8.

𝐻 = 6 − 1.5 = 4.5 𝑚
𝐻𝑁𝑓 4.5 × 4
𝑞=𝑘 = (4 × 10−4 × 10−2 ) ( ) = 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔/𝒎
𝑁𝑑 8

8.6

𝐻 = 10 − 1.5 = 8.5 𝑚
𝐻𝑁𝑓 8.5 × 4
𝑞=𝑘 = (10−3 × 10−2 ) ( ) = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔/𝒎
𝑁𝑑 12
9.2
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.65 × 9.81
𝛾𝑑 = = = 17.33 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1 + 0.5
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.68 + 0.65) × 9.81
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡2 = = = 19.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1 + 0.65
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.71 + 0.81) × 9.81
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡3 = = = 19.08 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1 + 0.81
A點
𝜎𝐴 = 0, 𝑢𝐴 = 0, 𝜎𝐴′ = 0
B點
𝜎𝐵 = 𝜎𝐴 + 𝐻1 𝛾𝑑 = 0 + 4 × 17.331 = 69.32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑢𝐵 = 0
𝜎𝐵′ = 𝜎𝐵 −𝑢𝐵 = 69.32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
C點
𝜎𝐶 = 𝜎𝐵 + 𝐻2 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡2 = 69.32 + 1.5 × 19.8 = 99.02 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑢𝐶 = 𝐻2 𝛾𝑤 = 1.5 × 9.81 = 14.72 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎𝐶′ = 𝜎𝐶 −𝑢𝐶 = 99.02 − 14.72 = 84.3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
D點
𝜎𝐷 = 𝜎𝐶 + 𝐻3 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡3 = 99.02 + 3 × 19.08 = 156.26 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑢𝐷 = (𝐻2 + 𝐻3 )𝛾𝑤 = (1.5 + 3) × 9.81 = 44.15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎𝐷′ = 𝜎𝐷 −𝑢𝐷 = 156.26 − 44.15 = 112.11 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

H (m) σ (kN/m2) u (kN/m2) σ' (kN/m2)

A 0 0 0 0
B 4 69.32 0 69.32
C 5.5 99.02 14.72 84.3
D 8.5 156.26 44.15 112.11

σ (kN/m2) u (kN/m2) σ' (kN/m2)

0 40 80 120 160 0 40 80 0 40 80 120
0 0 0

2 2 2
H (m)

4 4 4

6 6 6

8 8 8
9.7
計算飽和黏土單位重
𝑤𝐺𝑠 0.4 × 2.7
𝑒= = = 1.08
𝑆 1
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.7 + 1.08) × 9.81
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 17.83 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1 + 1.08
計算飽和黏土層底部之總應力、孔隙水壓
𝜎 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 (7.6 − 𝐻) + 𝛾𝑤 ℎ = 17.83(7.6 − 5.5) + 9.81ℎ = 37.443 + 9.81ℎ
𝑢 = 9.81 × 5.5 = 53.96 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
有效應力為 0 時達穩定
𝜎 ′ = 37.443 + 9.81ℎ − 53.96 = 0
ℎ = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎

9.9
a.
計算水力坡降
1.2
𝑖= = 0.6
2
計算滲流率
𝑞 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴 = (0.1 × 10−2 ) × 0.6 × 0.5 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

b.
計算 C 點有效應力
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.68 + 0.55) × 9.81
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 20.44 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1 + 0.55
𝜎𝑐′ = 𝑧𝛾 ′ − 𝑖𝑧𝛾𝑤 = 1.2(20.44 − 9.81) − 0.6 × 1.2 × 9.81 = 5.69 > 0
故不會發生沸砂現象

c.
𝛾′
當𝜎𝑐′ = 0時(即𝑖𝑐𝑟 = 𝛾 )， 會發生沸砂現象
𝑤

𝑖 = 𝑖𝑐𝑟
ℎ (20.44 − 9.81)
=
2 9.81
ℎ = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 𝒎
9.11
計算乾砂單位重
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 2.66 × 9.81
𝛾𝑑(𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑) = = = 17.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1 + 0.5
計算黏土單位重
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.71 + 0.6 × 0.75)(9.81)
𝛾𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = = 17.71 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1 + 0.75
計算飽和黏土單位重
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (2.72 + 0.95)(9.81)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) = = = 18.46 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
1+𝑒 1 + 0.95

當H=0時
𝜎0 = 0
𝑢0 = 0
𝜎0′ = 0
當 H = 4 m (上) 時
𝜎(4) = 𝐻1 𝛾𝑑(𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑) = 4 × 17.4 = 69.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑢(4) = 0
′
𝜎(4) = 𝜎(4) − 𝑢(4) = 69.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
當 H = 4 m (下) 時
𝜎(4) = 𝐻1 𝛾𝑑(𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑) = 4 × 17.4 = 69.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑢(4) = 𝑆𝐻2 𝛾𝑤 = −0.6 × 2.5 × 9.81 = −14.72 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
′
𝜎(4) = 𝜎(4) − 𝑢(4) = 69.6 − (−14.72) = 84.32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
當 H = 6.5 m 時
𝜎(6.5) = 𝜎(4) + 𝐻2 𝛾𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 69.6 + 2.5 × 17.71 = 113.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑢(6.5) = 0
′
𝜎(6.5) = 𝜎(6.5) − 𝑢(6.5) = 113.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
當 H = 10 m 時
𝜎(10) = 𝜎(6.5) + 𝐻3 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) = 113.88 + 3.5 × 18.46 = 178.49 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑢(10) = 𝐻3 𝛾𝑤 = 3.5 × 9.81 = 34.34 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
′
𝜎(10) = 𝜎(10) − 𝑢(10) = 178.49 − 34.34 = 144.15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

H (m) σ (kN/m2) u (kN/m2) σ' (kN/m2)

0 0 0 0
4 (上) 69.6 0 69.6
4 (下) 69.6 -14.72 84.32
6.5 113.88 0 113.88
10 178.49 34.34 144.15
 σ (kN/m2) u (kN/m2) σ' (kN/m2)
0 100 200 -50 0 50 0 50 100 150
0 0 0

2 2 2

4 4 4
H (m)

6 6 6

8 8 8

10 10 10

9.13
計算平均水力坡降
0.36(𝐻1 − 𝐻2 ) 0.36(7 − 3)
𝑖𝑎𝑣 = = = 0.32
𝐷 4.5
安全係數
𝛾′ (17 − 9.81)
𝐹𝑆 = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗
𝑖𝑎𝑣 𝛾𝑤 0.32 × 9.81