INTRODUCTION;

The term biodiversity or biological diversity, describes the

variety present in every field of biology. Our food, fuel, shelter,
medicine, and more depend on biodiversity. Biodiversity is
defined as the variability among living species from all sources,
including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic habitats and their
environmental complexes, according to the Convention on
Biological Diversity ,which was established in 1992 at the time.
Earth has experienced five catastrophic extinctions before
humans due to large volcanic eruptions, long ice ages, meteorite
impacts, and colliding continents.
This major change in biodiversity may cause dangerous
consequences like the loss of resilience of the ecosystem and we
may go through another mass extinction event . At present,
diversification is lower than extinction. Human survival depends
on biodiversity because we are part of it. So, it's a significant
worry today. Every habitable place on Earth has biodiversity.
Identified some of it which is known to become susceptible daily
and we've tackled its extinction causes.
Human activities are responsible for the profound changes that
are currently occurring on Earth. At this point, we cannot
determine the extent to which diversity has been lost. If we
continue to be unable to take precautions about biodiversity, the
entire ecosystem will be destroyed. We are aware that the living
things that make up an ecosystem communicate with one
another to produce the interconnected network necessary to
maintain biodiversity. Therefore, eliminating one component from
 it may disintegrate that network. Before we can take action to
stop the loss of biodiversity, we need to have a solid
understanding of the many factors that contribute to it.

Species Diversity:
The concept of species diversity considers not just the total
number of species found in a community, but also the relative
abundance of each species and its function. For instance, there
might be several distinct species in a group, yet only one predator
might hunt a certain prey species.
But suppose the predator suddenly becomes less common. In
that case, the population of the prey species can rise in reaction,
overeating its prey and creating a domino effect that would upend
the entire community. On the other hand, apopulation with greater
species diversity can have several predators pursuing the same
prey.

Ecosystem Diversity:
The "ecosystem diversity" describes the variation in
environments within a region. In contrast to species diversity and
genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity takes into account both
biological and non-biological sources of variety, such as sunlight
and temperature.

If, for instance, there is a diversity of less sensitive ecosystems

surrounding a dry vegetation area that is prone to wildfire, the
wildlife may not be able to spread to other dry vegetation areas in
the same year, giving the species that make up the burned
ecosystem an opportunity to relocate to an unaffected habitat
while the burned land heals.
may coexist due to their interspecific trade-offs between
their abilities to compete and their abilities to disperse,
between their abilities to compete and their sensitivity to
disease, herbivory,

CLIMATE CHANGES;
Biodiversity and climate change are strongly associated with
each other. Climate has been changing from primitive Earth to the
present Earth. So, climate change is quite a natural process
through which species have evolved,but accelerated climate
change disrupts ecological systems. Species cannot acclimate to
the environment and hence, biodiversity loss is enhanced natural
rate. distribution of species is changed and many species
become extinct, ultimately affecting the humans and global
ecosystem.
Two key components of climate change have a direct and
considerable impact on the biodiversity of India. These features
are the variation in temperature and the rate of precipitation.
According to Thuiller (2007), a temperature increases of one
degree Celsius will cause a change of 160 meters vertically and
160 kilometers horizontally in the zone of occurrence of various
species that are considered to be specialists.
The impact of climate change on biodiversity is expected to
 such as bottles, bags, balloons, rubber, medicinal wastes, etc.,
end up in the ocean and accumulate all along the coastline.
UNEP/IOC has included the following items in the list of marine
debris:
-Plastic

-Smoking
-Metal
-Glass
-Processed timber
-Paper, rubber,and cloth.
The sizes of debris can be broadly classified into the following
categories, which are commonly acknowledged worldwide: The
term "macro-debris" refers to waste with a diameter more than 20
millimeters, whereas "meso-debris" refers to debris with a
diameter between 5and 20 millimeters, and "micro-debris" refers
to debris with a diameter of 100 millimeters (Barnes et al., 2009).
Plastic is amajor marine debris, so it affects marine animals and
birds. At least 267 different marine species, like turtles, sea birds,
seals, whales, fish, sea lions, etc. have been reported to be
harmed by entanglement or ingestion of marine debris (Pawar et
al., 2016).
As we already know, India is partly surrounded by oceans from
East, West, and South, sothe accumulation rate of marine debris
along the seashore is very high. So, it is very hard to survive for
those marine intertidal faunas with very restricted niches.

Impact of plastic marine debris:

 The environmental impact of plastic can be classified as
physical, chemical, and biological. Marine debris travels
throughout the ocean and can cause the degradation of physical
habitats, the transportation of chemical contaminants, the
endangerment of marine life, and the destruction of the aquatic
ecosystem. Marine trash made of plastic has the greatest
potential to effect changes in the ecosystem and to have an
effect on the bio. Because it is suspended near the surface, it is
carried by ocean currents to a great extent and remain for a
considerable amount of time. If it is consumed, it is not easily
digested. In light of this, the impact of plastic litter on marine
environments is a more significant problem than other
environmental problems.

Pesticide:
Pesticides are one of the major causes of biodiversity loss
nowadays. They affect the ecosystem directly by damaging biotic
components and indirectly by contaminating abiotic components.
Pesticides can be inserted into the food chain and damage the
whole ecosystem. Only a decade after the ‘green revolution’ it
became obvious that large-scale spraying of pesticides was
causing serious damage to the environment. Broad-spectrum use
of insecticides and herbicides reduces the food supply for birds
and mammals resulting extinction of rare species
Pesticides enter aquatic bodies like ponds, rivers, lakes, etc.,
and change the physicochemical parameters, affecting aquatic
life forms. It reduces the dissolved oxygen in water bodies and
causes behavioral and physiological changes in fishes. The
eutrophication rate is also increased due to agricultural run-offs'
contamination of water bodies.
Loss of top predator:
Top predators affect biodiversity positively due to their key
functional roles in regulating trophic cascades. They can be
dominant or keystone species as they strongly affect the
ecosystem. Their loss can be a major contributing factor to the
biodiversity loss in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Loss of
top predators can induce the decline of plant biomass as the
herbivores start to dominate (Rajak, 2017; Sarkar, 2017). Without
top predators, other mesopredators begin to invade the
ecosystem and disrupt the whole balance of the ecosystem
(Letnic et al., 2012; DeLa et al., 2012).

Conclusion:
We are an integrated part of biodiversity; as an individual
species, we have a key role in the ecosystem. Every species
utilizes its niche according to its needs. We are also utilizing the
environmentalresourcesaccordingtoourneeds.Extinctionisalwaysa
ssociatedwithevolution. There should be a balance between
extinction and diversification. Now the extinction rate is faster
than the diversification rate due to anthropogenic activities .If
evolution 'skeyis‘survival of the fittest’, then we are modifying our
environment so that we will probably not be fit to survive against
upcoming environmental changes.Five mass extinction events
happened during the pre-human era due to volcanic eruption,
meteorite impact, long ice age, etc. Scientists predict that we are
going through a sixth mass extinction event due to anthropogenic
activities. We must protect biodiversity from anthropogenic
activities to sustain the whole ecosystem on Earth. Otherwise, the
sixth mass extinction will probably destroy many life forms
including us.
.
REFERENCES:
1-THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 114

2-WORLD RESOURCE INSTITUTION,WASHINGTON (DC)

3-THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS

4-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABILITY