the business issues surrounding the system.
• Infrastructure analyst - Focuses on technical issues
• Change management analyst - Focuses on the people and management
issues surrounding the system installation.
• Project manager - Ensures that the project is completed on time and
within budget, and that the system delivers the expected vale to the
organization.
7
Career Paths for Systems Analysts

8
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

9
(cont’d)

• The SDLC is composed of four fundamental phases:

• Planning
• Analysis
• Design
• Implementation
• Each of the phases is composed of steps, which rely on techniques
that produce deliverables (specific documents that explain various
elements of the system).
10
Planning

• This phase is the fundamental process of understanding why an

information system should be built, and determining how the project
team will go about building it.

11
The planning phase has two steps:

1. During project initiation, the system’s business value to the

organization is identified (How will it lower costs or increase
revenues?).

2. During project management, the project manager creates a work

plan, staffs the project, and puts techniques in place to help the
project team control and direct the project through the entire
SDLC.
12
Analysis

• The analysis phase answers the questions of who will use the system,
what the system will do, and where and when it will be used.

• During this phase the project team investigates any current system(s),
identifies improvement opportunities, and develops a concept for the
new system.

13
The analysis phase has three steps:
1. Analysis strategy: This is developed to guide the projects team’s efforts. This
includes a study of the current system and its problems, and envisioning ways
to design a new system.

2. Requirements gathering: The analysis of this information leads to the

development of a concept for a new system. This concept is used to build a set
of analysis models.

3. System proposal: The proposal is presented to the project sponsor and other key
individuals who decide whether the project should continue to move forward.

14
Design

• The design phase decides how the system will operate, in terms of
the hardware, software, and network infrastructure; the user
interface, forms, and reports that will be used; and the specific
programs, databases, and files that will be needed.

15
The design phase has four steps:
1. Design Strategy: This clarifies whether the system will be developed
by the company or outside the company.
2. Architecture Design: This describes the hardware, software, and
network infrastructure that will be used.
3. Database and File Specifications: These documents define what and
where the data will be stored.
4. Program Design: Defines what programs need to be written and
what they will do.
16
Implementation

• During the implementation phase, the system is either developed or

purchased (in the case of packaged software) and installed.
• This phase is usually the longest and most expensive part of the
process.

17
The implementation phase has three steps:

1. System Construction: The system is built and tested to make sure it

performs as designed.

2. Installation: The old system is turned off and the new one is turned
on.

3. Support Plan: Includes a post-implementation review as well as a

systematic way for identifying changes needed for the system.

18
Project identification and initiation

• A project is identified when someone in the organization identifies a

business need to build a system.

• A need may surface when an organization identifies unique and

competitive ways of using IT.

• To leverage the capabilities of emerging technologies such as cloud

computing, RFID, Web 2.0

19
Business Process Management (BPM)

• Nowadays many new IS projects grow out of BPM.

• BPM is a methodology used by organizations to continuously improve
end-to-end business processes.

20
BPM Process

• Defining and mapping the steps in a business process.

• Creating ways to improve on the steps in the process that add value

• Finding ways to eliminate or consolidate steps in the process that do

not add value

• Creating and adjusting electronic workflows to match the improved

process maps.
21
(cont’d)
• Business process automation (BPA) – technology components are used
to complement or substitute manual process.

• Business process improvement (BPI) – creating new, re-designed

processes to improve the workflows, and/or utilizing new
technologies enabling new process structures.

• Business process reengineering (BPR) – changing the fundamental way

in which the organization operate.
22
Project sponsor

• The project sponsor is a person (or group) who has an interest in the system’s

success

• The project sponsor will work throughout the SDLC to make sure that the project

is moving in the right direction from the perspective of the business.

• The project sponsor serves as the primary point of contact for the project team.

• The size or scope of the project determines by the kind of sponsor that is

involved. 23
(cont’d)

• The project sponsor has the insights needed to determine the

business value that will be gained from the system.

• Tangible value can be quantified and measured easily (reduction in

operating costs).

• An intangible value results from an intuitive belief that the system

provides important, but hard-to-measure benefits to the organization.

24
System Request

• The document that describes the business reasons for

building a system and the value that system is expected to
provide.

• The project sponsor usually completes this form as part of a

formal system selection process within the organization.

25
(cont’d)
• The business requirements of the project refer to the business capabilities
that the system will need to have.

• The business value describes the benefits that the organization should
expect from the system.

• Special issues are included on the document as a catchall category for

other information that should be considered in assessing the project.

26
(cont’d)

• The completed system request is submitted to the approval

committee for consideration.

• The committee reviews the system request and makes an initial

determination of whether to investigate the proposed project or not.

• If so, the next step is to conduct a feasibility analysis.

27
Feasibility analysis

• Feasibility analysis guides the organization in determining whether to

proceed with a project.
• Feasibility analysis also identifies the important risks associated with
the project that must be managed if the project is approved.

28
(cont’d)
• As with the system request, each organization has its own process and format for the
feasibility analysis, but most include techniques to assess three areas:
• Technical feasibility
• Economic feasibility
• Organizational feasibility
• The results of evaluating these three feasibility factors are combined into a feasibility
study deliverable that is submitted to the approval committee at the end of project
initiation.

29
Technical Feasibility

• Technical feasibility is the extent to which the system can be

successfully designed, developed, and installed by the IT group.
• It is, in essence, a technical risk analysis that strives to answer the
question: “Can we build it?”

30
(cont’d)

• Risks can endanger the successful completion of a project.

The following aspects should be considered:
• Users’ and analysts’ should be familiar with the application.

• Familiarity with the technology

• Project size

• Compatibility of the new system with the technology that already exists

31
Economic Feasibility

• Economic feasibility analysis is also called a cost-benefit analysis, that

identifies the costs and benefits associated with the system.
• This attempts to answer the question: “Should we build the system?”

32
Cash Flow Analysis and Measures

• IT projects involve an initial investment that produces a steam of

benefits over time, along with some on-going support costs.
• Cash flows, both inflows and outflows, are estimated over some
future period.

33
Simple cash flow projection

34
Common methods for evaluating a project’s worth

• Return on Investment (ROI)

ROI=(Total Benefits – Total Costs)/Total Costs

• Break-Even Point (BEP)

35
Discounted cash flow technique
• Discounted case flows are used to compare the present value of all
cash inflows and outflows for the project in the today’s dollar terms.

• Net present value (NPV): the difference between the total PV of the
benefits and the total PV of the costs.

36
Discounted cash flow projection

37
Steps to conduct an economic feasibility analysis

1. Identify Costs and Benefits

2. Assign Values to Costs and Benefits
3. Determine Cash Flow
4. Assess Project’s Economic Value
- ROI
- BEP
- NPV
38
Identify Costs and Benefits

• The costs and benefits and be broken down in to four categories:

• Development costs
• Operational costs
• Tangible benefits
• Intangibles

39
Assign Values to Costs and Benefits
• Once the types of costs and benefits have been identified, the systems analysts needs to
assign specific dollar values to them.

40
Determine Cash Flow

• A formal cost-benefit analysis usually contains costs and benefits over

a selected number or years to show cash flow over time.
- Determine ROI
- Determine BEP
- Determine NPV

41
(cont’d)

42
Organizational Feasibility
• Organizational feasibility of the system is how well the system ultimately
will be accepted by its users and incorporated into the ongoing operations
of the organization.
• There are many organizational factors that can have an impact on the
project, and seasoned developers know that organizational feasibility can
be the most difficult feasibility dimension to assess.
• In essence, an organizational feasibility analysis is to answer the question
“If we build it, will they come?”

43
(cont’d)
• One way to assess the organizational feasibility is to understand how well the goals of the project

align with the business objectives and organizational strategies.

• A second way to assess the organizational feasibility is to conduct stakeholder analysis.

• A stakeholder is a person, group, or organization that can affect a new system

- Project champion

- System users

- Organizational management

- Other stakeholders

44
Summary
• The Systems Analyst is the key person in the development of information
systems.
• The Systems Development Lifecycle consists of four stages: Planning, Analysis,
Design, and Implementation.
• Project Identification and Initiation recognize a business need that can be
satisfied through the use of information technology.
• System Request describes the business value for an information system.
• A Feasibility Analysis is used to provide more detail about the risks associated
with the proposed system.

45