Computer History

Day - 1
First Generation (1945-1955 Approx.)
1. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes for circuitry.
2. Magnetic Drum for memory.
3. Programming language – machine language
4. Consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat.
5. Speed and size – very slow and very large in size.
6. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-I , IBM-701, IBM-650
Second Generation (1955-1965 Approx.)

1. Transistors were used that invented by J. Bardeen, H.W. Brattain and W. Shockley.
2. Magnetic Core was used for primary storage.
3. Programming language – assembly language
4. magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
5. Low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size.
6. Speed – improvement of speed and reliability.
8. IBM 7094, 1401, IBM 650, ATLAS, CDC 1604, 3600, NCR 304, UNIVAC 1108
CDC (Control data Corporation),
NCR (National cash register)
Third Generation (1965-1971 Approx.)
1. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) (invented by
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce) in place of transistors.
2. Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk
3. High level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.)
4. Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers.
5. Speed – improvement of speed in comparison with the second generation
computers.
6. keyboard, monitor, printer, multiprogramming.
7. IBM 360, 370, PDP 8, 11, UNIVAC AC9000,
Honeywell-6000 series
Fourth Generation (1971-1990 Approx.)

1. Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
2. VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.
3. Microprocessor ( intel 4004).
4. Memory – semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM.
5. Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy.
6. Programming language – (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.)
7. Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers.
8. Devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.
9. Time sharing, Real time, Distributed and Networks OS were introduced
10. Apple Macintosh, IBM PC, SUN SPARC, STAR 1000.
Fifth Generation (1990-Till Date)

1. Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-
Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method.
ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
2. Language – understand natural language (human language).
3. Consume less power and generate less heat.
4. Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability
(in comparison with the fourth generation computers).
5. Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity.
6. Device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech
input (recognize voice / speech), light scanner, printer, etc.
7. HVD Technique and Advancement of Supercomputing
8. Laptop, Desktop, Notebook, Ultrabook, Chromebook
Abacus
The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the
first computing device. It is said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago.

Pascaline
It was invented in 1642 by a French mathematician Blaise Pascal. It is believed that it was the first
mechanical and automatic calculator. Due to the invention of Pascaline calculator Blaise Pascal is
also known as Father of calculator.

Jacquard loom
In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom in 1801 that uses punched wooden cards to
automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.

Difference Engine
In the early 1822s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of Computer".
First Typewriter
The first typewriter to be commercially successful was patented in 1868 by Americans Christopher
Latham Sholes, Frank Haven Hall, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W.
Analytical Engine
This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1834. During a nine-month
period in 1842-1843, Ada Lovelace translated Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's memory on
Charles Babbage's Analytic Engine. Historians now recognize this as the world's first computer
program and honor her as the first programmer.
Morse code and Telegraph system
In 1836-1838, Morse Code invented by Samuel Morse (US) Morse developed a system of dots and
dashes to help send telegraphs over long distance wire.
Tabulating Machine
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American statistician. This machine was used in the
1890 U.S. Census. In 1911 Charles Ranlett Flint founded ”Computing-Tabulating-Recording
company (CTR)” and was renamed "International Business Machines (IBM)" in 1924.
Z1
The Z1 was a motor-driven mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1936 to 1937, which
he built in his parents' home from 1936 to 1937. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical computer
with limited programmability. 1st general purpose programmable Computer.

Mark I - Howard Aiken

The next major changes in the history of computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken planned to
develop a machine that could perform calculations involving large numbers. In 1944, Mark I computer
was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It was the first programmable digital computer.

The Transistor
In 1947 an event occurred that was to forever change the course of computers and electronics.
Working at Bell Labs three scientists, John Bordeen, Waltar Brattain, and William Shockly invented
the first transistor.

ENIAC
It was the first programmable, electronic, general purpose digital computer. Full form of ENIAC is
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
in 1943-1946.
EDVAC
1949-EDVAC (Electronic discrete variable automatic computer) unlike the predecessor, it was
binary rather than decimal and was designed to be a stored program computer. It is developed by J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Idea of stored program was given by Jon Von Neumann.

EDSAC
EDSAC, in full Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, the first full-size stored-
program computer, built by Maurice Wilkes and others. EDSAC was built according to the von
Neumann machine principles given by John von Neumann and it became operational in 1949.

UNIVAC 1951 -UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was release which was the world’s first
commercial computer. It is developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

IC Chip In 1959 Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor both announce the integrated
circuit (Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce).

Mouse In 1964 Douglas Engelbart invented first mouse.

1968 - Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce founded a company called Intel.

1971 - Intel introduces the 4004 (first processor), a 4-bit microprocessor.

1975 - Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop BASIC for the Altair 8800. Microsoft is born!!!

1976 - Apple was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak found in Southern California.

1981 - The Osborne 1 is considered the first true mobile computer by most historians. Adam
Osborne founded Osborne Computer and formed the Osborne 1 in 1981. The Osborne 1
had a five-inch screen, incorporating a modem port, two 5 1/4 floppy drives, and big
collection of bundled software applications.
1. The laptop was invented by Adam Osborne in ………..
A. 1981
B. 1984
C. 1982
D. 1983
E. None of these

Developed by Adam Osborne in April 1981, the Osborne I was the first truly portable
computer and is recognized as the first true laptop computer
2. Who is the father of modern computer?
A) Charles Newman
B) Charles Babbage
C) Samuel Morse
D) Christopher Latham Sholes
E) None of these
1836 -Morse Code by Samuel Morse (US) - Morse developed a system of dots and dashes to
help send telegraphs over long distance wire.
1868 -The first practical typewriting machine was commercially successful, invented by three
American Christopher Latham Sholes (also the father of modern Keyboard), Carlos Glidden, and
Samuel W. Soule.
3. Charles Babbage designed two engine. They are –
A) Addition and Subtraction Engine
B) Analytic and Difference Engine
C) Analytic and Digital engine
D) Addition and Multiplication Engine
E) None of these

1822-Charles Babbage (Difference Engine).

1834-Charles Babbage (Analytical engine).
4. Which one is not an electronic computing device?
A) Analytical Engine
B) Difference Engine
C) ENIAC
D) EMCC
E) None of these
(1946-1949)-EMCC (Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company) the First computer company.
5. Tabulating machine for census was designed by
A. Charles Babbage
B. Alan Turing
C. Herman Hollerith
D. Artificial intelligence (AI)
E. None of these
1890 - Herman Hollerith (Tabulating Machine).
1911 - Charles Ranlett Flint founded ”Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)” and was
renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924
1950 - Turing test performed by Alan Turing
6. Which one of the following was world’s first commercial computer?
A) ENIAC
B) EDVAC
C) EDSAC
D) UNIVAC
E) None of these
7. Which is the first electro-mechanical binary programmable computer?
A) Z1
B) Intel 8084
C) IBM 007
D) Intel 8000
E) None of these

(1936-1938)-Konrad Zuse, Computer (Z1).

8. World’s first microprocessor was
A. Intel 4000
B. Intel 4002
C. Intel 4004
D. Intel 4008
E. None of these
Q10. Which of the following device was developed by Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
A. Transistor
B. IC chip
C. Telegraph
D. Mouse
E. None of these
THANK YOU!