Chapter -5

MAGNETISM AND MATTER

Bar magnet
A bar magnet is a rectangular piece of an object, made up of iron, steel or any other
ferromagnetic substance or ferromagnetic composite, that shows permanent magnetic
properties. It has two poles, a north and a south pole such that when suspended freely,
the magnet aligns itself so that the northern pole points towards the magnetic north
pole of the earth.

Properties of Bar Magnet

A bar magnet has properties similar to any permanent magnet.
• It has a north pole and a south pole at two ends. Even if you break a bar magnet
from the middle, both the pieces will still have a north pole and a south pole, no
matter how many pieces you break it in.
• The magnetic force of it is the strongest at the pole.
• If this magnet is suspended freely in the air with a thread, it will not come to rest
until the poles are aligned in a north-south position. A Mariner’s Compass uses
this property to determine direction.
• If two bar magnets are placed close to each other, their unlike poles will attract
and like poles will repel each other.
• A bar magnet will attract all ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel and
cobalt.
Magnetic Field Lines
The magnetic field lines can be defined as imaginary lines that can be drawn along
the magnetic field that is acting around any magnetic substance.
o The magnetic field lines of a magnet form continuous closed loops.
o The tangent to the field line at any point represents the direction of the net
magnetic field B at that point.
o Larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the
magnitude of the magnetic field B.
o The magnetic field lines do not intersect.

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 Magnetic Dipole Moment
A Magnetic Dipole comprises two unlike poles of equivalent strength and parted by a
small distance. It is defined as the product of pole strength and the distance amidst the
two poles. The distance between the two poles of a magnetic or a magnetic dipole is
named as the magnet length and is given as the2𝑙.
Geometric length: The length of the edge parallel to the magnetic axis is called
geometric length of bar magnet.
Magnetic length: The distance between the poles of a bar magnet is called magnetic
length. Magnetic length of bar magnet x1.2=Geometric length of bar magnet
If 𝑞𝑚 (𝑚 is pole strength) is the magnetic charge or pole strength and 2𝑙 is the magnetic
length then magnetic dipole moment is 𝑀 = 𝑞𝑚 × 2𝑙 = 𝑚 × 2𝑙

Magnetic dipole moment is vector quantity and its direction is from south pole towards
north pole and its SI unit is ‘joule/tesla’ or ‘ampere-metre2‘.
A current carrying loop creates a magnetic field around it. The strength of the magnetic
field created depends on the current through the conductor. At the Centre of the loop
the magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the plane of the loop and behaves like a
magnet. The magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the product of the current
and the loop area. Its direction is perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
Magnetic dipole moment 𝑀 with the circular current loop carrying a current 𝐼 and of area
𝐴 is given by
⃗⃗ = 𝐼𝐴𝑛̂
𝑀
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Solenoid behaves as abr magnet
Solenoid is a coil having N number of turns of insulated copper wire. Magnetic field lines
are produced around the solenoid when a current is passed through it. Each turn of
solenoid behaves as a small magnetic dipole. Therefore, solenoid can be considered as
arrangement of small magnetic dipoles placed in line with each other. The magnetic field
produced by solenoid is identical to that produced by the magnet. The north pole of a bar
magnet is brought near to the both ends of a current carrying solenoid. The end of the
solenoid which repels the north pole of bar magnet will its north pole and the end of the
solenoid which will attract the north pole of the bar magnet will be its south pole.

Bar magnet behaves as solenoid

A bar magnet may be thought of as a large number of circulating currents in analogy with
a solenoid. Cutting a bar magnet in half is like cutting a solenoid. We get two smaller
solenoids with weaker magnetic properties. The field lines remain continuous, emerging
from one face of the solenoid and entering into the other face. One can test this analogy
by moving a small compass needle in the neighborhood of a bar magnet and a current-
carrying finite solenoid and noting that the deflections of the needle are similar both
cases.

Magnetic induction at a point along the axial line due to a magnetic dipole (Bar
magnet).

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 𝐵 = 𝐵1 − 𝐵2
𝜇0 𝑚 1 1
𝐵= ((𝑑−𝑙)2 − (𝑑+𝑙)2)
4𝜋
𝜇𝑜 𝑚 4𝑙𝑑 𝜇𝑜 𝑀2𝑑
𝐵= × (𝑑2 =
4𝜋 −𝑙 2 )2 4𝜋(𝑑 2 −𝑙 2 )2

If the length of the magnet is very small, 𝑑 >> 𝑙 and the magnetic field intensity is
𝜇𝑜 2𝑀
𝐵=
4𝜋𝑑 3

Magnetic induction at a point along the axial line due to a magnetic dipole (Bar
magnet).

𝜇𝑜 𝑚
𝐵1 = 𝐵2 =
4𝜋(𝑑 2 +𝑙 2 )

𝐵 = 2𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜇𝑜 𝑚 𝑙
𝐵=2
4𝜋(𝑑2 + 𝑙 2 ) √𝑑 2 + 𝑙 2
The direction of 𝐵 is parallel to the axis of the magnet, from north to south pole. If the
magnet is very short, 𝑑 >> 𝑙, and the magnetic field at 𝑃 is
𝜇𝑜 𝑀
𝐵=
4𝜋𝑑 3

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Torque on Bar magnet placed in uniform magnetic field:

𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵 × 2𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝜏 = 𝑀𝐵 sin 𝜃
⃗⃗ × 𝐵
𝜏=𝑀 ⃗

Potential energy of an bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field

When bar magnet is displaced with small angle dθ ,then work done is

𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏𝑑𝜃
𝜃2
𝜃
𝑈 = 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑀𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑀𝐵[− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]𝜃21
𝜃1

= 𝑀𝐵(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 )
When 𝜃1 = 900 𝜃2 = 𝜃
𝑈 = −𝑀𝐵 cos 𝜃
When 𝜃 = 0 𝑈 = −𝑀𝐵 Minimum potential energy and stable equilibrium
When 𝜃 = 180 𝑈 = +𝑀𝐵 maximum potential energy and unstable equilibrium
Question:(a) A small compass needle of magnetic moment ‘𝑚’ is free to turn about an
axis perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field ‘𝐵’. The moment of inertia
of the needle about the axis is ‘𝐼’. The needle is slightly disturbed from its stable position

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and then released. Prove that it executes simple harmonic motion. Hence deduce the
expression for its time period.
(b) A compass needle, free to turn in a vertical plane orients itself with its axis vertical at
a certain place on the earth. Find out the values of (i) horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field and (ii) angle of dip at the place
If magnetic compass of dipole moment vector m is placed at angle θ in uniform magnetic
field, and released it experiences a restoring torque.

It represents the simple harmonic motion with angular frequency

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(b) If compass needle orients itself with its axis vertical at a place, then

Concept - It is possible only on magnetic north or south poles.

Gauss’s law in magnetism :

In magnetism, we can visually demonstrate that the number of magnetic field lines
leaving the surface is balanced by the number of lines entering it. The net magnetic flux
through any closed surface is zero.

⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑠 = 0

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 Gauss's Law for magnetism tells us that magnetic monopoles do not exist. If magnetic
monopoles existed, they would be sources and sinks of the magnetic field, and
therefore the right-hand side could differ from zero.
Gauss' Law for electrostatics is a very useful method for calculating electric fields in
highly symmetric situations. Gauss' Law for magnetism is considerably less useful.

Earth’s magnetism: The magnetic field is now thought to arise due to electrical currents
produced by convective motion of metallic fluids (consisting mostly of molten iron and
nickel) in the outer core of the earth. This is known as the dynamo effect.
The magnetic field lines of the earth resemble that of a (hypothetical) magnetic dipole
located at the centre of the earth. The axis of the dipole does not coincide with the axis
of rotation of the earth but is presently titled by approximately 11.30 with respect to the
later. In this way of looking at it, the magnetic poles are located where the magnetic field
lines due to the dipole enter or leave the earth.
Geographic meridian: The vertical plane containing the longitude circle and the axis of
rotation of the earth is called the geographic meridian.
Magnetic meridian: The vertical plane which passes through the imaginary line joining
the magnetic north and the south poles is called magnetic meridian. This plane would
intersect the surface of the earth in a longitude like circle.
A magnetic needle, which is free to swing horizontally, would then lie in the magnetic
meridian and the north pole of the needle would point towards the magnetic north pole.
Since the line joining the magnetic poles is titled with respect to the geographic axis of
the earth, the magnetic meridian at a point makes angle with the geographic meridian.

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Elements of earth’s magnetic field
(1) Magnetic declination (θ) at that place: The angle between the true geographic north
and the north pole shown by a compass needle is called the magnetic declination or
simply declination. The declination is greater at higher latitudes and smaller near the
equator.
(2) Magnetic inclination (δ) dip at that place: The angle that the total magnetic field (B)
of the earth makes with the surface of the earth and horizontal component of earth's
magnetic field (BH) is called dip or inclination (δ) at that place. At the magnetic equator,
the angle of dip is 0° and at the magnetic poles, the angle of dip is 90°.
In most of the northern hemisphere, the north pole of the dip needle tilts downwards.
Likewise, in most of the southern hemisphere, the south pole of the dip needle tilts
downwards.

(3) Horizontal comp of earth’s magnetic field (BH) at that place

There are two components to explain the intensity of the earth’s magnetic field:
Horizontal component (𝐵𝐻 ) 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵 cos 𝛿
Vertical component (𝐵𝑉 ) 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵 sin 𝛿
BV
tan δ = 𝐵 = √𝐵𝐻 2 + 𝐵𝑉 2
BH

At equator δ = 0, BH = B and at poles δ = 900 BV = B

Magnetization and magnetic intensity
Magnetization, also termed as magnetic polarization, is a vector quantity that gives the
measure of the density of permanent or induced dipole moment in a given magnetic

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material. Magnetization of a given sample material M, can be defined as the net magnetic
moment for that material per unit volume. Mathematically
𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀=
𝑉

In a solenoid with 𝑛 turns per unit length and the current passing through it be given by
𝐼, then the magnetic field in the interior of the solenoid can be given as,
𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
Now, if we fill the interior of the solenoid with a material of non-zero magnetization, the
field inside the solenoid must be greater than before. The net magnetic field B inside the
solenoid can be given as,
𝐵𝑚 = 𝜇0 𝑀
Here, 𝜇0 is the constant of permeability of vacuum.
Let us now discuss another concept here, the magnetic intensity of a material. The
magnetic intensity of a material can be given as,
𝐵
𝐻= −𝑀
𝜇0

Total magnetic field can also be defined as,

𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
Here, the magnetic field due to the external factors such as the current in the solenoid is
given as H and that due to the nature of the core is given by M. The latter quantity, that
is M is dependent on external influences, and is given by 𝑀 = 𝜒𝐻
Where, 𝜒 is the magnetic susceptibility of the material. It gives the measure of the
response of a material to an external field. The magnetic susceptibility of a material is
small and positive for paramagnetic materials and is small and negative for diamagnetic
materials.
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (1 + 𝜒)𝐻 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻 = 𝜇𝐻
Here, the term 𝜇𝑟 is termed as the relative magnetic permeability of a material, which is
analogous to the dielectric constants in the case of electrostatics. We define the magnetic
permeability as, 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇0 (1 + 𝜒)
𝜇𝑟 = (1 + 𝜒)

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Diamagnetic materials: The orbital motion of electrons around the nucleus produces a
magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the orbit. Thus each electron orbit has finite
orbital magnetic dipole moment. Since the orbital planes are oriented in random manner,
the vector sum of magnetic moments is zero and there is no resultant magnetic moment
for each atom.
In the presence of an external magnetic field, some electrons are speeded up and some
are slowed down. The electrons whose moments were anti-parallel are speeded up
according to Lenz’s law and this produces an induced magnetic moment in a direction
opposite to the field. The induced moment disappears as soon as the external field is
removed.
When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the interaction between induced magnetic
moment and the external field creates a force which tends to move the material from
stronger part to weaker part of the external field. It means that diamagnetic material is
repelled by the field.
This action is called diamagnetic action and such materials are known as diamagnetic
materials. Examples: Bismuth, Copper and Water etc.
The properties of diamagnetic materials are:
(i) Magnetic susceptibility is negative.
(ii) Relative permeability is slightly less than unity.
(iii)The magnetic field lines are repelled or expelled by diamagnetic materials
when placed in a magnetic field.
(iv) Susceptibility is nearly temperature independent.

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Paramagnetic materials:In some magnetic materials, each atom or molecule has net
magnetic dipole moment which is the vector sum of orbital and spin magnetic moments
of electrons. Due to the random orientation of these magnetic moments, the net
magnetic moment of the materials is zero.
In the presence of an external magnetic field, the torque acting on the atomic dipoles will
align them in the field direction. As a result, there is net magnetic dipole moment induced
in the direction of the applied field. The induced dipole moment is present as long as the
external field exists.
When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the paramagnetic materials will have a
tendency to move from weaker to stronger part of the field. Materials which exhibit weak
magnetism in the direction of the applied field are known as paramagnetic materials.
Examples: Aluminum, Platinum and chromium etc.The properties of paramagnetic
materials are:
(i) Magnetic susceptibility is positive and small.
(ii) Relative permeability is greater than unity.
(iii) The magnetic field lines are attracted into the paramagnetic materials when
placed in a magnetic field.
(iv) Susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature.

Curie’s law:When temperature is increased, thermal vibration will upset the alignment
of magnetic dipole moments. Therefore, the magnetic susceptibility decreases with
increase in temperature. In many cases, the susceptibility of the materials is
1 𝐶
𝜒𝑚 𝛼 𝑜𝑟 𝜒𝑚 =
𝑇 𝑇

This relation is called Curie’s law. Here C is called Curie constant and temperature 𝑇 is in
kelvin. The graph drawn between magnetic susceptibility and temperature is shown in
Figure, which is a rectangular hyperbola.

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Ferromagnetic materials: An atom or a molecule in a ferromagnetic material possesses
net magnetic dipole moment as in a paramagnetic material. A ferromagnetic material is
made up of smaller regions, called ferromagnetic domain. Within each domain, the
magnetic moments are spontaneously aligned in a direction. This alignment is caused by
strong interaction arising from electron spin which depends on the inter-atomic distance.
Each domain has net magnetisation in a direction. However, the direction of
magnetisation varies from domain to domain and thus net magnetisation of the specimen
is zero.

In the presence of external magnetic field, two processes take place (𝑖) the domains
having magnetic moments parallel to the field grow in size (𝑖𝑖)the other domains (not
parallel to field) are rotated so that they are aligned with the field. As a result of these
mechanisms, there is a strong net magnetization of the material in the direction of the
applied field.

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When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the ferromagnetic materials will have a
strong tendency to move from weaker to stronger part of the field. Materials which
exhibit strong magnetism in the direction of applied field are called ferromagnetic
materials. Examples: Iron, Nickel and Cobalt.
The properties of ferromagnetic materials are:
(i) Magnetic susceptibility is positive and large.
(ii) Relative permeability is large.
(iii) The magnetic field lines are strongly attracted into the ferromagnetic
materials when placed in a magnetic field.
(iv) Susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature.
As temperature increases, the ferromagnetism decreases due to the increased thermal
agitation of the atomic dipoles. At a particular temperature, ferromagnetic material
becomes paramagnetic. This temperature is known as Curie temperature 𝑇𝐶 . The
susceptibility of the material above the Curie temperature is given by
𝐶
𝜒𝑚 = 𝑇−𝑇
𝐶

This relation is called Curie-Weiss law. The constant 𝐶 is called Curie constant and
temperature 𝑇 is in kelvin. A plot of magnetic susceptibility with temperature is as shown
in Figure.

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HYSTERESIS

When a ferromagnetic material is kept in a magnetising field, the material gets

magnetised by induction. An important characteristic of ferromagnetic material is that
⃗ with magnetising field 𝐻
the variation of magnetic induction 𝐵 ⃗ is not linear. It means that
𝐵
the ratio = 𝜇 is not a constant.
𝐻

A ferromagnetic material (example, Iron) is magnetised slowly by a magnetising field 𝐻 ⃗

The magnetic induction 𝐵 ⃗ of the material increases from point A with the magnitude of
the magnetising field and then attains a saturated level. This response of the material is
depicted by the path AC as shown in Figure 3.30. Saturation magnetization is defined as
the maximum point up to which the material can be magnetised by applying the
magnetising field.

If the magnetising field is now reduced, the magnetic induction also decreases but does
not retrace the original path CA. It takes different path CD. When the magnetising field
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is zero, the magnetic induction is not zero and it has positive value. This implies that
some magnetism is left in the specimen even when 𝐻 = 0.

The residual magnetism AD present in the specimen is called remanence or retentivity. It

is defined as the ability of the materials to retain the magnetism in them even magnetising
field vanishes.

In order to demagnetise the material, the magnetising field is gradually increased in the
reverse direction. Now the magnetic induction decreases along DE and becomes zero at
E. The magnetising field AE in the reverse direction is required to bring residual
magnetism to zero. The magnitude of the reverse magnetising field for which the residual
magnetism of the material vanishes is called its coercivity.

Further increase of 𝐻 ⃗ in the reverse direction, the magnetic induction increases along EF
until it reaches saturation at F in the reverse direction. If magnetising field is decreased
and then increased with direction reversed, the magnetic induction traces the path FGKC.
This closed curve ACDEFGKC is called hysteresis loop and it represents a cycle of
magnetisation.

In the entire cycle, the magnetic induction B lags behind the magnetising field H.
This phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction behind the magnetising field is called
hysteresis. Hysteresis means ‘lagging behind’.

Hysteresis loss: During the magnetisation of the specimen through a cycle, there is loss
of energy in the form of heat. This loss is attributed to the rotation and orientation of

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molecular magnets in various directions. It is found that the energy lost (or dissipated)
per unit volume of the material when it is carried through one cycle of magnetisation is
equal to the area of the hysteresis loop.

Hard and soft magnetic materials: Based on the shape and size of the hysteresis loop,
ferromagnetic materials are classified as soft magnetic materials with smaller area and
hard magnetic materials with larger area. The comparison of the hysteresis loops for two
magnetic materials is shown in Figure. Properties of soft and hard magnetic materials are
compared in Table.

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Applications of hysteresis loop
The significance of hysteresis loop is that it provides information such as retentivity,
coercivity, permeability, susceptibility and energy loss during one cycle of magnetization
for each ferromagnetic material. Therefore, the study of hysteresis loop will help us in
selecting proper and suitable material for a given purpose. Some examples:
(i) Permanent magnets: The materials with high retentivity, high coercivity and high
permeability are suitable for making permanent magnets. Examples: Steel and Alnico
(ii) Electromagnets: The materials with high initial permeability, low retentivity, low
coercivity and thin hysteresis loop with smaller area are preferred to make
electromagnets.
Examples: Soft iron and Mu metal (Nickel Iron alloy). (Mu-metal is a nickel–iron soft
ferromagnetic alloy with very high permeability)
(iii) Core of the transformer: The materials with high initial permeability, large magnetic
induction and thin hysteresis loop with smaller area are needed to design transformer
cores. Examples: Soft iron

Questions for practice

1. A ship is sailing due west according to Mariner’s compass. If the declination of the
place is 15° east, what is the true direction of ship? (75°𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ)
2. A magnetic needle lying parallel to a magnetic field requires 𝑊 units of work to turn
it through 60°.What will be the torque needed to maintain the needle in this
position? (√3𝑊)
3. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.9𝑗/𝑇 is placed at 30° to a uniform
magnetic field. If it experiences a torque of 0.063𝐽, (i)calculate the magnitude of
magnetic field and (ii) what orientation of the bar magnet corresponds to the stable
equilibrium in the field? (0.14𝑇, 𝑀⃗⃗ ∥ 𝐵
⃗)
4. Draw magnetic field lines when a (i) diamagnetic (ii) ferromagnetic substance is
placed in an external magnetic field. Out of these two substances which one will be
used for making core of transformer? Justify your answer.
5. In which direction would a compass free to move in the vertical plane point to, if
located right on the geomagnetic north or South Pole?
6. Figure shows a small magnetized needle 𝐴 placed at a point 𝑂. The arrow shows the
direction of its magnetic moment. The other arrows show different positions (and
orientations of the magnetic moment) of another identical magnetized needle 𝐵.
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 (a) In which configuration is the system in (i) stable and (ii) unstable equilibrium?
(b) In which configuration is the system not in equilibrium?

[(𝑖)𝐵3 𝐵6 (𝑖𝑖)𝐵4 𝐵5 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐵1 𝐵2 ]

7. What is relative permeability of a material? How is it related to the magnetic
susceptibility?
8. How will the angle of dip vary when one goes from a place, where the acceleration
due to gravity is maximum, to a place where it is minimum on the surface of earth?
The vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field is √3 times the horizontal
component at a place. What is the value of angle of dip at that place?
9. An iron bar is heated to 10000C and then cooled in a magnetic field free space. Will
it retain magnetism? Give reason.
10. Why diamagnetism is independent of temperature?
11. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 𝑀 = 0.32 𝐽𝑇 −1 is placed in uniform
magnetic field of 0.15 𝑇. If the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field, which
orientation would correspond to its unstable equilibrium and what is its potential
energy in this case? (180°, 4.8 × 10−2 𝐽)
12. Two magnets 𝑃 and 𝑄 re placed one over another with their magnetic axes mutually
perpendicular to each other. It is found that the resultant field at a point on the
prolongation of the magnetic axes of 𝑃 is inclined at 30° with this axis. Compare the
𝑚1 √3
magnetic moments of two magnets. ( = )
𝑚2 2
13. Draw a hysteresis loop with axes labeled and define the terms retentivity and
coercivity. What does the area of loop represent?
14. Why does a paramagnetic sample display greater magnetization for the same
magnetizing field when cooled?
15. Two identical thin bar magnets, each of length 𝐿 and pole strength 𝑚 are placed at
right angles to each other, with the 𝑁 pole of one touching the 𝑆 pole of the other.
Find the magnetic moment of the system. (𝑚𝐿√2)
16. A solenoid has a core of a material with relative permeability 400.The windings of
the solenoid are insulated from the core and carry a current of 2𝐴. If the number of
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 turns is 1000𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, calculate (i) 𝐻 (ii) intensity of magnetization and the
magnetizing current. (2000𝐴𝑚−1 , 798000𝐴𝑚−1 )
17. Define the terms magnetic dip and magnetic declination with help of relevant
diagram. How does dip angle very from equator to poles?
18. How will the magnetic field intensity at the centre of a circular wire carrying current
change, if the current through the wire is doubled and radius of the coil is halved?
19. A closely wound solenoid of 800 turns and area of cross section 2 × 10−4 𝑚2 carries
a current of 3.0 𝐴. Explain the sense in which the solenoid acts like a bar magnet.
What is its associated magnetic moment? (A current-carrying solenoid behaves as a
bar magnet because a magnetic field develops along its axis, i.e., along its
length,0.6𝐽𝑇 −1 )
20. A short bar magnet placed in a horizontal plane has its axis aligned along the
magnetic north-south direction. Null points are found on the axis of the magnet at
14 cm from the Centre of the magnet. The earth's magnetic field at the place is 0.36
G and the angle of dip is zero. What is the total magnetic field on the normal bisector
of the magnet at the same distance as the null-point (i.e., 14 cm) from the Centre of
the magnet? (At null points, field due to a magnet is equal and opposite to the
horizontal component of earth's magnetic field). (0.54𝐺 )
21. A magnetic dipole is under the influence of two magnetic fields. The angle between
the field directions is 60°, and one of the fields has a magnitude of 1.2 × 10−2 𝑇. If
the dipole comes to stable equilibrium at an angle of 15° with this field, what is the
magnitude of the other field? (4.4 × 10−3 𝑇)
22. The values of the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and angle of dip
are 0.4 × 10−4 𝑇 and 60° respectively at some place. What is the total intensity of
earth’s magnetic field at that place? (0.8 × 10−4 𝑇)
23. At a place, the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 𝐵 and angle of dip
are 60°. What is the value of a horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field
at the equator? (2𝐵)
24. Draw magnetic field lines when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is
placed in an external magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes this
behavior of the field lines due to the two substances?
25. A sample of paramagnetic salt contains 2.0 × 1024 atomic dipoles each of dipole
moment 1.5 × 10−23 𝐽𝑇 −1 . The sample is placed under a homogeneous magnetic
field of 0.64 𝑇, and cooled to a temperature of 4.2𝐾. The degree of magnetic
saturation achieved is equal to 15%. What is the total dipole moment of the sample
for a magnetic field of 0.98𝑇 and a temperature of 2.8𝐾? (7.9𝐽𝑇 −1 )

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 26. A bar magnet of length ′𝑙′ and magnetic dipole moment 𝑀 is bent in the form of an
arc as shown in figure. Find the new magnetic dipole moment.

3𝑀
( )
𝜋
27. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 𝑀 and moment of inertia 𝐼 (about Centre,
perpendicular to length) is cut into two equal pieces, perpendicular to length. Let 𝑇
be the period of oscillations of the original magnet about an axis through the mid
point, perpendicular to length, in a magnetic field B. What would be the similar
𝑇
period 𝑇′ for each piece? (𝑇 ′ = )
2
28. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5𝐽𝑇 −1 lies aligned with the direction of a
uniform magnetic field of 0.22 𝑇.
(a) What is the amount of work required by an external torque to turn the magnet
so as to align its magnetic moment: (i) normal to the field direction, (ii) opposite
to the field direction?
(b) What is the torque on the magnet in cases (i) and (ii)? (0.33𝑁𝑚, 0.66𝐽, 0.33𝐽, 0)
29. What happens if a bar magnet is cut into two pieces: (i) transverse to its length and
(ii) along its length?
30. The following figure shows the variation of intensity of magnetization with the
applied magnetic field intensity for three magnetic materials 𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍. Identify the
materials 𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍.

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