Silver Oak University

Silver Oak College of Engineering and Technology

Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEEING
(1010033321)
6th SEMESTER

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Tutorial Workbook
 HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING TUTORIAL WORKBOOK

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PREFACE

Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering is one of common course in the third year
curriculum of Civil Engineering. This is the first edition of Hydrology & Water Resources
Engineering Tutorial Workbook for B.E. 3rd year students of SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY,
AHMEDABAD.
Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering tutorial workbook is intended to serve as booklet
which consists of series of important questions for the course in machine. It covers the questions
related to syllabus of Gujarat Technological University. These tutorials are designed in such a
way that when students will start solving the problems they will not only prepare themselves for
final exams to be held by Gujarat Technological University but will also get a glimpse of
application of Water Resources Management.
The main feature of this book are:
i) To develop basic understanding about precipitation, infiltration,
evapotranspiration, hydrograph, capacity of reservoir
ii) To enable the students for estimation of runoff, infiltration, evaporation, floods
and reservoir capacity
iii) To create understanding about features of various types of dam

Each Tutorial is carefully designed according to the SOU syllabus and main focus is on theory
questions and analytical problems which are important aid while preparing for examinations.
 INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1. Incorrect or incomplete work will certainly delay the marking of your tutorial/assignment
and may even result in it not being marked at all.
2. Each page of the completed tutorial must be numbered consecutively. Make sure that the
pages are in the correct order before you staple them inside the file.
3. Solve tutorials on time.
4. Get your tutorials continuously evaluated and assessed by Faculty, in the tutorial room
itself, once you have completed the tutorials.
5. Collect information about the upcoming tutorial to be solved during next tutorial session.
6. Carry necessary material to solve the tutorials such as individual tutorial workbook copy,
Calculators, file pages and required stationary.
7. It is mandatory to attach a copy of workbook in the file followed by pages.
 TUTORIAL 1: PRECIPITATION & WATER LOSSES

1. Explain with neat sketch “Hydrological cycle” and its applications.

2. Define Precipitation. Explain cyclonic, convective and orographic precipitation.
4. Describe Recording and Non-Recording type of rain gauge stations in detail with neat
Sketch.
5. Discuss various factors affecting evaporation. Describe any one method of measurement
of evaporation.
6. Discuss factors affecting evapo-transpiration. Write short note on evapotranspiration and
its measurements.
7. Define runoff and explain various climatic factors affecting run-off.
8. Explain how will you find out missing rainfall data?
9. Explain the various methods of determining average rainfall over a catchment due to
storm. Discuss relative merits and demerits of each.
10. Define Infiltration rate and Infiltration Capacity. Describe various factors affecting
infiltration.
11 Explain ø- index and W-index with the procedure to determine the same.
12. Explain in detail with neat sketch the double mass curve technique to check the
consistency of rainfall data.

Numericals:
13. A rain gauge ‘A’ was inoperative during a specific storm. The rainfall recorded at three
surrounding stations B, C and D during that storm were 107, 89 and 122 mm respectively.
If the average annual rainfall of stations A, B, C and D are 978, 1120, 935 and 1200 mm
respectively, estimate the storm precipitation of station A.
14. Thiessen polygons constructed for a network of 10 rain gauges in river basin yielded
Thiessen weights of 0.10, 0.16, 0.12, 0.11, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.11, 0.06 and 0.10. If the
rainfalls recorded at these gauges during a cyclonic storm are 132, 114, 162, 138, 207,
156, 135, 158, 168 and 150 mm respectively determine the average depth of rainfall by
 Thiessen mean and arithmetic mean methods. Also determine the volume of surface
runoff at the basin outlet if 35% of the rainfall is lost as infiltration. Take the area of the
basin as 5800 km2 and express your answer in million cubic meters.
15. The rainfall values at gauging stations and corresponding areas of Thiessen’s polygons for
a drainage basin are as follows:
Station A B C D E F G
Area of Thiessen’s Polygon (km2) 160 135 92 110 68 70 35
Rainfall (cm) 10.0 13.5 9.1 12.6 11.2 14.0 10.8
Compute the average rainfall over the basin.
16. The rates of rainfall for successive 30 minute period of a 3-hour storm are 1.5, 3.2, 4.3,
2.7, 2.1 and 1.2 cm/hr. The surface runoff in response to the storm is estimated to be 3.0
cm. Determine ɸ-index and w-index. Consider a total of depression and interception
losses of 1.0 cm.
17. Calculate the rainfall excess from the rainfall hyetograph data given below. Assume Ø-
index = 0.25 cm/hr.
10 12
8 am 9 am 11 am 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm 4 pm
am to noon
Time to to 10 to -12 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5
11 to 1
9am am noon pm pm pm pm
am pm
Rainfall
intensity 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
(cm/hr)
18. A storm with 15 cm precipitation produced a direct runoff of 8.7 cm. The time distribution
of storm is as follows. Calculate Φ-index.
Time from start
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(hr)
Incremental rainfall in (cm/hr) 0.60 1.35 2.25 3.45 2.70 2.40 1.50 0.75

Activity/Task 1: Prepare a Model of a Rain Gauge with Plastic bottle.

 TUTORIAL 2: HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS & GROUND WATER

1. What is difference between hyetograph and hydrograph? Draw a typical single-peaked

hydrograph and explain its components.
2. Define Unit Hydrograph. What are the assumptions underlying the unit
Hydrograph theory? Explain uses and Limitations of it.
3. Define Hydrograph. Describe the procedure of deriving a unit hydrograph from a given
flood hydrograph.
4. Discuss the various methods adopted to separate the base flow.
5. Explain procedure to derive s-curve hydrograph from a given unit hydrograph. What are the
uses of s-curve hydrograph?
6. Discuss types of aquifers with neat sketches.
7. Discuss occurrence of groundwater (Darcy’s law) with a neat sketch and define various
water bearing formations.
OR
Write the empirical formulas for ground water velocity determination and explain Darcy’s
law for that velocity considering different water bearing formations.
8. Define the following in relation to aquifer:
(a) Well losses (b) Transmissibility (c) Coefficient of Transmissibility (d) Storage
coefficient (e) Specific yield (f) Specific retention (g) Specific capacity
9. Derive an expression for discharge from a well which is fully penetrated in confined
aquifer.
10. What are the direct practical tests to estimate the yield of the aquifer? Explain each in brief.

Numericals:
11. The ordinates of flood hydrograph for a drainage basin in response to a 6- hour storm are
observed as follows:
 Time (hour) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Hydrograph Ordinate (cumec) 15 35 67 109 151 175 195 153
Time (hour) 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45
Hydrograph Ordinate (cumec) 139 113 87 63 47 31 23 15
Considering total rainfall of 7 cm during the storm, average rate of infiltration loss of 0.5
cm/hr and a constant base flow of 15 cumec, derive ordinates of the 6-hour unit
hydrograph. Also estimate area of the basin.
12. The ordinates of a 4 h UH of a basin of area 300 km2 measured at 1 h intervals are
6,36,66,91,106,93,79,68,58,49,41,34,27,23,17,13,9,6,3 and 1.5 m3/s respectively. Obtain
the ordinates of a 3 h UH for the basin using the S-curve technique.
13. The direct runoff hydrograph resulting from a 5.0 cm effective rainfall of 6 h duration is
given below. Determine the area of the catchment and the ordinates of the 6 h Unit
hydrograph.
Time
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
(h)
Direct
runoff 0 25 175 320 360 310 230 165 105 60 30 10 0
(m3/s)
14. The ordinates of 4 hour unit hydrograph are given in the table. Compute the ordinate of 8
hour unit hydrograph.
Time in
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
hour
Unit
hydrograph 0 20 50 150 120 90 70 50 30 20 10 0
in cumec
15. The ordinates of flood hydrograph from a 4 hour rainfall are given below. Derive the
ordinates of 4 hour unit hydrograph for a catchment area of 640 km2. Take constant base
flow of 30 cumec.
 Time
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
(hours)
Discharge
30 68 205 410 330 254 195 133 95 58 30
m3/s
16. A 30 cm diameter well completely penetrates a confined aquifer of permeability 45 m/day.
The length of strainers is 20 m. Under steady state of pumping, the drawdown at the well
was found to be 3.0 m and radius of influence was 300 m. Calculate the discharge.
17. An unconfined aquifer has a thickness of 30 m. A fully penetrating 20 cm diameter well in
this aquifer is pumped at a rate of 35 lit/s. The drawdown measured in two observation
wells located at distances of 10 m and 100 m from the well are 7.5 m and 0.5 m
respectively. Determine the average hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. At what distance
from the well the drawdown is insignificant

Activity/Task 2: Prepare a Report on a visit at SWDC & Sant Sarovar Dam,

Gandhinagar.
 TUTORIAL 3: RESERVOIR, DAM & HYDROELECTRIC POWER

1. Describe briefly the various types of reservoirs and also differentiate between single and
multipurpose reservoirs.
2. Explain with neat sketch storage zones of a reservoir
3. Define Reservoir yield and Explain the procedure to determine the reservoir capacity
using mass curve.
4. How will you select a site for a reservoir?
5. Define Trap efficiency. Discuss various methods of reservoir sediment control in brief.
6. Explain reservoir sedimentation. How do you estimate the probable life of a reservoir
7. Discuss the various types of dams. What is the function of a spillway?
8. Discuss various classifications of hydropower plants. Differentiate between low and high
head power plants.
9. What are the principal components of a hydro electrical scheme? Discuss the utility of
each component with neat sketch. (Do not write the answer- perform Activity no. 3)

Activity/Task 3: Make a PPT on Components of Hydroelectric Power plant.

 TUTORIAL 4: FLOOD MANAGEMENT &
HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS

1 Explain various causes of flood and their preventive measures. (Do not write the answer-
perform Activity no. 4)
OR
Explain structural and non-structural approaches of controlling damage due to floods.
2. Explain flood management in brief. (Do not write the answer- perform Activity no. 4)
3. Define flood routing and explain graphical method of flood routing.
4. Discuss the reservoir routing in detail.
5. Enlist the methods of estimating design flood for a water resources
Project. Explain any two in details.
OR
Write a note on (a) Rational formula (b) flood frequency analysis for flood estimation.
6. Explain theoretical probability distribution Gumbel’s method.
7. Differentiate followings :
(a) Flood proofing and Flood forecasting
(b) Flood walls and Flood ways.
8. Define: (a) Standard project flood, (b)Recurrence interval, (c) Prism storage, (d) Wedge
storage, (e) Design flood (f) Time of concentration

Numericals:
9. On the basin of isopluvial map, the 50 year 24 hr maximum rainfall at Ahmedabad is
found to be 16 cm, Determine the probability of 24 hr rainfall of magnitude equal to or
greater than 16 cm occurring at Ahmedabad. (a) at least once in 10 successive years, (b)
two times in 10 successive years and (c) once in 10 successive years.
10. For a river, the estimated flood peaks for two return periods by the use of
Gumbel’s method are as follows:
 Return period (years) Peak flood (m3/s)
100 435
50 395
What flood discharge in this river will have a return period of 1000 years?

Activity/Task 4: Make a poster on Flood Analysis in India (refer past newspapers’ articles)
 TUTORIAL 5: DROUGHT MANAGEMENT & WATER
HARVESTING

1. Explain draught & causes of draught and drought contingency planning.

2. Discuss various types of drought.
3. Briefly explain various water conservation methods. (Do not write the answer- perform
Activity no. 5)
4. What is meant by ‘water harvesting’? Explain methods of roof water harvesting and water
harvesting for agricultural use. (Do not write the answer- perform Activity no. 5)
5. What is the need for planning of water resources projects? Discuss the steps involved in
the water resources planning.
OR
Discuss the objectives of water resources development and also, explain the
environmental aspects in water resources planning.

Activity/Task 5: Prepare a case study on Water harvesting methods implementation in India

(refer past research papers)