DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY

DON BOSCO DEGREE COLLEGE

CHITRADURGA-577501

PROJECT REPORT ON

TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A Project submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for qualifying

BACHELOR IN COMPUTER APPLICATION

SUBMITTED BY

1. KOTESH R REG NO:U13D021S0036

2. KIRAN S REG NO:U13D021S0010
3. KEERTHI KUMAR J REG NO:U13D021S0049
4. DON BOSCO K JOSE REG NO:U13D021S0032
5. K S AMANITHA REG NO:U13D021S0056
6. MEGHANA N REG NO:U13D021S0030

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Miss SOWMYA M S BE., M.Tech(CS).,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
BACHELOR IN COMPUTER APPLICATION
DON BOSCO DEGREE COLLEGE
CHITRADURGA-577501
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled "TRAVEL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM" carried out by KOTESH R
(U13DO21S0036), KIRAN S (U13DO21S0010), KEERTHI
KUMAR J (U13DO21S0049), DON BOSCO K JOSE
(U13DO21S0032), K S AMANITHA (U13DO21S0056),
MEGHANA N (U13DO21S0030), students of DON BOSCO
DEGREE COLLEGE, CHITRADURGA. In partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of BACHELOR IN COMPUTER
APPLCATION (BCA) of the DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY,
CHITRADURGA during the year 2023-2024. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work
prescribed for the said degree.

PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE
DON BOSCO DEGREE COLLEGE
CHITRADURGA-577501
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled " TRAVEL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM " carried out by KOTESH R
(U13DO21S0036), KIRAN S (U13DO21S0010), KEERTHI
KUMAR J (U13DO21S0049), DON BOSCO K JOSE
(U13DO21S0032), K S AMANITHA (U13DO21S0056),
MEGHANA N (U13DO21S0030),students of DON BOSCO
DEGREE COLLEGE, CHITRADURGA. In partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of BACHELOR IN COMPUTER
APPLCATION (BCA) of the DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY,
CHITRADURGA during the year 2023-2024. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work
prescribed for the said degree.

HOD Signature Guide Signature

Mr. R. POOBALAN., M.Sc.,M.Ed Miss. SOWMYA M S.,B.E ., M.Tech(CS)

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled " TRAVEL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM " carried out by KOTESH R
(U13DO21S0036), KIRAN S (U13DO21S0010), KEERTHI
KUMAR J (U13DO21S0049), DON BOSCO K JOSE
(U13DO21S0032), K S AMANITHA (U13DO21S0056),
MEGHANA N (U13DO21S0030), students of DON BOSCO
DEGREE COLLEGE, CHITRADURGA. In partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF COMPUTER
APPLCATION (BCA) of the DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY,
CHITRADURGA during the year 2023-2024. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work
prescribed for the said degree.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

Date : Date:
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the dissertation work entitled "TRAVEL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM" which is being submitted by me in the
partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor Of Computer
Applications from DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY, Tholahunase
Davangere is an authentic record of my own independent work carried
out by me during the academic year 2023-2024, under the valuable
guidance of Lecturer Miss SOWMYA M S BE.,M.Tech(CS),
Department of Computer Application of DON BOSCO DEGREE
COLLEGE CHITRADURGA .The results embodied in this thesis
have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the
award of any degree and due acknowledgement has been made in the
text and all other material used.

1. KOTESH R REG NO: U13D021S0036

2. KIRAN S REG NO: U13D021S0010
3. KEERTHI KUMAR REG NO: U13D021S0049
4. DON BOSCO K JOSE REG NO: U13D021S0032
5. K S AMANITHA REG NO: U13D021S0056
6. MEGHANA N REG NO: U13D021S0030

Date:
Place: CHITRADURGA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this brings a sense of satisfaction, but it is never completed

without thanking the persons who responsible for the successful completion.
First and foremost I wish to express my thanks to the almighty God who is the
real one to help me through the preparation of this project.
I extend my sincere gratitude to our former-Principal Dr. Fr. JOMON
KOKKANDATHIL, The Principal Fr. BENNY C and Vice Principal Fr.
CHRISTY JOSEPH for their motivation and encouragement.
I thank our beloved class In-charge Miss. SOWMYA M.S., M.Tech., for being
the source of inspiration.
I would like to extend my thanks to Mr. R POOBALAN., M.Sc., M.Ed., Head of
the Department of Computer Application for his motivation and encouragement
throughout the project work.
I express my thanks to Miss Sowmya M S BE.,M.Tech(CS)., Assistant
professor and my Internal guide for his valuable guidance for my project in a
much determined way within a stipulated time.
I also wish to express our sincere feelings of gratitude to our DON BOSCO
DEGREE COLLEGE, CHITRADURGA for providing support during this
project.
I thank my family members and friends for their immersive encouragement and
all of family and friends for their help rendered to me in many ways to complete
the project.
I am thankful to all those who have directly helped us in successful completion
of our project.
 ABSTRACT
The web-based travel agency management system built with Flask and MySQL represents a
significant leap forward in the efficiency of travel service operations. Developed to
streamline tasks such as managing travel packages, guide assignments, customer
registrations, and package opt-ins, its primary goal is to offer a comprehensive and intuitive
platform for both travel agencies and customers. The MySQL database design plays a pivotal
role, meticulously structured to manage data for agencies, customers, packages, guides,
assignments, and opt-ins while ensuring data integrity through foreign key constraints. This
foundational structure supports seamless system operation, enabling efficient data retrieval
and management.

Flask, chosen for its lightweight and flexible nature, empowered the development of dynamic
routes and endpoints for key functionalities like user authentication, package management,
and customer interactions. Utilizing session management via global variables such as
authenticated_agency_id and authenticated_customer_id ensures secure, personalized user
interactions. Despite successful core feature implementation, future enhancements are
envisioned, including real-time updates using WebSocket technology for instant notifications
on package availability and booking confirmations. Integrating secure payment gateways
directly into the platform and incorporating analytics for operational insights and revenue
trends are also planned to further optimize service delivery and customer experience.

In conclusion, this travel agency management system showcases technology's transformative

impact on the travel industry. Leveraging Flask and MySQL, it provides a robust, scalable
solution that enhances management capabilities for travel agencies while improving overall
user experience. Continual enhancement promises to solidify its position as a leading solution
in the travel market, driving industry growth and innovation through data-driven decision-
making and optimized service offerings.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE
S.NO CONTENTS
NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1-8

1.1 INTRODUCTION 2

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON PROGRAMMING 2

1.3 HISTORY OF PYTHON 2-3

1.4 APPLICATION OF PYTHON 4-3

1.5 INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 4-5

1.6 HISTORY OF DBMS 5

1.7 APPLICATIONS OF DBMS 6

1.8 THEORY AND CONCEPTS 6

1.9 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 7-8

2 SYSTEM STUDY 9-17

2.1 FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM 10-11

2.2 DRAWBACKS OF THE SYSTEM 11-12

2.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 12-15

2.4 FUNCTION AND REQUIREMENT 15-16

2.5 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT 16-17

 TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE
S.NO CONTENTS
NO
3 SYSTEM DESIGN 18-32
3.1 ER DIAGRAM 19

3.2 MAPPING FROM ER DIAGRAM TO SCHEMA DIAGRAM 19-22

3.3 NORMALIZATION 22-24

3.4 ASSUMPTIONS 24

3.5 SCHEMA DIAGRAM 24-25

3.6 INPUT DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM 25-30

3.7 OUTPUT DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM 30-32

4 METHODOLOGY 33-37
4.1 STAGE OF THE ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 34-35

4.2 ADVANTAGES OF ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT 36

4.3 DISADVANTAGES OF ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT 37

5 TESTING 38-42
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO TESTING 39

5.2 TYPES OF TESTING 39-40

5.3 TESTING PERFORMED 40-42

 TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE
S.NO CONTENTS
NO
6 IMPLEMENTATION 43-49
6.1 TABLES USED IN DATABASE 44-47

6.2 DATABASE CONNECTION 47

6.3 INSERT OPERATION 47-48

6.4 RETRIEVE OPERATION 48

6.5 UPDATE OPERATION 48

6.6 DELETE OPERATION 49

7 SNAPSHOTS 50-56
7.1 HOME PAGE 51

7.2 CUSTOMER LOGIN 52

7.3 CUSTOMER SIGNUP PAGE 52

7.4 AGENCY LOGIN PAGE 53

7.5 AGENCY SIGNUP PAGE 53

7.6 AGENCY VIEW PAGE 54

7.7 CUSTOMER VIEW PAGE 54

7.8 DISPLAY AGENCY LIST 55

7.9 DISPLAY PACKAGE LIST 55

7.10 ASSIGNING GUIDE 56

8 CONCLUSION 57
8.1 CONCLUSION 58

8.2 FUTURE WORKS 58

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 59
 LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE
S.NO CONTENTS
NO
ER DIAGRAM FOR AUTOMATED TIMETABLE GENERATION
3.1 19
SYSTEM
3.2 MAPPING OF REGULAR ENTITIES 20

3.3 MAPPING BINARY 1:N 21

3.4 MAPPING OF BINARY M:N RELATIONSHIPS 21

3.5 PACKAGE NORMALIZATION 22

3.6 AGENCY NORMALIZATION 22

3.7 GUIDE NORMALIZATION 23

3.8 CUSTOMER NORMALIZATION 23

3.9 OPT NORMALIZATION 23

3.10 ASSIGN NORMALIZATION 24

3.11 SCHEMA DIAGRAM FOR TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 25

4.1 ITARATIVE METHODOLOGY 34

7.1 HOME PAGE 51

7.2 CUSTOMER LOGIN 52

7.3 CUSTOMER SIGNUP PAGE 52

7.4 AGENCY LOGIN PAGE 53

7.5 AGENCY SIGNUP PAGE 53

7.6 AGENCY VIEW PAGE 54

7.7 CUSTOMER VIEW PAGE 54

7.8 DISPLAY AGENCY 55

7.9 DISPLAY PACKAGES 55

7.10 ASSIGNING GUIDE 56

 TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION
In an era marked by unprecedented connectivity and mobility, the travel industry stands at
the forefront of global interaction, offering individuals the opportunity to explore diverse
destinations and cultures. However, navigating the plethora of travel options and packages
presented by numerous agencies can often be overwhelming for customers seeking their ideal
travel experience. In response to this challenge, the development of a comprehensive Travel
Management System emerges as a pivotal solution, bridging the gap between customers and
travel agencies while facilitating seamless view of a variety of options for the customers. In
essence, the Travel Management System not only serves as a solution to the challenges posed
by the abundance of travel options but also embodies the transformative potential of technology
in revolutionizing the travel industry. By fostering connectivity, simplifying processes, and
enhancing customer satisfaction, the System emerges as a cornerstone of modern travel
management, driving growth, innovation, and excellence in the ever-expanding global tourism
landscape. The travel industry continues to expand, driven by factors such as globalization,
increasing disposable income, and a growing desire for experiential travel. As more people
seek personalized and convenient travel experiences, platforms like ours will facilitate
connections between customers and agencies which is very valuable.

1.2 INTODUCTION TO PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language that has gained immense
popularity due to its simplicity, readability, and versatility. Created by Guido van Rossum and
first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its use of
significant indentation. This makes Python particularly attractive for beginners, as its syntax is
clear and straightforward. Python is dynamically typed, meaning that variable types are
determined at runtime, allowing for greater flexibility in coding. It boasts an extensive standard
library that supports a wide array of programming tasks, from web development and data
analysis to artificial intelligence and scientific computing. Python is also cross-platform,
enabling code to run on various operating systems such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. The
language has a large and active community, contributing to a rich ecosystem of libraries and
frameworks like Django for web development, Pandas for data manipulation, and TensorFlow
for machine learning. These features make Python a powerful tool for both simple scripting
and complex application development, fostering a supportive environment for developers of
all levels.

1.3 HISTORY OF PYTHON

Python, created by Guido van Rossum, was first released in 1991. Its development began in
the late 1980s at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands, where Van
Rossum was inspired by the ABC language, which emphasized simplicity and readability.
Python was designed to be easy to understand and use, with a focus on code readability and a
syntax that allowed programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code compared to other
languages like C++ or Java.

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 TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The first official version, Python 1.0, was released in January 1994. This version already
included many of Python's core features such as exception handling, functions, and the core
data types: lists, dictionaries, and strings. Over the next few years, Python evolved with
significant contributions from its growing community.
In October 2000, Python 2.0 was released, introducing list comprehensions, garbage collection,
and the first version of the `print` statement as a function. Python 2.x versions continued to
improve the language, but certain design flaws and the need for more modern features led to
the development of Python 3.
Python 3.0, released in December 2008, was a major overhaul aimed at removing redundant
features and fixing inconsistencies in the language design. This new version was not backward-
compatib1le with Python 2.x, which initially caused some resistance in the community.
However, Python 3 introduced several new features, such as a more consistent syntax,
improvements to the standard library, and enhancements in performance.
Over the years, Python 3.x has become the standard, with Python 2 reaching its end of life in
January 2020. The transition from Python 2 to Python 3 was supported by the community
through tools like `2to3`, which helped automate code conversion.
Today, Python continues to grow in popularity due to its simplicity and versatility. It is widely
used in web development, scientific computing, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and more.
The language's active community, extensive libraries, and frameworks contribute to its ongoing
evolution and success, ensuring that Python remains a top choice for developers around the
world.

1.4 APPLICATION OF PYTHON

Python is renowned for its versatility and wide range of applications across various domains.
Here are some of the key areas where Python is extensively used:
➢ Web Development: Python provides robust frameworks like Django, Flask, and
Pyramid that streamline web development by offering powerful tools and libraries for
building scalable, secure, and maintainable web applications. Django, for instance, is
known for its "batteries-included" philosophy, offering built-in features like
authentication, database management, and an admin interface.
➢ Data Science and Analytics: Python has become the go-to language for data scientists
due to its simplicity and the extensive range of libraries available for data analysis,
visualization, and machine learning. Libraries such as Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib
facilitate data manipulation and visualization, while Scikit-learn and TensorFlow are
widely used for machine learning and deep learning applications.
➢ Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Python's simplicity and the powerful
libraries it offers make it ideal for AI and ML projects. TensorFlow, Keras, and PyTorch
are popular frameworks that enable the development of complex neural networks and
deep learning models. These libraries provide pre-built models and tools for tasks like
natural language processing, image recognition, and predictive analytics.

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 TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

➢ Automation and Scripting: Python's ease of use and readability make it a perfect
choice for writing scripts to automate repetitive tasks. It is commonly used for
automating system administration tasks, data scraping from websites, and automating
software testing processes. Libraries like Selenium and Beautiful Soup enhance its
capabilities in web scraping and browser automation.
➢ Game Development: Python is used in game development for prototyping and
developing simple games. Libraries like Pygame provide functionality for game
development, including handling graphics, sound, and user input.
➢ Education: Python's simplicity and readability make it an excellent language for
teaching programming and computer science concepts. It is often the first language
taught in introductory programming courses around the world.
➢ Software Development: Python is used for developing a variety of software
applications, from desktop applications to complex enterprise systems. Its integration
capabilities with other languages and tools make it a versatile choice for software
development projects.
1.5 INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Databases and database technology have a major impact on the growing use of computers.
It is fair to say that databases play a critical role in almost all areas where computers are used,
including business, electronic commerce, engineering, medicine, genetics, law, education, and
library science. The word database is so commonly used that User must begin by defining what
a database is. Our initial definition is quite general. A database is a collection of related data.1
By data, User mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For
example, consider the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of the people you know. You
may have recorded this data in an indexed address book or you may have stored it on a hard
drive, using a personal computer and software such as Microsoft Access or Excel. This
collection of related data with an implicit meaning is a database. The preceding definition of
database is quite general; for example, User may consider the collection of words that make up
this page of text to be related data and hence to constitute a database. However, the common
use of the term database is usually more restricted.
A database has the following implicit properties:
➢ A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the mini world
or the universe of discourse. Changes to the inworld are reflected in the database.
➢ A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A
random assortment of data cannot correctly be referred to as a database
➢ A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an
intended. group of users and some preconceived applications in which these users are
interested.

A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create
and maintain a database. The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates the
processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users

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 TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

and applications. Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures, and
constraints of the data to be stored in the database. The database definition or descriptive
information is also stored by the DBMS in the form of a database catalogue or dictionary; it is
called meta-data. Constructing the database is the process of storing the data on some storage
medium that is controlled by the DBMS. Manipulating a database includes functions such as
querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the
inworld, and generating reports from the data. Sharing a database allows multi CWC users and
programs to access the database simultaneously.

1.6 History of DBMS

In 1959, the TX-2 computer was developed at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory. The TX-2
integrated a number of new man-machine interfaces. A light pen could be used to draw sketches
on the computer using Ivan Sutherland's revolutionary Sketchpad software. Using a light pen,
Sketchpad allowed one to draw simple shapes on the computer screen, save them and even
recall them later. The light pen itself had a small photoelectric cell in its tip. This cell emitted
an electronic pulse whenever it was placed in front of a computer screen and the screen's
electron gun fired directly at it. By simply timing the electronic pulse with the current location
of the electron gun, it was easy to pinpoint exactly where the pen was on the screen at any
given moment. Once that was determined, the computer could then draw a cursor at that
location. Also, in 1961 another student at MIT, Steve Russell, created the first video game, E.
E. Zajac, a scientist at Bell Telephone Laboratory (BTL), created a film called "Simulation of
a two-gravity attitude control system" in 1963. During 1970s, the first major advance in 3D
computer graphics was created at UU by these early pioneers, the hidden-surface algorithm. In
order to draw a representation of a 3D object on the screen, the computer must determine which
surfaces are "behind" the object from the viewer's perspective, and thus should be "hidden"
when the computer creates (or renders) the image. In the 1980s, artists and graphic designers
began to see the personal computer, particularly the Commodore Amiga and Macintosh, as a
serious design tool, one that could save time and draw more accurately than other methods. In
the late 1980s, SGI computers were used to create some of the first fully computer-generated
short films at Pixar. The Macintosh remains a highly popular tool for computer graphics among
graphic design studios and businesses. Modern computers, dating from the 1980s often use
graphical user interfaces (GUI) to present data and information with symbols, icons and
pictures, rather than text. Graphics are one of the five key elements of multimedia technology.
3D graphics became more popular in the 1990s in gaming, multimedia and animation. In 1996,
Quake, one of the first fully 3D games, was released. In 1995, Toy Story, the first full-length
computer-generated animation film, was released in cinemas worldwide. Since then, computer
graphics have only become more detailed and realistic, due to more powerful graphics
hardware and 3D modeling software.

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1.7 APPLICATIONS OF DBMS

Applications where we use Database Management Systems are:
Telecom: There is a database to keeps track of the information regarding calls made, network
usage, customer details etc. Without the database systems it is hard to maintain that huge
amount of data that keeps updating every millisecond.
Industry: Where it is a manufacturing unit, warehouse or distribution Centre, each one needs
a database to keep the records of ins and outs. For example, distribution Centre should keep a
track of the product units that supplied into the Centre as well as the products that got delivered
out from the distribution Centre on each day; this is where DBMS comes into picture.
Banking System: For storing customer info, tracking day to day credit and debit transactions,
generating bank statements etc. All this work has been done with the help of Database
management systems.
Education sector: Database systems are frequently used in schools and colleges to store and
retrieve the data regarding student details, staff details, course details, exam details, payroll
data, attendance details, fees detail etc. There is a hell lot amount of inter-related data that needs
to be stored and retrieved in an efficient manner.
Online shopping: You must be aware of the online shopping websites such as Amazon,
Flipkart etc. These sites store the product information, your addresses and preferences, credit
details and provide you the relevant list of products based on your query. All this involves a
Database management system.

1.8 Theory and Concepts

Inheritance: In object-oriented programming, inheritance is when an object or class is based
on another object or class, using the same implementation (inheriting from an object or class)
or specifying a new implementation to maintain the same behavior (realizing an interface).
Such an inherited class is called a subclass of its parent class or super class.

Encapsulation: In object-oriented programming, encapsulation is a mechanism of binding the

data, and the functions together in a class and use them by creating an object of that class.
Data Abstraction: Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the
outside world and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in
program without presenting the implementation details. Data abstraction is a programming
(and design) technique that relies on the separation of interface and implementation.

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1.9 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

Hardware Requirements

1. Processor
➢ Minimum: Intel Core i3-1005G1 CPU @ 1.20GHz or equivalent.
➢ Recommended: Intel Core i5 or higher for better performance.
2. RAM
➢ Minimum: 8 GB.
➢ Recommended: 16 GB or more, especially if running additional services or for
a higher number of concurrent users.
3. Hard Disk
➢ Minimum: 500 GB HDD.
➢ Recommended: 1 TB or more, SSD for faster data access and improved
performance.
4. Input Devices
➢ Minimum: Standard keyboard and mouse.
5. Output Devices
➢ Minimum: Monitor with at least 1080p resolution.
➢ Recommended: Monitor with higher resolution for better user experience.

Software Requirements

1. Operating System
➢ Minimum: Windows 10, macOS 10.13 High Sierra, or a popular Linux
distribution such as Ubuntu 18.04.
➢ Recommended: Latest stable version of the operating system for better security
and support.
2. Web Server
➢ Minimum: Flask development server (for small-scale or testing purposes).
➢ Recommended: A production-ready web server like Nginx or Apache for better
performance and security.
3. Database
➢ Minimum: MySQL 8.0.36.
➢ Recommended: Latest stable version of MySQL or an equivalent database
management system.
4. Programming Language
➢ Python Version: Python 3.11.
5. Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
➢ Minimum: Visual Studio Code.
➢ Recommended: Any other IDE or text editor the developer is comfortable with,
such as PyCharm or Sublime Text.

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 TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

6. Browser
➢ Minimum: Modern web browsers like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,
Microsoft Edge.
➢ Recommended: Latest versions of these browsers for optimal performance and
security.
7. Dependencies and Libraries
➢ Flask: For web application development.
➢ mysql-connector-python: For MySQL database connectivity.
➢ Jinja2: For HTML templating.
➢ Werkzeug: For handling HTTP requests.
8. Additional Software
➢ Git: For version control.
➢ Docker: For containerization and easier deployment (optional but
recommended).

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 TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM STUDY

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2.1 FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM

User Authentication and Authorization

➢ Agency Sign-Up and Login: Allows travel agencies to register and log into the system
using unique identifiers.
➢ Customer Sign-Up and Login: Enables customers to create accounts and access the
system by logging in.

Agency Management

➢ Add Travel Packages: Agencies can create and add new travel packages, specifying
details like package ID, type, amount, and duration.
➢ View Travel Packages: Agencies can view all the packages they have added, making
it easy to manage and update offerings.
➢ Assign Guides to Packages: Agencies can assign guides to specific travel packages
and manage these assignments.

Package Management

➢ Display All Packages: Both customers and agencies can view the list of all available
travel packages.
➢ Opt for Packages: Customers can select and opt for specific travel packages they are
interested in.
➢ View Opted Packages: Customers can view the list of packages they have opted for,
making it easy to track their bookings.
➢ Delete Opted Packages: Customers have the option to cancel their opted packages if
needed.

Guide Management

➢ Add Guides: Agencies can add new guides to the system, including details like guide
ID, name, address, and phone number.
➢ View Guides: Agencies can view the list of all guides available, facilitating the
assignment process.

Assignment Management

➢ View Assignments: Agencies can view all current guide assignments, helping them
manage who is assigned to which package.
➢ Update Assignments: Allows updating the assignment dates for guides to
accommodate changes in scheduling.
➢ Delete Assignments: Agencies can remove guides from packages as necessary.

Customer Interaction

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 TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

➢ View All Packages: Customers can browse all available travel packages offered by
various agencies.
➢ Opt for Packages: Customers can opt for packages directly through the system,
streamlining the booking process.
➢ Manage Opted Packages: Customers can view and manage their opted packages,
including the ability to cancel bookings if required.

Database Integration

➢ MySQL Database: The system uses MySQL for storing and managing data related to
agencies, customers, packages, guides, and assignments.

User Interface

➢ HTML Templating: The system uses HTML templates to render dynamic web pages,
providing a user-friendly interface for both agencies and customers.
➢ Flask Framework: Built using the Flask web framework, the system handles HTTP
requests and responses efficiently, ensuring smooth operation.

Security

➢ Authentication Mechanisms: Ensures that only registered users can access their
respective functionalities, maintaining the integrity and security of the system.

Ease of Use

➢ Intuitive Navigation: The system is designed to be user-friendly, with intuitive

navigation and straightforward forms for data input.
➢ Responsive Design: Ensures compatibility across different devices, including
desktops, tablets, and smartphones.

2.2 DRAWBACKS OF THE SYSTEM

Limited User Role Customization

➢ Fixed Roles: The system currently supports fixed roles for agencies and customers
without much flexibility in role customization or the creation of additional user roles.
➢ Lack of Fine-Grained Permissions: There is no support for fine-grained permissions,
which could restrict more complex user management scenarios.

Scalability Issues

➢ Single Server Configuration: As designed, the system may not scale well with a single
server configuration. High traffic and a growing number of users might require
significant reengineering to support load balancing and distributed database systems.

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➢ Database Performance: The use of a single MySQL database without optimization for
high-volume operations might lead to performance bottlenecks.

Limited Functionality

➢ No Payment Integration: The system lacks integrated payment processing, which

means customers cannot pay for packages directly through the platform.
➢ No Real-Time Updates: The system does not support real-time updates or
notifications, which could enhance user experience and provide timely information on
bookings and changes.

Dependency on Internet Connection

➢ Offline Functionality: The system requires a constant internet connection to function,

which could be a limitation in areas with unreliable internet access

2.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

FRONT END

1. HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

Purpose: HTML is the fundamental building block of web pages. It defines the structure and
layout of a webpage by using a variety of tags and elements.

Key Features:

➢ Tags and Elements: HTML uses tags like <div>, <p>, <a>, <table>, and many others to
structure the content. Each tag serves a specific purpose.
➢ Forms: HTML forms are used to collect user inputs, such as text fields, radio buttons,
checkboxes, and submit buttons.
➢ Hyperlinks: Using the <a> tag, HTML enables navigation between different pages of
the web application.
➢ Multimedia: HTML supports embedding images, videos, and audio with tags like
<img>, <video>, and <audio>.

Role in the System:

➢ Page Layout: Defines the structure of various pages such as the home page,
login/signup pages, package details, and user dashboards.
➢ Forms: Used for agency and customer registration, login forms, package addition
forms, etc.
➢ Tables: Displaying lists of agencies, customers, packages, and bookings.

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2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

Purpose: CSS is used to style HTML elements. It defines how HTML elements are displayed,
allowing for the separation of content from presentation.

Key Features:

➢ Selectors: CSS selectors are used to select the HTML elements you want to style.
➢ Box Model: CSS defines the spacing, border, and padding of HTML elements.
➢ Flexbox and Grid: Modern layout systems for creating responsive and flexible
designs.
➢ Media Queries: Used to apply different styles for different devices and screen sizes,
making web pages responsive.

Role in the System:

➢ Visual Design: Ensures a consistent look and feel across the web application. It styles
headers, footers, navigation bars, forms, buttons, and tables.
➢ Responsive Design: Ensures that the web application is usable on different devices,
including desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
➢ User Experience: Improves the user experience by providing visual feedback on user
interactions, such as hover effects and form validations.

3. JAVASCRIPT

Purpose: JavaScript is a programming language that enables interactive web pages. It is

executed on the client-side (in the user's browser).

Key Features:

➢ DOM Manipulation: JavaScript can read and alter the Document Object Model
(DOM), allowing dynamic content updates.
➢ Event Handling: JavaScript can respond to user actions like clicks, form submissions,
and mouse movements.
➢ AJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) allows for asynchronous data
loading without reloading the entire page.
➢ Libraries and Frameworks: Tools like jQuery, React, or Angular provide additional
functionalities and ease of use.

Role in the System:

➢ Form Validation: Ensures user inputs are valid before submission to the server,
reducing server load and improving user experience.
➢ Dynamic Content: Updates parts of the web page dynamically, such as updating
package details or user profiles without a full page reload.

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➢ Interactivity: Enhances user interaction with elements like dropdowns, modals, and
real-time notifications.

BACKEND

1. PYTHON

Purpose: Python is a versatile, high-level programming language used for a wide range of
applications, including web development.

Key Features:

➢ Readability: Python's syntax is clear and easy to read, making it accessible for
beginners and efficient for experienced developers.
➢ Extensive Libraries: Python has a rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks for web
development, data analysis, machine learning, etc.
➢ Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line, which aids in debugging
and testing.

Role in the System:

➢ Business Logic: Handles the core functionality of the application, such as user
authentication, data processing, and application workflows.
➢ Integration: Python integrates seamlessly with various databases, third-party APIs,
and other services.

2. FLASK

Purpose: Flask is a micro web framework for Python that is lightweight and easy to use,
suitable for building small to medium-sized web applications.

Key Features:

➢ Routing: Maps URLs to functions in the Python code, defining how web requests are
handled.
➢ Templates: Uses Jinja2 for rendering HTML templates with dynamic content from the
server.
➢ Session Management: Handles user sessions, allowing for login and authentication
mechanisms.
➢ Extensions: Easily extendable with plugins for features like form handling, database
integration, and more.

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Role in the System:

➢ URL Routing: Defines routes for various functionalities, such as /agencysignup,

/customerlogin, and /addpackages.
➢ Template Rendering: Generates HTML pages dynamically with data from the
backend.
➢ Session Handling: Manages user sessions to keep track of logged-in users and their
activities.
➢ Form Handling: Processes data submitted through forms and interacts with the
database.

3. MySQL

Purpose: MySQL is a relational database management system used to store and retrieve
structured data using SQL.

Key Features:

➢ Relational Database: Organizes data into tables with rows and columns, supporting
relationships between different tables.
➢ SQL: Structured Query Language for querying and managing data.
➢ Transactions: Supports ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
properties for reliable transaction processing.
➢ Scalability: Can handle large datasets and concurrent users efficiently.

Role in the System:

➢ Data Storage: Stores data related to agencies, customers, travel packages, bookings,
and assignments.
➢ Data Retrieval: Executes queries to retrieve data for display on web pages, such as
listing available packages or showing customer details.
➢ Data Integrity: Ensures data consistency and integrity through constraints and
transactions.
➢ Security: Manages access control and user permissions to protect sensitive data.

2.4 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT

Functional requirements describe the specific behavior or functions of the system. For the
System, these include:

1. User Authentication

➢ Agency Signup/Login: Agencies must be able to sign up and log in to manage their
travel packages.

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➢ Customer Signup/Login: Customers must be able to sign up and log in to browse and
book travel packages.

2. Agency Management

➢ Add/Edit/Delete Packages: Agencies must be able to create, update, and delete travel
packages.
➢ Assign Guides: Agencies must be able to assign guides to specific travel packages.
➢ View Packages: Agencies must be able to view a list of their travel packages.
➢ View Assignments: Agencies must be able to view guide assignments for their
packages.

3. Customer Management

➢ Browse Packages: Customers must be able to browse available travel packages.

➢ Book Packages: Customers must be able to book travel packages.
➢ View Booked Packages: Customers must be able to view their booked packages.
➢ Cancel Bookings: Customers must be able to cancel their bookings.

4. Data Management

➢ Database Operations: The system must support CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete)
operations for all data entities, including agencies, customers, packages, and
assignments.
➢ Search and Filter: The system must provide search and filtering capabilities for
packages and other entities.

5. User Interaction

➢ Forms Handling: The system must handle various forms for data input (e.g.,
registration forms, booking forms).
➢ Responsive UI: The system must provide a responsive user interface that works on
various devices and screen sizes.

2.5 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT

Non-functional requirements describe the quality attributes, performance criteria, and

constraints of the system. For the System, these include:

1. Performance

➢ Response Time: The system should have a fast response time, with page load times
under 2 seconds under normal conditions.
➢ Scalability: The system should be able to handle an increasing number of users and
transactions without performance degradation.

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2. Usability

➢ User-Friendly Interface: The system should have an intuitive and easy-to-use

interface for both agencies and customers.
➢ Accessibility: The system should be accessible to users with disabilities, adhering to
accessibility standards (e.g., WCAG).

3. Security

➢ Data Protection: The system must protect user data through encryption and secure data
storage.
➢ Authentication and Authorization: The system must enforce proper authentication
and authorization mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access.
➢ Input Validation: The system must validate all user inputs to prevent security
vulnerabilities like SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS).

4. Reliability

➢ Availability: The system should have high availability, with minimal downtime.
➢ Backup and Recovery: The system should have mechanisms for data backup and
recovery to prevent data loss.

5. Maintainability

➢ Code Quality: The system should be developed with clean, modular, and well-
documented code to facilitate maintenance and future enhancements.
➢ Error Handling: The system should provide meaningful error messages and handle
errors gracefully.

6. Compatibility

➢ Cross-Browser Compatibility: The system should work across major web browsers
(e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge).
➢ Cross-Device Compatibility: The system should be compatible with various devices,
including desktops, tablets, and smartphones.

7. Portability

➢ Deployment: The system should be easy to deploy on different environments, such as

local servers, cloud services, and web hosting platforms.

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN

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3.1 ER DIAGRAM
Travel Management System has two views, one as customer and another as agency.
Customer can view packages inserted by the agencies. Customer can also opt packages
from the view packages option. The Agency offers Packages which can be viewed by the
customers. Agency can add packages, delete packages, update packages. Agency also
assigns a guide after the customer selects a package.

Figure 3.1: ER Diagram for Automated Timetable Generation System

The Agencies Have to insert tour packages, which will be viewed by the customers. The
customers then can opt any of the package. After opting the package, the Agency will receive
the customers information. When customer opts a package, Agency will then Assign a Guide
for the package.

3.2 MAPPING FROM ER DIAGRAM TO SCHEMA DIAGRAM

STEP-1: Mapping of Regular Entities
Regular entities in an ER diagram possess a primary key attribute and can exist independently,
typically depicted with a single rectangle. They have attributes that uniquely identify each
instance of the entity.

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Figure 3.2: Mapping of Regular Entitites

STEP-2: Mapping of Weak Entities

Weak entities in an ER diagram lack a primary key and rely on a related identifying entity for
their existence, typically depicted with a double rectangle. They often have a partial key and a
total participation constraint with the identifying entity. The above ER diagram does not contain
any weak entities

STEP-3: Mapping of Binary 1:1 Relationships

In an ER diagram, a 1:1 relationship signifies a one-to-one association between two entities,
where each instance of one entity corresponds to exactly one instance of the other entity. It is
depicted with a straight line connecting the two entities, indicating mutual uniqueness and
dependency. The above ER diagram has no binary 1:1 relationships.

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STEP-4: Mapping of Binary 1:N Relationships

A binary 1:N (one-to-many) relationship in an ER diagram denotes that each instance of one
entity can be associated with multiple instances of another entity, while each instance of the
latter entity is related to only one instance of the former. The relationship between Agency and
Package is a binary 1:N Relationship.

Figure 3.3: Mapping of Binary 1:N Relationships

STEP-5: Mapping of Binary M:N Relationships

A binary M:N (many-to-many) relationship in an ER diagram signifies that each instance of
one entity can be associated with multiple instances of another entity, and vice versa. It is
depicted by a diamond shape connecting the entities, representing the junction table necessary
to resolve the M:N relationship into two 1:N relationships. The availability of a Teacher at the
TimeSlot is a binary M:N relationship.

Figure 3.4: Mapping of Binary M:N Relationships

STEP-6: Mapping of Multivalued attributes

Multivalued attributes in an ER diagram represent attributes that can hold multiple values for a single
entity instance. They are depicted with a double ellipse and typically require a separate entity to resolve
them into separate instances. The above ER diagram has no multivalued attributes

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STEP-7: Mapping of N-ary relationships

N-ary relationships in an ER diagram denote associations between multiple entities, where ”n”
represents the number of entities involved. They illustrate complex relationships that involve
more than two entities and are depicted using diamonds with connecting lines to each
participating entity. The teaching relation between the Teacher, Subject and Class is a ternary
relationship.

3.3 NORMALIZATION
PACKAGE
Pid →{Ptype, Pamount, Pduration}

Figure 3.5 Package normalization

1NF: The Functional Dependency is in 1NF since all the attributes are atomic. 2NF: The
Functional Dependency is in 2NF since all the attributes solely depend on the whole primary
key, eliminating any partial dependencies.
3NF: The Functional Dependency is in 3NF since there does not exist any transitive
dependencies.

AGENCY

Aid → {Aname, Aaddress, Acontact}

Figure 3.6 Agency normalization

1NF: The Functional Dependency is in 1NF since all the attributes are atomic. 2NF: The
Functional Dependency is in 2NF since all the attributes solely depend on the whole primary
key, eliminating any partial dependencies.

3NF: The Functional Dependency is in 3NF since there does not exist any transitive
Dependencies

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GUIDE
Gid →{gname, gaddress, gphone}

Figure 3.7 Guide normalization

1NF: The Functional Dependency is in 1NF since all the attributes are atomic.
2NF: The Functional Dependency is in 2NF since all the attributes solely depend on the whole
primary key, eliminating any partial dependencies.
3NF: The Functional Dependency is in 3NF since there does not exist any
transitivedependencies.

CUSTOMER
cid →{cname, cphone, caddress}

Figure 3.8 Customer normalization

1NF: The Functional Dependency is in 1NF since all the attributes are atomic.
2NF: The Functional Dependency is in 2NF since all the attributes solely depend on the whole
primary key, eliminating any partial dependencies.
3NF: The Functional Dependency is in 3NF since there does not exist any transitive
dependencies.

OPT
pid,cid →{buydate}

Figure 3.9 Opt normalization

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1NF: The Functional Dependency is in 1NF since all the attributes are atomic. 2NF: The
Functional Dependency is in 2NF since all the attributes solely depend on the whole primary
key, eliminating any partial dependencies.
3NF: The Functional Dependency is in 3NF since there does not exist any transitive
dependencies.

ASSIGN
pid,cid →{assigneddate}

Figure 3.10 Assign normalization

1NF: The Functional Dependency is in 1NF since all the attributes are atomic. 2NF: The
Functional Dependency is in 2NF since all the attributes solely depend on the whole primary
key, eliminating any partial dependencies.
3NF: The Functional Dependency is in 3NF since there does not exist any transitive
dependencies.

3.4 ASSUMPTIONS
➢ One Customer can Opt N packages
➢ One package can be opted by N customers
➢ One Guide can manage N Packages
➢ One Package can be managed by N guides
➢ One Agency can Offer N packages

3.5 SCHEMA DIAGRAM

A schema diagram is a visual depiction of a database’s structure, including entities, properties,
relationships, and constraints. Unlike data flow diagrams (DFDs), which depict the flow of data
across a system, schema diagrams provide a static snapshot of the database architecture. They
serve as database development blueprints, visualising the components and linkages of the
database schema to facilitate stakeholder communication. While DFDs focus on data flow,
schema diagrams provide a complete overview of the database structure, allowing for a better
understanding of its design and functionality.

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Figure 3.11: Schema Diagram for Travel Management System

3.6 INPUT DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM

Input design is a critical part of system design that focuses on how data is entered into the
system. Effective input design improves user interaction and data accuracy. For the Travel
Agency Management System, various input forms are designed to collect information from
users, including agencies and customers. Below is an outline of the key input forms and their
design considerations.

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1. AGENCY SIGNUP FORM

Purpose: To allow travel agencies to register on the platform.

Fields:

➢ Agency ID (a_id): A unique identifier for the agency.

❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphanumeric, unique
➢ Agency Name (a_name): The name of the travel agency.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphabetic
➢ Agency Address (a_address): The address of the travel agency.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required
➢ Agency Contact (a_contact): Contact number of the travel agency.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, numeric, valid phone number format

Design Considerations:

❖ Clear Labels: Ensure each field is clearly labeled.

❖ Placeholder Text: Provide examples in the placeholder text to guide the user.
❖ Validation Messages: Display error messages for invalid inputs.
❖ Submit Button: Clearly labeled "Sign Up".

Example HTML:

2. CUSTOMER SIGNUP FORM

Purpose: To allow customers to register on the platform.

Fields:

➢ Customer ID (c_id): A unique identifier for the customer.

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❖ Input Type: Text

❖ Validation: Required, alphanumeric, unique
➢ Customer Name (c_name): The name of the customer.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphabetic
➢ Customer Address (c_address): The address of the customer.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required
➢ Customer Phone (c_phone): Contact number of the customer.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, numeric, valid phone number format

Design Considerations:

➢ Clear Labels: Ensure each field is clearly labeled.

➢ Placeholder Text: Provide examples in the placeholder text to guide the user.
➢ Validation Messages: Display error messages for invalid inputs.
➢ Submit Button: Clearly labeled "Sign Up".

Example HTML:

3. AGENCY LOGIN FORM

Purpose: To allow travel agencies to log in to the platform.

Fields:

➢ Agency ID (a_id): The unique identifier for the agency.

❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphanumeric
➢ Agency Name (a_name): The name of the travel agency.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphabetic

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Design Considerations:

➢ Clear Labels: Ensure each field is clearly labeled.

➢ Placeholder Text: Provide examples in the placeholder text to guide the user.
➢ Validation Messages: Display error messages for invalid inputs.
➢ Submit Button: Clearly labeled "Log In".

Example HTML:

4. CUSTOMER LOGIN FORM

Purpose: To allow customers to log in to the platform.

Fields:

➢ Customer ID (c_id): The unique identifier for the customer.

❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphanumeric
➢ Customer Name (c_name): The name of the customer.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphabetic

Design Considerations:

➢ Clear Labels: Ensure each field is clearly labeled.

➢ Placeholder Text: Provide examples in the placeholder text to guide the user.
➢ Validation Messages: Display error messages for invalid inputs.
➢ Submit Button: Clearly labeled "Log In".

Example HTML:

5. ADD TRAVEL PACKAGE FORM

Purpose: To allow agencies to add new travel packages.

Fields:

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➢ Package ID (p_id): A unique identifier for the package.

❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphanumeric, unique
➢ Package Type (p_type): The type or name of the package.
❖ Input Type: Text
❖ Validation: Required, alphabetic
➢ Package Amount (p_amount): The cost of the package.
❖ Input Type: Number
❖ Validation: Required, numeric
➢ Package Duration (p_duration): The duration of the package in days.
❖ Input Type: Number
❖ Validation: Required, numeric

Design Considerations:

➢ Clear Labels: Ensure each field is clearly labeled.

➢ Placeholder Text: Provide examples in the placeholder text to guide the user.
➢ Validation Messages: Display error messages for invalid inputs.
➢ Submit Button: Clearly labeled "Add Package".

Example HTML:

6. GENERAL INPUT DESIGN

1. Consistency: Use a consistent design for all forms, ensuring that users can easily navigate
and use the system.

2. Feedback: Provide immediate feedback for user actions, such as form submissions and
validation errors.

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3. Accessibility: Ensure forms are accessible to users with disabilities by following web
accessibility guidelines.

4. Security: Implement measures to prevent common security issues, such as SQL injection
and cross-site scripting (XSS), through proper input validation and sanitization.

5. Responsiveness: Design forms to be responsive, ensuring they work well on various screen
sizes and devices.

3.7 OUTPUT DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM

Output design focuses on how the information generated by the system is presented to the users.
Effective output design ensures that the system communicates information clearly, concisely,
and in a user-friendly manner. Here’s a detailed description of the output design for the Travel
Agency Management System:

1. WEB PAGES AND INTERFACES

1. Home Page

➢ Description: The home page is the landing page of the application. It provides
an overview of the services offered by the travel agency and includes navigation
links to other sections of the website.
➢ Content: Welcome message, brief introduction, navigation menu, login, and
sign-up options.

2. Agency Signup and Login Pages

➢ Description: These pages allow travel agencies to sign up for an account or log
in to the system.
➢ Content: Forms for entering agency details (ID, name, address, contact), login
credentials (ID and name), and submission buttons.

3. Customer Signup and Login Pages

➢ Description: These pages allow customers to sign up for an account or log in

to the system.
➢ Content: Forms for entering customer details (ID, name, address, phone), login
credentials (ID and name), and submission buttons.

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4. Agency Dashboard

➢ Description: The dashboard for authenticated agencies, displaying an overview

of their activities and options to manage packages and guides.
➢ Content: Links to add/view packages, add/view guides, assign guides to
packages, and view assignments.

5. Customer Dashboard

➢ Description: The dashboard for authenticated customers, displaying available

packages and their opted packages.
➢ Content: List of available packages, option to opt for packages, and view of
packages they have opted for.

6. Package Management Pages

➢ Description: Pages for agencies to add new packages and view their existing
packages.
➢ Content: Forms for entering package details (ID, type, amount, duration), tables
displaying package details, and options to edit or delete packages.

7. Guide Management Pages

➢ Description: Pages for agencies to add new guides and view their existing
guides.
➢ Content: Forms for entering guide details (ID, name, address, phone), tables
displaying guide details, and options to edit or delete guides.

8. Assignment Pages

➢ Description: Pages for assigning guides to packages and viewing assignments.

➢ Content: Forms for selecting a guide and assigning a package, tables displaying
assignment details with guides' names and assignment dates, and options to
update or delete assignments.

9. Opted Packages Page

➢ Description: Pages for customers to view the packages they have opted for and
delete their opted packages if necessary.
➢ Content: Tables displaying opted package details (ID, type, amount, duration),
and options to delete opted packages.

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2. REPORTS AND DATA DISPLAYS

1. Agency Reports

➢ Description: Reports generated for agencies to view their package details,

assignments, and overall performance.
➢ Content: Tables and charts summarizing package sales, guide assignments, and
performance metrics.

2. Customer Reports

➢ Description: Reports generated for customers to view their opted packages and
history of interactions.
➢ Content: Tables and charts summarizing opted packages and booking history.
3. Notifications and Alerts

1. Confirmation Messages

➢ Description: Messages confirming successful operations, such as signing up,

logging in, adding packages, and assigning guides.
➢ Content: Pop-up alerts or inline messages indicating success.

2. Error Messages

➢ Description: Messages indicating errors or issues with user inputs or

operations.
➢ Content: Pop-up alerts or inline messages specifying the error and suggesting
corrective actions.

3. IMPLEMENTATION

➢ HTML/CSS: Used for structuring and styling the web pages, ensuring that the output
is presented in a clear and visually appealing manner.
➢ JavaScript: Enhances the user experience by providing dynamic updates and
interactive elements, such as form validation and real-time data display.
➢ Flask Templates: Used for rendering dynamic content on the server side, generating
HTML pages based on the data retrieved from the database.
➢ Bootstrap: Ensures that the design is responsive and consistent across different devices
and screen sizes.

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CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

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ITERATIVE METHODOLOGY

In this Model, you can start with some of the software specifications and develop the first
version of the software. After the first version if there is a need to change the software, then a
new version of the software is created with a new iteration. Every release of the Iterative Model
finishes in an exact and fixed period that is called iteration.

The Iterative Model allows the accessing earlier phases, in which the variations made
respectively. The final output of the project renewed at the end of the Software Development
Life Cycle (SDLC) process.

4.1 STAGE OF THE ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Figure 4.1 Iterative methodology

PLANNING:

In the planning phase for your travel agency management system, the focus is on defining
clear objectives for each iteration. For example, in the first iteration, you might prioritize
implementing basic functionalities like agency and customer management. This includes
setting up forms for agency signup and login, customer signup and login, and storing their
details securely in the database. Success criteria could be ensuring that agencies and customers
can register, log in securely, and their data is correctly stored.

DEVELOPMENT:

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During the development phase, developers implement the planned features iteratively. For
instance, they would create Flask routes and views for agency signup and login, customer
signup and login, and integrate these with MySQL database operations. They ensure that user
inputs are validated to prevent errors or security vulnerabilities. Collaboration with testers
ensures that each feature meets the defined requirements and integrates smoothly with existing
functionalities like database operations and session management.

TESTING:

Testing in your system involves various levels to ensure quality and functionality. Unit testing
verifies that each function or method works correctly in isolation, such as checking if agency
and customer registration functions handle input validation and database interactions properly.
Integration testing ensures that components work together seamlessly, like verifying that
agency login integrates securely with session management. System testing validates end-to-
end scenarios, such as testing the entire signup and login flow for agencies and customers. User
acceptance testing involves stakeholders and end-users to confirm that the system meets
usability and business requirements.

REVIEW:

In the review phase, stakeholders and end-users provide feedback on the implemented features,
such as the ease of use of signup and login processes and any issues encountered during testing.
Based on this feedback, adjustments may be made to improve user experience or address any
functional gaps. For example, stakeholders might suggest adding additional security measures
or enhancing error handling in the login process. Documentation is updated to reflect any
changes and decisions made during the review process.

DEPLOYMENT:

Deployment involves releasing the completed iteration of the system to a staging or production
environment. Automated deployment scripts ensure consistency and minimize deployment
errors. Post-deployment monitoring ensures that the newly released features function as
expected and that any issues are promptly addressed. For example, after deploying agency and
customer management features, monitoring ensures that registration and login functionalities
perform reliably under varying user loads.

ITERATIVE REFINEMENT:

Throughout the iterative refinement phase, the system evolves based on feedback and lessons
learned from each iteration. Technical debt, such as optimizing database queries for faster
performance or enhancing user interface elements for better usability, is addressed. Each
iteration builds upon the previous one, adding new features like package management, guide
assignment, and customer booking functionalities based on stakeholder priorities and user
feedback. Continuous integration ensures that new features integrate smoothly with existing
functionalities, maintaining a cohesive and reliable travel agency management system.

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4.2 ADVANTAGES OF ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT:

1. FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY:

o Advantage: Iterative development allows for flexibility in accommodating changes
and evolving requirements. Each iteration focuses on delivering a specific set of
features, enabling adjustments based on feedback and new insights without disrupting
the entire project timeline.
o Benefit for Travel Agency System: In a dynamic industry like travel, where customer
preferences and market trends can change rapidly, flexibility is crucial. Iterative
development allows you to respond quickly to changes, integrate new features, and
adapt to emerging business needs or regulatory requirements.
2. EARLY AND CONTINUOUS DELIVERY OF VALUE:
o Advantage: Iterative development emphasizes delivering functional increments of the
system early and continuously. Stakeholders receive tangible results sooner, providing
opportunities for early feedback and validation.
o Benefit for Travel Agency System: You can prioritize core functionalities such as
agency and customer management, package handling, and booking features in initial
iterations. Early delivery of these features allows stakeholders to start using and
benefiting from the system sooner, enhancing customer satisfaction and operational
efficiency.
3. RISK REDUCTION THROUGH ITERATIVE TESTING:
o Advantage: Iterative development includes frequent testing throughout each iteration.
This approach helps identify and address issues early in the development cycle,
reducing overall project risks.
o Benefit for Travel Agency System: Testing at various stages—unit, integration,
system, and user acceptance—ensures that functionalities like agency and customer
registration, package management, and booking processes are robust and reliable. Early
detection and resolution of issues enhance system quality and reliability.
4. ENHANCED STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION:
o Advantage: Iterative development fosters continuous collaboration and
communication with stakeholders. Regular feedback loops ensure alignment between
development progress and stakeholder expectations.
o Benefit for Travel Agency System: Stakeholders, including travel agents, customers,
and management, can provide feedback on features like user interfaces, booking
workflows, and reporting functionalities. This collaboration ensures that the system
meets user needs effectively and aligns with business goals.
5. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT AND ADAPTATION:
o Advantage: The iterative refinement phase allows for continuous improvement of the
system based on feedback, lessons learned, and changing requirements. This iterative
cycle supports ongoing innovation and adaptation.
o Benefit for Travel Agency System: As the travel industry evolves, your system can
evolve with it. Iterative development enables you to add new features, enhance existing
functionalities, and incorporate industry best practices to stay competitive and meet
evolving customer expectations.

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4.3 DISADVANTAGES OF ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT:

1. Increased Complexity and Management Overhead:

o Disadvantage: Managing multiple iterations simultaneously can increase project
complexity and require effective coordination among development teams, testers, and
stakeholders.
o Challenge for Travel Agency System: Coordinating development efforts for features
like package management, guide assignments, and booking processes across iterations
requires robust project management and communication strategies to maintain clarity
and alignment.
2. Potential for Scope Creep:
o Disadvantage: Iterative development may lead to scope creep if new features or
requirements are continuously added without proper prioritization or evaluation of their
impact on project timelines and resources.
o Challenge for Travel Agency System: In a fast-paced industry like travel, there may
be a temptation to incorporate all customer requests or market trends immediately.
Effective prioritization and stakeholder alignment are essential to manage scope and
maintain project focus.
3. Dependency on Continuous Feedback:
o Disadvantage: Iterative development relies heavily on continuous feedback from
stakeholders and end-users. Delays in feedback or unclear requirements can affect the
pace of development and lead to inefficiencies.
o Challenge for Travel Agency System: Ensuring timely and constructive feedback
from travel agents, customers, and management is crucial for iterative refinement.
Clear communication channels and proactive engagement are necessary to mitigate
potential delays or misunderstandings.
4. Potential for Integration Challenges:
o Disadvantage: Integrating new iterations with existing system components and third-
party services can pose technical challenges, especially if there are dependencies or
compatibility issues.
o Challenge for Travel Agency System: Integrating functionalities such as payment
gateways, CRM systems, or external APIs for flight and accommodation bookings
requires meticulous planning and testing to ensure seamless operation and data
integrity.
5. Resource and Budget Management:
o Disadvantage: Iterative development may require ongoing resource allocation and
budget management to sustain continuous development cycles, testing efforts, and
stakeholder engagement.
o Challenge for Travel Agency System: Ensuring adequate resources—such as skilled
developers, testing infrastructure, and stakeholder time commitment—is essential for
maintaining momentum and achieving iterative development goals within budgetary
constraints.

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CHAPTER 5
TESTING

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5.1 INTRODUCTION TO TESTING

Testing is a crucial phase in the software development lifecycle aimed at ensuring the quality,
functionality, and reliability of a system. It involves systematically evaluating the software to
identify any defects, errors, or missing requirements. By rigorously checking each component,
as well as the system as a whole, testing helps verify that the software performs as expected
under various conditions. This process not only enhances the software's performance and
security but also ensures it meets user needs and business goals, ultimately leading to a more
robust and user-friendly product.

5.2 TYPES OF TESTING

1. UNIT TESTING
Unit testing is a software testing technique where individual units or components of a software
are tested in isolation. The primary goal of unit testing is to validate that each unit of the
software performs as expected. A "unit" refers to the smallest testable part of an application,
such as a function, method, or object. Unit tests are typically automated and written by
developers during the development phase to ensure that each unit functions correctly. This form
of testing helps in identifying and fixing bugs early in the development process, promoting
code quality and reliability, and facilitating easier maintenance and refactoring of code.

2. INTEGRATION TESTING
Integration testing is a software testing phase where individual units or components are
combined and tested as a group to identify issues in their interactions. The main goal is to
ensure that these integrated parts work together seamlessly and that data flows correctly
between them. This phase can be approached incrementally, where components are integrated
and tested one by one, or through a big bang approach, where all components are integrated
simultaneously and tested as a whole. By detecting defects in the interactions early, integration
testing helps ensure that the system as a whole functions correct

3. SYSTEM TESTING
System testing is a comprehensive phase in the software testing lifecycle where a fully
integrated software system is tested to verify that it meets specified requirements. This level of
testing evaluates the system's overall functionality, performance, security, and compliance with
regulatory standards. By examining the system as a whole, including all integrated components
and their interactions, system testing ensures that the software behaves as expected in real-
world scenarios and is ready for deployment.

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4. USER ACCEPTANCE TEST(UAT)

User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is the final phase in the software testing process where the
actual users test the system to ensure it meets their requirements and works as expected in real-
world scenarios. Conducted in a production-like environment, UAT focuses on validating the
end-to-end business flow and ensuring that the system is ready for deployment. The primary
objective of UAT is to identify any issues or discrepancies from the user's perspective, ensuring
that the software is user-friendly, functional, and fulfills the business needs before it goes live.

5.3 TESTING PERFORMED

1. UNIT TESTING

Objective: Validate individual components or functions to ensure they work as intended.

Tests Conducted:

➢ User Input Validation: Test the validation logic for agency and customer signup
forms.
➢ Database Operations: Test CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) for
agency, customer, and package data.
➢ Authentication Logic: Verify the login functionality for both agencies and customers.

Test Results:

➢ User Input Validation:

❖ Test case: Empty fields, invalid email format, and incorrect phone number
format.
❖ Result: Passed. All invalid inputs are correctly flagged, and appropriate error
messages are displayed.
➢ Database Operations:
❖ Test case: Insert, update, and delete records in the agency table.
❖ Result: Passed. Records are correctly inserted, updated, and deleted without any
data integrity issues.
➢ Authentication Logic:
❖ Test case: Valid and invalid login credentials.
❖ Result: Passed. Valid credentials allow access, while invalid credentials show
appropriate error messages.

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2. INTEGRATION TESTING

Objective: Ensure that different modules or components work together seamlessly.

Tests Conducted:

➢ User Registration and Login Flow: Test the end-to-end flow from registration to login
for agencies and customers.
➢ Package Management: Verify the integration of package creation and display
functionality.
➢ Guide Assignment: Ensure that guide assignment integrates correctly with package
management.

Test Results:

➢ User Registration and Login Flow:

❖ Test case: Complete registration and login process for a new agency and
customer.
❖ Result: Passed. New users can register and log in successfully, with their data
correctly stored and retrieved from the database.

➢ Package Management:
❖ Test case: Add a new package and display it in the list of available packages.
❖ Result: Passed. The new package appears correctly in the list after being added.
➢ Guide Assignment:
❖ Test case: Assign a guide to a package and verify the assignment.
❖ Result: Passed. Guides are correctly assigned to packages, and the assignments
are accurately reflected in the database.

3. SYSTEM TESTING

Objective: Validate the entire system's functionality and performance as a whole.

Tests Conducted:

➢ Booking and Package Opting: Test the process of customers opting for packages and
viewing their opted packages.
➢ Data Integrity: Ensure data consistency across different functionalities and user roles.
➢ Security Testing: Verify that sensitive data is handled securely, and user sessions are
managed correctly.

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Test Results:

➢ Booking and Package Opting:

❖ Test case: Customer opts for a package and views their opted packages.
❖ Result: Passed. The package opting process works smoothly, and customers can
view their opted packages without issues.
➢ Data Integrity:
❖ Test case: Cross-check data consistency between agency, customer, package,
and assignment tables.
❖ Result: Passed. Data remains consistent and accurate across different
functionalities and user interactions.
➢ Security Testing:
❖ Test case: Attempt unauthorized access to different parts of the system.
❖ Result: Passed. Unauthorized access attempts are correctly blocked, and user
sessions are managed securely.

4. USER ACCEPTANCE TESTING (UAT)

Objective: Validate the system's functionality and usability from the end-users' perspective.

Tests Conducted:

➢ Usability Testing: Assess the ease of use and user experience of the application
interfaces.
➢ Functional Validation: Confirm that the system meets all business requirements and
user expectations.
➢ Feedback Collection: Gather feedback from actual users (travel agents, customers) to
identify areas for improvement.

Test Results:

➢ Usability Testing:
❖ Test case: Users navigate through different sections (signup, login, package
viewing, booking) and perform tasks.
❖ Result: Passed. Users find the interface intuitive and easy to navigate. Minor
suggestions for UI enhancements are noted.
➢ Functional Validation:
❖ Test case: Users perform key functions such as signing up, logging in, adding
packages, assigning guides, and booking packages.
❖ Result: Passed. All functions work as expected, meeting the business
requirements.

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CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION

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IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation step involves turning design specifications into a working system. The
project is being developed repeatedly, with Python as the primary programming language and
MySQL as the backend database management system.

The frontend user interface is built in HTML and CSS, with tools like Python Flask and
Bootstrap. These libraries enable the building of an intuitive and user-friendly experience. This
interface allows agencies to input package details and guide details.
The backend logic is also written in Python, and it handles responsibilities like database
connectivity, data validation, and scheduling algorithm execution. MySQL acts as the database
management system, keeping data on Packages, Customer details, Agency details, Guide
details, and their relationships.
By following best practices in software development and properly using Python and
MySQL, the project implementation intends to create a stable, scalable, and user-friendly
Travel Management System. This system meets the needs of customers to easily find the perfect
tour package.

6.1 TABLES USED

AGENCY
The ”agency” table comprises fields for agency identification, name, address, and contact
information, with the agency ID serving as the primary key for unique
identification.

create table agency( a_id

varchar(20), a_name
varchar(20),
a_address varchar(20),
a_contact int, primary
key(a_id));

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CUSTOMER
The ”customer” table stores customer data including ID, name, address, and phone number,
with the customer ID serving as the primary key for unique identification.
create table customer( c_id
varchar(20), c_name
varchar(20), c_address
varchar(20), c_phone int,
primary key(c_id)
);

GUIDE
The ”guide” table maintains information about guides, including ID, name, address, and
phone number, with the guide ID as the primary key for unique identification.
create table guide( g_id
varchar(20), g_name
varchar(20), g_address
varchar(20), g_phone int,
primary key(g_id)
);

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PACKAGE
The ”package” table records details about travel packages, such as ID, type, amount, and
duration, linked to agencies through a foreign key relationship on agency ID with cascade
deletion for referential integrity.

create table package( p_id varchar(20), p_type varchar(20), p_amount int,

p_duration varchar(20), a_id varchar(20), primary key(p_id), foreign
key(a_id) references agency(a_id) on delete cascade
);

OPT
The ”opt” table tracks the selection of packages by customers, capturing package and
customer IDs along with the purchase date, ensuring data integrity through foreign key
constraints with cascade deletion for both package and customer references.

create table opt( p_id

varchar(20), c_id
varchar(20), buy_date date,
primary key(p_id,c_id),
foreign key(p_id)
references package(p_id)
on delete cascade, foreign
key(c_id) references
customer(c_id) on delete
cascade
);

ASSIGN
The ”assign” table manages the assignment of guides to packages, recording package and
guide IDs along with assignment dates, maintaining data integrity through foreign key
constraints with cascade deletion for both package and guide references.

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create table assign( p_id varchar(20), g_id varchar(20), assign_date date,

primary key(p_id,g_id), foreign key(p_id) references package(p_id) on
delete cascade, foreign key(g_id) references guide(g_id) on delete
cascade
);

6.2 DATABASE CONNECTION

from flask import Flask, render_template, redirect, url_for, request import
mysql.connector from datetime import datetime app = Flask( name )
authenticated_agency_id = None authenticated_customer_id=None

# MySQL configuration db_config

={
’host’: ’localhost’,
’user’: ’root’,
’password’: ’donbosco’,
’database’: ’traveldb’,
’autocommit’: True
}

def sql_connection():
conn = mysql.connector.connect(**db_config) c =
conn.cursor(buffered=True) return conn, c

@app.route(’/’) def
index():
return render_template(’index.html’)

6.3 INSERT OPERATION

it establishes a database connection and inserts package details obtained from the request form
into the package table, associating them with the authenticated agency ID. After successful
insertion, it redirects the user to the agency view route; otherwise, it renders a template for
adding packages.

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6.4 RETRIEVE OPERATION

The below code retrieves all packages from the database using an SQL query and subsequently
renders a template cdisplaypackages.html to display these packages for customers. This
functionality enhances the Travel Management System project by enabling customers to view
available travel packages conveniently

6.5 UPDATE OPERATION

The below code updates assignment dates for specific package and guide IDs in the database,
enhancing the system’s efficiency by streamlining assignment modifications.

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6.6 DELETE OPERATION

The below code deletes a selected package option linked to the authenticated customer ID. Upon
deletion, users are redirected to the opted packages page, ensuring smooth system navigation.

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CHAPTER 7
SNAPSHOTS

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SNAPSHOTS
This section shows snapshots of the system’s interface, providing a visual representation of its
working. The images provide a glimpse at the system’s design, navigation, and important
features, highlighting its usability and performance. The images below help readers understand
the system’s capabilities and potential benefits.

7.1 HOME PAGE

The home page serves as the system’s centre, providing users with a navigational starting point
as well as a summary of key information or features. It provides a userfriendly interface that
allows them to quickly access important functionality and manage the system.

Figure 7.1 Home page

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7.2 CUSTOMER LOGIN

This page serves as the entry point for customers to access their accounts and view available
agencies and packages. Let's delve deeper into the various aspects of this project page:

Figure 7.2 customer login

7.3 CUSTOMER SIGNUP PAGE

The signup page for users interested in tour packages. It presents a visually engaging
experience with a split-screen layout, allowing users to input their customer details. While the
page excels in visual presentation and form functionality, it lacks backend integration for form
submission and requires attention to accessibility considerations for a comprehensive signup
experience.

Figure 7.3 Customer signup page

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 TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

7.4 AGENCY LOGIN PAGE

The login page designed for agencies to access and update tour packages. With a visually
appealing layout, it offers a split-screen design, featuring an image on one side and the login
form on the other. Users are prompted to enter their agency ID and name to access their
accounts.

Figure 7.4 Agency Login Page

7.5 AGENCY SIGNUP PAGE

This signup form tailored for agencies interested in creating accounts to manage tour packages.
With a sleek design, it offers a split-screen layout featuring an image on one side and the signup
form on the other. Agencies are prompted to provide essential details to register their accounts.

Figure 7.5 Agency Signup page

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7.6 AGENCY VIEW PAGE

This page is designed as the "Agency View" for WanderWise, providing an interface for travel
agencies to manage their offerings. The page includes a navigation bar for easy access to
various functionalities such as displaying agencies, adding packages, viewing assigned tasks,
and adding guides. The main content area highlights the purpose of the page, allowing agencies
to add and manage packages efficiently.

Figure 7.6 Agency View page

7.7 CUSTOMER VIEW PAGE

This page is designed as the "Customer View" for WanderWise, providing an interface for
customers to explore travel agencies and available packages. The page features a navigation
bar that allows users to display agencies, view available packages, see opted packages, and log
out. The main content area highlights the purpose of the page, enabling customers to view and
select travel packages conveniently.

Figure 7.7 Customer View Page

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7.8 DISPLAY AGENCY LIST

This "Agency View" page displays a list of travel agencies with a clean, user-friendly design.
It features a navigation bar, a table with agency details, and a footer with a copyright notice.
The design is responsive, using a professional color scheme and hover effects for a better user
experience.

Figure 7.8 Display Agency

7.9 DISPLAY PACKAGES LIST

This page, styled with a modern and professional look, showcases various travel packages
available for viewing and management. The layout ensures clarity and ease of navigation, with
a central focus on presenting package details in a structured table format. Integrated navigation
links provide seamless access to other sections, maintaining a cohesive user experience.
Designed with a clean aesthetic and responsive layout, it offers a user-friendly interface for
efficient package management and assignment tasks.

Figure 7.9 Display Packages list

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7.10 ASSIGNING GUIDE

This page provides a straightforward interface to assign guides to travel packages. Designed
with simplicity and clarity in mind, it features a form where administrators can input the guide's
ID and the date of assignment. The form's responsive layout ensures ease of use on various
devices, maintaining a clean aesthetic against a backdrop of engaging visuals.

Figure 7.10 Assigning Guide

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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

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8.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the development of this web-based travel agency management system using
Flask and MySQL marks a significant step towards modernizing travel service management.
This project aimed to provide agencies and customers with a seamless platform for managing
travel packages, guide assignments, customer registrations, and package opt-ins. Key features
such as robust database design, user authentication mechanisms, and intuitive web interfaces
were integral to achieving these goals.

Throughout the project, meticulous attention was given to database design using MySQL. The
schema was structured to efficiently store and manage crucial data entities such as agencies,
customers, packages, guides, assignments, and package opt-ins. Utilizing foreign key
constraints ensured data integrity, maintaining relational consistency across tables. This
foundational design facilitated streamlined operations and enabled secure data management,
crucial for a system handling sensitive customer and business information.

The implementation of Flask as the web framework provided a flexible and scalable
architecture for the travel agency management system. Flask routes were meticulously crafted
to handle various functionalities, including agency and customer authentication, package
management, guide assignments, and opt-in processes. Global variables like
authenticated_agency_id and authenticated_customer_id were employed to manage user sessions
effectively, ensuring secure and personalized interactions.

8.2 FUTURE WORKS

Looking ahead, several areas for future enhancement and development have been identified to
further elevate the travel agency management system. Implementing advanced search and
filtering functionalities will empower customers to find travel packages based on specific
criteria like destination, price range, or duration, enhancing their overall booking experience.

Real-time updates using WebSocket technology represent another pivotal area for
improvement. Enabling real-time notifications for agencies and customers regarding package
availability, assignment updates, or booking confirmations can significantly enhance
communication and user engagement. Furthermore, integrating secure payment gateways to
facilitate online transactions for package opt-ins will streamline the booking process, offering
customers a seamless and efficient booking experience directly from the platform.

Analytics and reporting capabilities are also essential for future iterations of the system. By
implementing robust analytics tools, agencies can gain valuable insights into package
popularity, customer preferences, revenue trends, and operational efficiencies. These insights
will empower agencies to make data-driven decisions, optimize service offerings, and tailor
marketing strategies to meet customer demands effectively.

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CHAPTER 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Efficient MySQL Performance: Best Practices and Techniques
By Daniel Nichter

2. Think python: how to think like a computer scientist

by Allen B. Downey

WEB SITE
1. https://app.diagrams.net/
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language-tutorial/
3. https://www.w3schools.com/mysql/mysql_intro.asp
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1RJmh_OqeA&t=41s&pp=ygUMZ
mxhc2sgcHl0aG9u
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M3LzGmIAso&pp=ygUMZmxhc2s
gcHl0aG9u
6. https://chatgpt.com/

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