Weightage : 12 marks with Options

1 Linear Equations in Two Variables

Let’s study.

· Methods of solving linear equations in two variables - graphical method,

Cramer’s method
· Equations that can be transformed in linear equation in two variables
· Application of simultaneous equations

Let’s recall.

Linear equation in two variables

An equation which contains two variables and the degree of each term
containing variable is one, is called a linear equation in two variables.
ax + by + c = 0 is the general form of a linear equation in two variables;
a, b, c are real numbers and a, b are not equal to zero at the same time.

Ex. 3x - 4y + 12 = 0 is the general form of equation 3x = 4y - 12

Activity : Complete the following table
No. Equation Is the equation a linear equation in 2
variables ?
1 4m + 3n = 12 Yes
2 3x2 - 7y = 13
3 2x- 5 y = 16
4 0x + 6y - 3 = 0
5 0.3x + 0y -36 = 0
6 4 5
! "4
x y
7 4xy - 5y - 8 = 0

1
 Simultaneous linear equations
When we think about two linear equations in two variables at the same
time, they are called simultaneous equations.
Last year we learnt to solve simultaneous equations by eliminating one
variable. Let us revise it.
Ex. (1) Solve the following simultaneous equations.
(1) 5x - 3y = 8; 3x + y = 2
Solution :
Method (II)
Method I : 5x - 3y = 8. . . (I)
5x - 3y = 8. . . (I)
3x + y = 2 . . . (II)
3x + y = 2 . . . (II)
Multiplying both sides of
Let us write value of y in terms
equation (II) by 3. of x from equation (II) as
9x + 3y = 6 . . . (III) y = 2 - 3x . . . (III)
5x - 3y = 8. . . (I) Substituting this value of y in
Now let us add equations (I) equation (I).
and (III) 5x - 3y = 8
5x - 3y = 8 \ 5x - 3(2 - 3x) = 8
+ 9x + 3y = 6
\ 5x - 6 + 9x = 8
14x = 14 \ 14x - 6 = 8
\ x = 1 \ 14x = 8 + 6
substituting x = 1 in equation (II) \ 14x = 14
3x + y = 2 \ x = 1
\ 3´1 + y = 2 Substituting x = 1 in equation
\ 3 + y = 2 (III).
\ y = -1 y = 2 - 3x
solution is x = 1, y = -1; it is also \ y = 2 - 3´1
written as (x, y) = (1, -1) \ y = 2 - 3
\ y = -1
x = 1, y = -1 is the solution.
2
Ex. (2) Solve : 3x + 2y = 29; 5x - y = 18
Solution : 3x + 2y = 29. . . (I) and 5x - y = 18 . . . (II)
Let’s solve the equations by eliminating ’y’. Fill suitably the boxes below.
Multiplying equation (II) by 2.
\ 5x ´ - y ´ = 18 ´
\ 10x - 2y = . . . (III)
Let’s add equations (I) and (III)
3x + 2y = 29
+
- =
= \ x =
Substituting x = 5 in equation (I)
3x + 2y = 29
\ 3 ´ + 2y = 29
\ + 2y = 29
\ 2y = 29 -
\ 2y = \ y =
(x, y) = ( , ) is the solution.
Ex. (3) Solve : 15x + 17y = 21; 17x + 15y = 11
Solution : 15x + 17y = 21. . . (I)
17x + 15y = 11 . . . (II)
In the two equations above, the coefficients of x and y are interchanged.
While solving such equations we get two simple equations by adding and
subtracting the given equations. After solving these equations, we can easily find
the solution.
Let’s add the two given equations.
15x + 17y = 21
+ 17x + 15y = 11

32x + 32y = 32

3
 Dividing both sides of the equation by 32.
x + y = 1 . . . (III)
Now, let’s subtract equation (II) from (I)
15x + 17y = 21
-
-17x -+ 15y =-11
-2x + 2y = 10
dividing the equation by 2.
-x + y = 5 . . . (IV)
Now let’s add equations (III) and (V).
x + y = 1
+
-x + y = 5
\ 2y = 6 \ y = 3
Place this value in equation (III).
x + y = 1
\ x + 3 = 1
\ x = 1 - 3 \ x = -2
(x, y) = (-2, 3) is the solution.
Practice Set 1.1
(1) Complete the following activity to solve the simultaneous equations.
5x + 3y = 9 -----(I)

2x - 3y = 12 ----- (II) Place x = 3 in equation (I).

Let’s add eqations (I) and (II). 5 ´ + 3y = 9

5x + 3y = 9 3y = 9 -
+ 2x - 3y = 12 3y =
x = y =
3
x = x = y =

\ Solution is (x, y) = ( , ).
4
2. Solve the following simultaneous equations.
(1) 3a + 5b = 26; a + 5b = 22 (2) x + 7y = 10; 3x - 2y = 7
(3) 2x - 3y = 9; 2x + y = 13 (4) 5m - 3n = 19; m - 6n = -7
(5) 5x + 2y = -3; x + 5y = 4 (6) 1 x ! y " 10 ; 2 x ! 1 y " 11
3 3 4 4
(7) 99x + 101y = 499; 101x + 99y = 501
(8) 49x - 57y = 172; 57x - 49y = 252

Let’s recall.

Graph of a linear equation in two variables

In the 9th standard we learnt that the graph of a linear equation in two
variables is a straight line. The ordered pair which satisfies the equation is a
solution of that equation. The ordered pair represents a point on that line.
Ex. Draw graph of 2x - y = 4.
Solution : To draw a graph of the equation let’s write 4 ordered pairs.
x 0 2 3 -1 To obtain ordered pair by
y -4 0 2 -6 simple way let’s take x = 0
(x, y) (0, -4) (2, 0) (3, 2) (-1, -6) and then y = 0.

Y Scale : on both axes

2 (3, 2) 1 cm = 1 unit.
1
(2, 0)
X' -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X
-1

-2

-3

-4 (0, -4)

-5

(-1, -6) -6
Y'

5
 Steps to follow for drawing a graph
Two points are sufficient to
of linear equation in two variables.
represent a line, but if co-ordinates
of one of the two points are
Find at least 4 ordered
wrong then you will not get a
pairs for given equation
correct line.
If you plot three points and if
they are non collinear then it is
Draw X- axis, Y-axis on understood that one of the points
graph paper and plot the is wrongly plotted. But it is not
points easy to identify the incorrect
point.
If we plot four points, it is almost
See that all 4 points lie certain that three of them will be
on one line collinear.

A linear equation y = 2 is also written as 0x + y = 2. The graph of this

line is parallel to X- axis; as for any value of x, y is always 2.
x 1 4 -3
y 2 2 2
(x, y) (1, 2) (4, 2) (-3, 2)
Similarly equation x = 2 is written as x + 0y = 2 and its graph is
parallel to Y-axis.
Y Scale on both axes
4 1 cm = 1 Unit
3 (2,3)
(-3,2) (1,2) (4,2) y = 2
2

1 (2,1)

X' -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
-1 (2,-1)
-2
-3 (2,-3)
x = 2

-4
Y'
6
 Let’s learn.

Graphical method
Ex. Let’s draw graphs of x + y = 4, 2x - y = 2 and observe them.
x + y = 4 2x - y = 2
x -1 4 1 6 x 0 1 3 -1
y 5 0 3 -2 y -2 0 4 -4
(x, y) (-1, 5) (4, 0) (1, 3) (6,-2) (x, y) (0, -2) (1, 0) (3, 4) (-1,-4)

Y Scale Each point on the graph

on both axes
(-1,5) 5 satisfies the equation. The
=2

1 cm = 1 Unit
two lines intersect each
4 (3,4)
-y

other at (2, 2).

(1,3)
Hence ordered pair (2, 2)
2x

(2,2)
i.e. x = 2, y = 2 satisfies
2
the equations x + y = 4
1
and 2x - y = 2.
(1,0) (4,0) The values of variables that
X' -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 X
satisfy the given equations,
-1
give the solution of given
(6,-2)
x

-2 (0,-2) equations.
+
y

\ the solution of given

=

-3
4

equations x + y = 4,
(-1,-4) -4 2x - y = 2 is x = 2,
-5 y = 2.
Y'

Let’s solve these equations by method of elimination.

x + y = 4 . . . (I) substituting this value in equation (I)
2x - y = 2 . . . (II) x + y = 4
Adding equations (I) and (II) we \ 2 + y = 4
get, \ y = 2
3x = 6 \ x = 2
7
 Activity (I) : Solve the following simultaneous equations by graphical method.
· Complete the following tables to get ordered pairs.
x - y = 1 5x - 3y = 1
x 0 3 x 2 -4
y 0 -3 y 8 -2
(x, y) (x, y)
· Plot the above ordered pairs on the same co-ordinate plane.
· Draw graphs of the equations. · Note the co-ordinates of the point
of intersection of the two graphs. Write solution of these equations.
Activity II : Solve the above equations by method of elimination. Check
your solution with the solution obtained by graphical method.

Let’s think.
The following table contains the values of x and y co-ordinates for
ordered pairs to draw the graph of 5x - 3y = 1
x 0 1 1 -2
5
y 1 0 4 11
-3 3
-3

(x, y) (0, - 13 ) ( 15 , 0) (1, 43 ) (-2, - 113 )

· Is it easy to plot these points ? · Which precaution is to be taken
to find ordered pairs so that plotting of points becomes easy ?

Practice Set 1.2

1. Complete the following table to draw graph of the equations -
(I) x + y = 3 (II) x - y = 4
x + y = 3 x - y = 4
x 3 x -1 0
y 5 3 y 0 -4
(x, y) (3, 0) (0, 3) (x, y) (0, -4)
2. Solve the following simultaneous equations graphically.
(1) x + y = 6 ; x - y = 4 (2) x + y = 5 ; x - y = 3
(3) x + y = 0 ; 2x - y = 9 (4) 3x - y = 2 ; 2x - y = 3
ê
(5) 3x - 4y = -7 ; 5x - 2y = 0 (6) 2x - 3y = 4 ; 3y - x = 4
8
 Let’s discuss.

To solve simultaneous equations x + 2y = 4 ; 3x + 6y = 12 graphically,

following are the ordered pairs.
x + 2y = 4 3x + 6y = 12
x -2 0 2 x -4 1 8
y 3 2 1 y 4 1.5 -2
(x, y) (-2, 3) (0, 2) (2, 1) (x, y) (-4, 4) (1, 1.5) (8, -2)
Plotting the above ordered pairs, graph is drawn. Observe it and find answers
of the following questions.
Y Scale on both axes
1 cm = 1 Unit
6

(-4,4) 4
x+
2y (-2,3)
=4 3

2 (0,2)
(1,1.5)
1 (2,1)

X' -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
-1 3x
+6
y =1 (8,-2)
-2
2
Y'

(1) Are the graphs of both the equations different or same ?

(2) What are the solutions of the two equations x + 2y = 4 and 3x + 6y = 12 ?
How many solutions are possible ?
(3) What are the relations between coefficients of x, coefficients of y and
constant terms in both the equations ?
(4) What conclusion can you draw when two equations are given but the
graph is only one line ?

9
Now let us consider another example.
Draw graphs of x - 2y = 4, 2x - 4y = 12 on the same co-ordinate plane.
Observe it. Think of the realation between the coefficients of x, coefficients of
y and the constant terms and draw the inference.

ICT Tools or Links.

Use Geogebra software, draw X- axis, Y-axis. Draw graphs of

simultaneous equations.

Let’s learn.
Determinant

a b !a$ !b $
c d is a determinant. (a, b), (c, d) are rows and
# &, # &
"c % "d %
are columns.
Degree of this determinant is 2, because there are 2 elements in each column
and 2 elements in each row. Determinant represents a number which is (ad-bc).

a b
i.e. = ad-bc
c d

a b
ad-bc is the value of determinant
c d

Determinants, usually, are represented with capital letters as

A, B, C, D, . . . . . etc.
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. Find the values of the following determinants.

5 3 -8 -3 2 3 9
(1) A = 7 9 (2) N = 2 4 (3) B =
2 3 3

10
Solution :
5 3
(1) A = 7 9 = (5 ´ 9) - (3 ´ 7) = 45 - 21 = 24

-8 -3
(2) N = 2 4 = [(-8) ´ (4)] - [(-3 ) ´ 2)] = -32 - (-6)

= -32 + 6 = -26
2 3 9
(3) B = = [2 3 ´ 3 3 )] - [2 ´ 9)] = 18 - 18 = 0
2 3 3

Let’s learn.

Determinant method (Cramer’s Rule)

Using determinants, simultaneous equaions can be solved easily and in less

space. This method is known as determinant method. This method was first
given by a Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer, so it is also known as Cram-
er’s method.
To use Cramer’s method, the equations are written as a1x + b1y = c1 and
a2x + b2y = c2.
a1x + b1 y = c1 . . . (I)

a2x + b2 y = c2 . . . (II)

Here x and y are variables, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are real numbers,
a1b2 - a2b1 ¹ 0
Now let us solve these equations.
Multiplying equation (I) by b2.
a1 b2 x + b1 b2 y = c1 b2 . . . (III)
Multiplying equation (II) by b1.
a2 b1 x + b2 b1 y = c2 b1 . . . (IV)

11
 Subtracting equation (IV) from (III)
a1 b2 x + b1 b2 y = c1 b2
-
a b x b b y = c2 b1
- 2 1 - 2 1 -
(a1 b2 - a2 b1) x = c1 b2- c2 b1
c1 b2- c2 b1
x = . . . (V)
a1 b2 - a2 b1
a1 c2- a2 c1
Similarly y = . . . (VI)
a1 b2 - a2 b1
To remember and write the expressions
c1 b2- c2 b1, a1 b2 - a2 b1, a1 c2- a2 c1 we use the determinants.
Now a1 x + b1 y = c1 ! a1 $ ! b1 $ ! c1 $
We can write 3 columns. # a & , # b & , # c &
" % " % " %
2 2 2

and a2 x + b2 y = c2

The values x, y in equation (V), (VI) are written using determinants as

follows
c1 b1
c1 b2- c2 b1 c2 b2
x = = ,
a1 b2 - a2 b1 a1 b1
a2 b2
a1 c1
a1 c2- a2 c1 a2 c2
y = =
a1 b2 - a2 b1 a1 b1
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1 b1 a c
To remember let us denote D = a b , Dx = c b , Dy = a1 c1
2 2 2 2 2 2
D Dy
\ x = Dx , y = D
! a1 $ ! b1 $ ! c1 $
For writting D, Dx, Dy remember the order of columns # &, # &, # &.
" a 2 % " b2 % " c2 %
From the equations,

12
 a1 x + b1 y = c1
! a1 $ ! b1 $ ! c1 $
and a2 x + b2 y = c2 we get the columns # &, # &, # &.
" a2 % " b2 % " c2 %

! c1 $
y In D the column of constants # & is omitted.
" c2 %
! a1 $ ! c1 $
y In Dx the column of the coefficients of x, # & is replaced by # & .
" a2 % " c2 %
! b1 $ ! c1 $
y In Dy the column of the coefficients of y, # & is replaced by # & .
" b2 % " c2 %

Let’s remember!

Cramer’s method to solve simultaneous equations.

Write given equations in the form ax + by = c .

Find the values of determinants D, Dx and Dy

Dx Dy
Using, x = and y =
D D
find values of x, y.

Gabriel Cramer
(31 July, 1704 to 4 January, 1752)
This Swiss mathematician was born in Geneva. He
was very well versed in mathematics, since childhood. At
the age of eighteen, he got a doctorate. He was a professor
in Geneva.

13
 ÒÒÒ Solved ExampleÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Solve the following simultaneous equations using Cramer’s Rule.
5x + 3y = -11 ; 2x + 4y = -10
Solution : Given equations
5x + 3y = -11
2x + 4y = -10
5 3
D = 2 4 = (5 ´ 4) - (2 ´ 3) = 20 - 6 = 14
-11 3
Dx = -10 4 = (-11) ´ 4 - (-10) ´ 3 = -44 -(-30)
= -44 + 30 = -14
5 -11
Dy = 2 -10 = 5 ´ (-10) - 2 ´ (-11) = -50 -(-22)
= -50 + 22 = -28
D Dy
x = Dx =
−14 −28
= -1 and y =
14 D = 14
= -2
\ (x, y) = (-1, -2) is the solution.

Activity 1 : To solve the simultaneous equations by determinant method, fill

in the blanks
y + 2x - 19 = 0 ; 2x - 3y + 3 = 0
Solution : Write the given equations in the form ax + by = c
2x + y = 19
2x - 3y = -3

D = 2 -3 = [ ´ (-3)] - [2 ´ ( )] = - ( )
= - =

19
Dx = = [19 ´ ( )] - [( ) ´ ( )] = -
-3
=

14
 19
Dy = 2 = [( ) ´ ( )] - [( ) ´ ( )]
= - =
By Cramer’s Rule -

D Dy
x = x y = D
D
\ x = = y = =
\ (x, y) = ( , ) is the solution of the given equations.

&
Activity 2 : Complete the following activity -

3x-2y=3 2x+y=16
Find the values of determinants
in the given equations

D = = Dx = = Dy = =

Values according to Cramer’s Rule

x = = y = =

\ (x, y) = ( , ) is the solution.

15
 Let’s think.
y What is the nature of solution if D = 0 ?
y What can you say about lines if common solution is not possible?

Practice Set 1.3

1. Fill in the blanks with correct number
3 2
4 5 = 3 ´ - ´ 4 = - 8 =
2. Find the values of following determinants. 7 5
3 3
-1 7 5 3
(1) (2) (3) 3 1
2 4 -7 0
2 2

3. Solve the following simultaneous equations using Cramer’s rule.

(1) 3x - 4y = 10 ; 4x + 3y = 5 (2) 4x + 3y - 4 = 0 ; 6x = 8 - 5y
(3) x + 2y = -1 ; 2x - 3y = 12 (4) 6x - 4y = -12 ; 8x - 3y = -2
y 1
(5) 4m + 6n = 54 ; 3m + 2n = 28 (6) 2x + 3y = 2 ; x - 2
= 2

Let’s learn.

Equations reducible to a pair of linear equations in two variables

Activity : Complete the following table.

Equation No. of variables whether linear or not

3
x
- 4y = 8 2 Not linear

6 3
x −1
+ y−2 = 0
7 13
2x +1 + y+2 =0
14 3
x+ y + x− y = 5

16
 Let’s think.
In the above table the equations are not linear. Can you convert
the equations into linear equations ?

Let’s remember!
We can create new variables making a proper change in the given
variables. Substituting the new variables in the given non-linear equations,
we can convert them in linear equations.
m
Also remember that the denominator of any fraction of the form
n
cannot be zero.

ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ

Solve:
4 5 3 4
Ex. (1) x + y = 7; x + y = 5
4 5 3 4
Solution : x
+ y = 7; x + y = 5
!1$ !1$
4# & + 5# & = 7 . . . (I)
" x% " y%

!1$ !1$
3# & + 4# & = 5 . . . (II)
"x% " y%
!1$ !1$
Replacing # & by m and # & by n in equations (I) and (II), we get
"x% " y%
4m + 5n = 7 . . . (III)
3m + 4n = 5 . . . (IV)
On solving these equations we get
m = 3, n = -1
1 1 1
Now, m = x \ 3 = x \ x = 3
1 1
n = y \ -1 = y \ y = -1
1
\ Solution of given simultaneous equations is (x, y) = ( 3 , -1)

17
 4 1 2 3
Ex.(2) x − y + x + y = 3 ; x − y - x + y = 5
4 1 2 3
Solution : x − y + x + y = 3 ; x − y - x + y = 5

" 1 % " 1 %
4 $ x ! y ' + 1 $# x ! y '& = 3 . . . (I)
# &
" 1 % " 1 %
2$ x ! y ' - 3 $# x ! y '& = 5 . . . (II)
# &
" 1 % " 1 %
Replacing $ x ! y ' by a and $# x ! y '& by b we get
# &
4a + b = 3 . . . (III)
2a - 3b = 5 . . . (IV)
On solving these equations we get, a = 1 b = -1
" 1 % " 1 %
But a = $ ' , b = $ '
# x! y& # x! y&
" 1 % " 1 %
\ $ ' = 1, $ x ! y ' = -1
# x! y& # &
\ x - y = 1 . . . (V)
x + y = -1 . . . (VI)
Solving equation (V) and (VI) we get x = 0, y = -1

\ Solution of the given equations is (x, y) = (0, -1)

Let’s think.

In the above examples the simultaneous equations obtained by

transformation are solved by elimination method.

If you solve these equations by graphical method and by Cramer’s

rule will you get the same answers ? Solve and check it.

18
Activity : To solve given equations fill the boxes below suitably.

5 1 6 3
+ y−2
= 2 ; x −1 - y−2 = 1
x −1

1 1
Replacing ç by m , ç y − 2 by n
x −1

New equations
6m - 3n = 1
On solving

m = , n =

Replacing m, n by their original values.

1 1
ç
x −1
= 3 On solving

x = , y =

\ (x, y) = ( , ) is the solution of the given simultaneous equations.

Practice Set 1.4

1. Solve the following simultaneous equations.

(1) 2 ! 3 " 15 ; 8 # 5 " 77
x y x y
10 2 15 5
(2) ! #4 ; " # "2
x! y x" y x! y x" y
27 31 31 27
(3) " # 85 ; " # 89
x!2 y"3 x!2 y"3

1 1 3 1 1 1
(4) ! # ; " #"
3x ! y 3x " y 4 2(3 x ! y ) 2(3 x " y ) 8

19
 Let’s learn.

Application of Simultaneous equations

Activity : There are some instructions given below. Frame the equations from
the information and write them in the blank boxes shown by arrows.

Sarthak’s age is less by 8

than double the age of Sakshi

I am My Present
Sarthak age is x years.
4 years ago The sum of present
Sakshi’s age was My Present I am ages of Sarthak
3 years less than age is y years. Sakshi and Sakshi is 25.
Sarthak’s age at
that time.

Ex. (1) The perimeter of a rectangle is 40 cm. The length of the rectangle is
more than double its breadth by 2. Find length and breadth.
Solution : Let length of rectangle be x cm and breadth be y cm.
From first condition -
2(x + y) = 40
x + y = 20 . . . (I)
From 2nd condition -
x = 2y + 2
\ x - 2y = 2 . . . (II)
Let’s solve eq. (I), (II) by determinant method
x + y = 20
x - 2y = 2

20
 1 1
D = 1 -2 = [1 ´ (-2)] - (1 ´ 1) = - 2 - 1 = - 3

20 1
Dx = 2 -2 = [20 ´ (-2)] - (1 ´ 2) = - 40 - 2 = - 42

1 20
Dy = 1 2 = (1 ´ 2) - (20 ´ 1) = 2 - 20 = -18

Dx Dy
x = and y =
D D
- 42 −18
\ x = and y =
-3 −3

\ x = 14, y = 6

\ Length of the rectangle is 14 cm and breadth is 6 cm.

Ex. (2)
Sale ! Sale !! Sale !!! only for 2 days

I have some analogue wrist watches and some digital

wrist watches. I am going to sell them at a discount

Sale of 1st day Sale of the 2nd day

Analogue watch = 11 Analogue watch = 22
Digital watch = 6 Digital watch = 5
Received amount = ` 4330 Received amount = ` 7330

Find selling price of wrist watch of each type.

21
Solution : Let selling price of each analogue watch be ` x
Selling price of each digital watch be ` y
From first condition -
11x + 6y = 4330 . . . (I)
from 2nd condition -
22x + 5y = 7330 . . . (II)
multiplying equation (I) by 2 we get,
22x + 12y = 8660 . . . (III)

subtract equation (III) from equation (II).

22x + 5y = 7330 . . . (II)
-
22x + 12y = 8660 . . . (III)
- - -
-7y = -1330
\ y = 190
Substitute this value of y in equation (I)
11x + 6y = 4330
\ 11x + 6(190) = 4330
\ 11x + 1140 = 4330

\ 11x = 3190
\ x = 290
\ selling price of each analogue watch is ` 290 and

of each digital watch is ` 190.

22
 Ex. (3)

VImp

A boat travels 16 km upstream The same boat travels 36 km

and 24 km downstream in 6 upstream and 48 km downstream
hours. in 13 hours.
Find the speed of water current and speed of boat in still water.

Solution : Let the speed of the boat in still water be x km/hr and the speed
of water current be y km/hr
\ speed of boat in downstream = (x + y) km/hr.
and that in upstream = (x - y) km/hr.
distance
Now distance = speed ´ time \ time =
speed
16
Time taken by the boat to travel 16 km upstream = hours and it
x− y
24
takes x + y hours to travel 24 km downstream.
from first condition -
16 24
" = 6 . . . (I)
x! y x" y
from 2nd condition
36 48
" = 13 . . . (II)
x! y x" y
1 1
By replacing by m and x + y by n we get
x− y
16m + 24n = 6 . . . (III)
36m + 48n = 13 . . . (IV)

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 1 1
Solving equations (III) and (IV) m = 4 , n =
12
Repalcing m, n by their original values we get
x - y = 4 . . . (V) x + y = 12 . . . (VI)
Solving equations (V), (VI) we get x = 8, y = 4
\ speed of the boat in still water is 8 km/hr. and speed of water current
is 4 km/hr.
Ex. (4) A certain amount is equally distributed among certain number of students.
Each would get ` 2 less if 10 students were more and each would get
` 6 more if 15 students were less. Find the number of students and the
amount distributed.
Solution : Let the number of students be x and amount given to each student
be ` y.
\ Total amount distributed is xy
From the first condition we get,
(x + 10) (y - 2) = xy
\ xy - 2x + 10y - 20 = xy
\- 2x + 10y = 20
\- x + 5y = 10 . . . (I)
From the 2nd condition we get,
(x - 15) (y + 6) = xy
\ xy + 6x - 15y - 90 = xy
\ 6x - 15y = 90
\ 2x - 5y = 30 . . . (II)
Adding equations (I) and (II)
- x + 5y = 10
+
2x - 5y = 30
x = 40
Substitute this value of x in equation (I)
- x + 5y = 10
\- 40 + 5y = 10
\ 5y = 50
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 \ y = 10
Total amount distributed is = xy = 40 ´ 10 = ` 400.
\ ` 400 distributed equally among 40 students.
Ex. (5) A three digit number is equal to 17 times the sum of its digits; If the digits are
reversed, the new number is 198 more than the old number ; also the sum of
extreme digits is less than the middle digit by unity. Find the original number.
Solution : Let the digit in hundreds place be x and that in unit place be y.
H T unit
x x + y + 1 y

\ the three digit number is 100x + 10(x + y + 1) + y

= 100x + 10x + 10y + 10 + y = 110x + 11y + 10
the sum of the digits in the given number = x + (x + y + 1) + y = 2x + 2y + 1
\ From first condition
Given number = 17 ´ (sum of the digits)
\ 110x + 11y + 10 = 17 ´ (2x + 2y + 1)
\ 110x + 11y + 10 = 34x + 34y + 17
\ 76x - 23y = 7 . . . (I)
The number obtained by reversing the digits
= 100y + 10(x + y + 1) + x = 110y + 11x + 10
Given number = 110x + 11y + 10
From 2nd condition, Given number + 198 = new number.
110x + 11y + 10 + 198 = 110y + 11x + 10
99x - 99y = -198
x - y = -2
\ x = y - 2 . . . (II)
Substitute this value of x in equation (I).
\ 76(y - 2) - 23y = 7
\ 76y - 152 - 23y = 7
53y = 159
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 \ y = 3 \ the digit in units place is = 3
Substitute this value in equation (II)
x = y - 2
\ x = 3 - 2 = 1
\ x = 1 \ The digit in hundred’s place is 1
the digit in ten’s place is 3 + 1 + 1 = 5
\ the number is 153.
Practice Set 1.5
(1) Two numbers differ by 3. The sum of twice the smaller number and thrice
the greater number is 19. Find the numbers.
(2) Complete the following.
2x + y + 8

x + 4 Find the values of x

2y I am a rectangle.
and y.

4x - y

Find my perimeter and area.

(3) The sum of father’s age and twice the age of his son is 70. If we double the age
of the father and add it to the age of his son the sum is 95. Find their present ages.
(4) The denominator of a fraction is 4 more than twice its numerator. Denominator
becomes 12 times the numerator, if both the numerator and the denominator are
reduced by 6. Find the fraction.
(5) Two types of boxes A, B are to be placed in a truck having capacity of 10 tons.
When 150 boxes of type A and 100 boxes of type B are loaded in the truck, it
weighes 10 tons. But when 260 boxes of type A are loaded in the truck, it can still
accommodate 40 boxes of type B, so that it is fully loaded. Find the weight of each
type of box.
ê
(6) Out of 1900 km, Vishal travelled some distance by bus and some by aeroplane.
Bus travels with average speed 60 km/hr and the average speed of aeroplane is
700 km/hr. It takes 5 hours to complete the journey. Find the distance, Vishal
travelled by bus.
26
 Problem Set - 1
1. Choose correct alternative for each of the following questions
(1) To draw graph of 4x + 5y = 19, Find y when x = 1.
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) -3
(2) For simultaneous equations in variables x and y, Dx = 49, Dy = - 63,
D = 7 then what is x ?
1 −1
(A) 7 (B) -7 (C) 7 (D) 7
5 3
(3) Find the value of
-7 -4

(A) -1 (B) -41 (C) 41 (D) 1

(4) To solve x + y = 3 ; 3x - 2y - 4 = 0 by determinant method find
D.
(A) 5 (B) 1 (C) -5 (D) -1
(5) ax + by = c and mx + ny = d and an ¹ bm then these simultaneous
equations have -
(A) Only one common solution. (B) No solution.
(C) Infinite number of solutions. (D) Only two solutions.
2. Complete the following table to draw the graph of 2x - 6y = 3
x -5
y 0
(x, y)

3. Solve the following simultaneous equations graphically.

(1) 2x + 3y = 12 ; x - y = 1
(2) x - 3y = 1 ; 3x - 2y + 4 = 0 Practice
(3) 5x - 6y + 30 = 0 ; 5x + 4y - 20 = 0 on the

(4) 3x - y - 2 = 0 ; 2x + y = 8
(5) 3x + y = 10 ; x - y = 2
GraphPaper
4. Find the values of each of the following determinants.
(1) 4 3 (2) 5 -2 (3) 3 -1
2 7 -3 1 1 4
27
5. Solve the following equations by Cramer’s method.
(1) 6x - 3y = -10 ; 3x + 5y - 8 = 0
(2) 4m - 2n = -4 ; 4m + 3n = 16
5 1 4
(3) 3x - 2y = 2 ; x + 3y = -
3 3
(4) 7x + 3y = 15 ; 12y - 5x = 39

(5) x ! y " 8 # x ! 2 y " 14 # 3 x " y

2 3 4
6. Solve the following simultaneous equations.
2 2 1 3 2 7 13 13 7
(1) x ! 3 y " 6 ;
x
! "0
y
(2) 2 x ! 1 ! y ! 2 " 27 ; 2 x ! 1 ! y ! 2 " 33
148 231 527 231 148 610 7x ! 2 y 8x # 7 y
(3) ! " ; ! " (4) "5 ; " 15
x y xy x y xy xy xy

(5) 1 1 1 5 2 3
! # ; " #"
2( 3 x ! 4 y ) 5( 2 x " 3 y ) 4 (3x ! 4 y ) (2x " 3y) 2
7. Solve the following word problems.
(1) A two digit number and the number with digits interchanged add up to
143. In the given number the digit in unit’s place is 3 more than the
digit in the ten’s place. Find the original number.
Let the digit in unit’s place is x
and that in the ten’s place is y
\ the number = y + x
The number obtained by interchanging the digits is x + y
According to first condition two digit number + the number obtained by
interchanging the digits = 143
\ 10y + x + = 143
\ x + y = 143
x + y = . . . . . (I)
From the second condition,
digit in unit’s place = digit in the ten’s place + 3
\ x = + 3
\ x - y = 3 . . . . . (II)
Adding equations (I) and (II)
28
 2x =
x = 8
Putting this value of x in equation (I)
x + y = 13
8 + = 13
\ y =
The original number is 10 y + x
= + 8
= 58
1
(2) Kantabai bought 1 2 kg tea and 5 kg sugar from a shop. She paid ` 50 as
return fare for rickshaw. Total expense was ` 700. Then she realised that by
ordering online the goods can be bought with free home delivery at the same
price. So next month she placed the order online for 2 kg tea and 7 kg sugar.
She paid ` 880 for that. Find the rate of sugar and tea per kg.
(3) To find number of notes that Anushka had, complete the following activity.
Suppose that Anushka had x notes of ` 100 and y notes of ` 50 each

Anushka got ` 2500/- from Anand If Anand would have given her the
as denominations mentioned above amount by interchanging number of
\ ............. equation I notes, Anushka would have received
` 500 less than the previous amount
\ The No. of notes ( , )
\ .............. equation II
(4) Sum of the present ages of Manish and Savita is 31. Manish’s age 3 years ago
was 4 times the age of Savita. Find their present ages.

(5) In a factory the ratio of salary of skilled and unskilled workers is 5 : 3. Total
salary of one day of both of them is ` 720. Find daily wages of skilled and
unskilled workers.

(6) Places A and B are 30 km apart and they are on a straight road. Hamid travels
from A to B on bike. At the same time Joseph starts from B
on bike, travels towards A. They meet each other after 20
minutes. If Joseph would have started from B at the same
time but in the opposite direction (instead of towards A)
Hamid would have caught him after 3 hours. Find the speed
of Hamid and Joseph. 
29