Roseville Secondary School Enugu

A project of Ikota Educational Foundation.

First Term 2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION
SUBJECT: PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION
CLASS: JSS 3 ROSE

NAME: AGUJIOBI CHIDIOMIMI

EXPECTATIONS

1. COPY YOUR NOTE OR PRINT AND SPIRAL BIND

2. THREE GRADED ASSESSMENT OF 20 MARKS BEFORE CAT = 60%
3. CAT : 40%
4. NON-GRADED ASSESSMENT
5. PROJECT TO BE SUBMITTED IN WEEK 6 …………..
6. THREE GRADED ASSESSMENT OF 20 MARKS BEFORE EXAM= 60%
7. EXAMINATION 40%
NAME OF TEACHERS: Mrs Ohagwa Ginika and Onuigbo Chidera Cynthia
FOR ENQUIRY: [email protected]
08069265090 and 09062327913

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPICS
1 Ball games- Hockey
2 Ball games continues
3 Combined events- pentathlon and decathlon
4 Nigeria sports heroes
5 CAT
6 MID TERM BREAK
7 Physical education, health education agencies and career
opportunities
8 Contact games- taekwondo
9 Contact games- Boxing
10 Gymnastics
11 Family life education and community health
12 REVISION
13 EXAMINATION
HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT
1. Presentation on hockey sports. Note the following. i history and
facility of the game, ii demonstration of the game and
equipment used, iii. Skills, iv. Rules of the game and the
benefits.

PROJECT FOR JSS3

JSS 3- (FOR AGRIC. SCIENCE, PHE AND BASIC SCIENCE)
PROJECT TEACHERS: (MRS. OHAGWA, MS CYNTHIA, MRS.
IYIDA AND MS CHIELO)
PROJECT TITLE: CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN SCIENCES
FOR AGRICULTURE, PHE AND BASIC SCIENCE.
(INDIVIDUAL PROJECT)
EXPECTATION: make a detailed research and explain either in a
printed form or handwritten in your assignment book the different career
prospects and opportunities in Agriculture, PHE and basic science
highlighting how each of these careers are of impact in our society today
and what it takes for an individual to be successful and relevant in such
career part.
You are also expected to defend this in class.
RATIONALE: This project will expose the JSS 3 students on the
different career opportunities in sciences and this will help them make
informed and excellent decisions when it comes to career choice in the
future.
SDGs INTEGRATED: SDG 4 AND 8(QUALITY EDUCATION,
DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH).
Deadline: Friday of week 6.(from 14th to 18th Oct)
Week ONE: HOCKEY
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
1. Demonstrate the basic skills and techniques involved in playing
hockey.
2. Apply the rules and regulations governing the game of hockey.
3. List the officials and their duties.
4. Mention the values of the game
SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES IN HOCKEY
The skills in hockey include:
 The holding the stick
 The hit/hitting
 The pass/passing
 The stop/stopping
 The scoop/scooping
 The tackle/tackling
 The dribble/dribbling
 Goalkeeping
1. Holding the stick: There is need to hold the
hockey stick properly in order to be able to perform
the various skills. The heel of the stick should rest on
the ground in front of the left arm, allow the top of
the handle to fall into the fingers of the left hand.
Grip the stick easily. The grip with both hands should
be easy and relaxed, not tense. This is one of the
fundamental position for all strokes.

2. Hitting: Hitting is the act of striking the ball with the

face of the stick to propel it quickly over a relatively
long distance.

3. Dribble: Dribbling is the action of manoeuvring or moving the ball

while keeping it in close contact with the stick, to avoid or beat an
opponent.

4. . Drive/Hit: This is a hard stroke for passing and shooting. The hands
are always close together for this stroke.
5. Push Pass: This involves the push stroke which propels the ball on the
ground without raising it. It is effective for a short pass.
6. Flick: This involves a push that lifts the ball slightly off the ground
during a pass. It is used for shooting when in the circle and for pass to a
marked player.
7. The Scoop: This skill is used to lift the ball over the opponent.
8. Stopping: Stopping the ball involves ending the movement of a passed
ball. This may be done to a ball on the ground or a ball in flight slightly
raised.
9. Tackling: Tackling is the act of trying to dispossess an opponent of the
ball legally without committing a foul.
10. Goalkeeping: Goalkeeping is the act of stopping a ball from getting
into the goal when hit from within the circle.
11. Corner: This is awarded to the attacking team when the defending
team commits a goal within 22.90m area.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

-When playing the ball, a player is not allowed to:
 Raise any part of the stick above the shoulder.
 Use the rounded side of the stick.
 Hit the ball dangerously into a player at a close range.
 Stop the ball with any part of the body except the hand, only the
goalkeeper within the striking circle can stop the ball with his legs.
 Take part in the game without his stick
- With regard to the opponent, a player is not allowed to:
 Push, charge, strove with, trip, or in any way handle the opponent.
 Strike, hold, hook, lift the opponent’s stick.
 Place his body between the ball and opponent
 Run in front of an opponent in order to break his stride.
- Offside: A player should not be ahead of the ball as at the time the ball
is last touched by his team mate when there are at least three defenders
between him and the goal he is attacking.
- Penalties for fouls
a. Outside the circle: A free hit is awarded to the fouled team.
b. Inside the circle: By the attackers, a free hit is awarded in striking
circle. By the defenders, a short or penalty corner is awarded to the
attacking team.
-

Out of bound play

Over the side line: the ball will be rolled in by a player from the opposing
team that touches the ball last before it crossed the side line.
 OFFICIALS OF HOCKEY
A hockey match is officiated by two umpires, a recorder and a
timekeeper.
Umpires
a. Each umpire is responsible for decision in one half of the field for the
duration of the match.
b. Each umpire is responsible for decision on free hits in the circle,
penalty corner, penalty strokes and goals in one half of the field.
c. It is their duty to keep records of goal scored or awarded and warning
or suspension cards issued.
d. Umpires are to make sure that the full time is played.
VALUES OF HOCKEY GAME
Some of the values of the ball game hockey includes:
 It serves as a source of recreation
 It’s a form of career for some sports men and women.
 It’s a source of income.
 Its brings nations together
 It encourages social interaction and team
Evaluation
1. Mention three skill and technique in playing hockey
2. How do you hold a hockey stick?
3. State two rules and regulation of hockey
4. How many people officiate the game of hockey?
5. What are the duties of an umpire?
6. Mention two values/ importance of hockey.

WEEK TWO: COMBINED EVENTS

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to:
1. Group and describe combined events
2. Enumerate the various events under each group
3. Discuss the nature of the game
4. Enumerate the equipment and facilities
5. Mention the officials of the game
6. State the rules and regulation of combined event
7. Point out the safety measures in the game
MEANING OF COMBINED EVENTS
Combined event are competitions in which athletes participate in several
track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event,
which adds to a total point score. It started during the ancient Olympic
games to test the all round athletic ability of the competitors. Common
combined events are decathlon, heptathlon, and pentathlon. Combined
events are classified into:
 Pentathlon
 Decathlon
Pentathlon: This is an athletic event comprising five different events for
each competitor. The name is derived from Greek Penta- “ Five” and
Athlon- “contest”. The Modern Pentathlon is an Olympic sport that
comprises five different events:
Fencing
200m freestyle swimming
Equestrian show jumping
Pistol shooting
3200m cross-country run.
A pentathlon is typically a one-day event, and it is performed in the order
it is listed above. The sport has been a core sport of the Olympic Games
since 1912 despite attempts to remove it. The governing body, Union
Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM), administers the
international sport in more than 90 countries.
.
Decathlon: This is an athletic event comprising ten different events for
each competitor. The name is derived from Greek Deka- “ten” and
Athlon “contest”. The event was developed from the ancient pentathlon.
Performance are judged on points system in each event, not by the
position achieved. Decathlon was added to the 1912 Olympic Games in
Stockholm. In particular, decathlon comprising the following event:
1. 100-meter dash
2. Long jump
3. Shot put
4. High jump
5. 400- meter dash
6. 110- meter hurdles
7. Discus throw
8. Pole vault
9. Javelin
10. 1500- meter run
The decathlon is held over two days, which is performed in the following
order.

First day
- 100 meters
- Long jump
- Shot put
High jump
400-meter dash
Second day
- 110-meter hurdles
- Discus throw
- Pole vault
- Javelin throw
-1500 meter
THE NATURE OF THE GAME AND SCORING OF THE
GAME
To rank athletes in the order of their performance in each event, and
thereby obtain a winner correspondingly and without any misjudgement,
there is a need to put in place generally acceptable mode of scoring. The
combined event is scored using a scoring system that is based on different
parameters that characterize group event, and distance for a field event.
Using the scoring system, the performance of each athlete is recorded and
converted to points. There is a mathematical formula for calculating the
point of each event using the parameters described above.
EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES USED IN COMBNED
EVENTS
The equipment and facilities used in combined events are:
1. Starter hearing protector 9. discus
2. Stop watch 10. javelin
3. Track and field score sheet 11. track
4. Whistle 12. field
5. Flag( white for valid throw, red for invalid throw)
6. The baton
7. Sport wear
8. The shot
OFFICIALS OF COMBINED EVENTS AND THEIR
DUTIES
The referee
 He presides over the sports meeting.
 He allocates duties to other officials.
 He ratifies and signs all results.
 He has the final say in all decision
The track judges: The chief track judge is the head. They shall decide
the order in which the competitors finish.
The field judges: The chief field judge is the head. They shall judge,
measure and record each valid trail of the competitors in all jumping and
throwing events.
The starter
 He shall start all races, using the whistle or gun.
 He has the right to disqualify any competitor that beats the gun twice.
The recall starter: He shall recall the competitors when there is a false
start.
The marksman /assistant starter
 He shall assist the starter.
 He shall draw lanes for the competitors.
 He shall make sure that the starting rules are followed
The lap recorders: They shall keep the record of laps covered by the
competitors in races from 1500m upward.
The announcer
 He shall read the names and numbers of the competitors taking part in
each event to the public.
 He shall announce the result of each event.
The umpires:
 They shall watch the competitors closely and report any violation of
the rules to the referee.
 They shall also help to supervise in the relay at the take over point.
The recorder
 They shall keep official records of all the events for the organizers.
 They shall also record the result of all the events.
The time keepers
 The shall take the time of the competitors.
 They shall record them and hand-over to the chief time keeper for the
ratification of the referee.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Write at least three safety measures in combined events.
2. Enumerate the events in heptathlon.
3. State at least five rules and regulations of combined events (20mks to
be submitted on 25th Sept)
WEEK THREE: NIGERIA SPORTS HEROES AND
PROFESSIONALS
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
1. Enumerate sports heroes in Nigeria.
2. Discuss the contributions of sports heroes in national development.
3. Mention the physical and health education professionals in Nigeria.

ACTIVITY

1. Identify the people in the pictures.

2. Mention at least three ways they have contributed to the development
of sports in Nigeria.
3. List any three professionals in Physical and Health Education.
4. Why is H.J Ekperigin called the father of physical Education in
Nigeria?

SPORTS HEROES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

 Emmanuel Ifeajuna: He won a gold medal in high jump was
Nigeria’s first gold medal in an international competition.
 Yusuf Ali: He is a retired athlete who won gold medal in the 1990
Commonwealth games.
 Falilat Ogunkoya: She has won many national and international
championship participating in 400m and 200m events. A silver medal
in 1995, a gold in 1999 and a bronze in 1996. She is presently running
a foundation that is interested in raising middle distance runners in
Nigeria.
 Olapade Adenekan: He was very good in 100m and 200m distance
races. He won silver medal in 4x100m relay in the 1992 Olympic in
Barcelona, Spain.
 Chioma Ajunwa: She started her sports career with football and did
play in the Nigerian women team. Then she went into track and field
and became the first Nigerian to win an Olympic gold medal and first
African woman to win Olympic gold medal medal in a field event.
She won in Long jump in 1996 Olympic in Atlanta. She was an
officer in the Nigeria Police Force.
 Mary Onyali-Omagbemi: She won a bronze medal in 4x100m relay
in the 1992 Olympic, 200m at the 1996 Olympics.
 Christian Chukwu Okoro: He was a good football player who
captain Enugu Rangers and the Nigeria National team in the 1970s.
He was the first Nigeria captain to lift the African Nations cup in the
1980 tournament. After retiring as a player, he became a coach, a
career which started in Lebanon in 1990s.
 Stephen Okechukwu Keshi: He was a great football player in the
Nigerian team which he captained for the 1994 World Cup. He played
in five different African Nations Cup.
Professional in Physical and Health Education
 Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe: (1904-1996):
He formed the Zik Athletic Club (ZAC) which had seven sports-
athletics, boxing, cricket, cross- country, soccer, swimming and tennis- as
its focus. This club engineered the formation of Amateur Athletic
Association of Nigeria (AAAN) in 1944.
 Mr. Harding J. Ekperigin: He is fondly referred to as the “father”
of physical education in Nigeria. He was the first Nigeria to receive a
diploma in Physical Education from Loughborough College in 1952.
 Mr. Isaac Akioye: He was the first Nigerian to hold a degree in
physical and health education.
 Prof. John Ademola Adedeji: He was one of pioneers of physical
and health education in Nigeria. Prof. Adedeji was a member of the
committee that wrote the physical education syllabus for junior and
Senior Secondary School in Nigeria.
Evaluation:
1. Why do we call Mr. Harding J. Ekperigin the father of physical
education in Nigeria?
2. List three professionals in physical and health education.
3. What is Chioma Ajunwa known for.
4. What game is Mary Onyali-Omagbemi good in?
WEEK FOUR: PHYSICAL EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION
AND CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
Lesson Objectives:
 Name agencies promoting sports in Nigeria
 Enumerate agencies promoting health education in Nigeria
 Define career
 Mention the branches in physical education and health education
 Explain career opportunities in physical (human kinetics) education.
 Discuss career opportunities in health education.
 Ascertain how to choose a career

ACTIVITY
1. Mention at least five sports federation in Nigeria you know.
2. Name four agencies/organization promoting health education in
Nigeria and discuss the function of any of them.
3. What do you understand as a career and career opportunities.
4. List four career opportunities each in physical and health education
5. State the steps in choosing a career.
SPORTS PROMOTING AGENCIES AND BODIES IN
NIGERIA
A sports federation is an international or national non governmental
organization of physical culture, physical education or sports. Sports
federation organizes and promotes the practice of its discipline(s), from
leisure activities to high-level sports. It is the union sports
associations( governed by the law of 1901),
The following are some of the sports promoting bodies in Nigeria:
1. Athletics Federation of Nigeria. (AFN)
2. Nigeria Football Federation. (NFF)
3. Nigeria Basketball Federation. (NBBF)
4. Nigeria Tennis Federation. (NTF)
5. Nigeria Table Tennis Federation. (NTTF)
6. Nigeria Volleyball Federation. (NVBF)
Read up other sports promoting bodies on page 36

AGENCIES/ORGANISATION PROMOTING HEALTH

EDUCATION IN NIGERIA
 Ministry of Health ( Federal and State)
 National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
(NAFDAC)
 National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)
 World Health Organization (WHO)
 Nigeria School Health Association (NSHA)
Read up other agencies promoting health education on page 37

Career Opportunities in Physical and Health Education

Career opportunities in physical education include:
 Teaching
 Coaching sports/games
 Sports administration
 Physiotherapy
 Sports psychology
 Sports management consultancy
Careers or Job Positions in Health Education include:
 Teacher
 Medical social worker
 Community health worker
 Health service consultant
 Health counsellor
 Health information officer
Evaluation:
1. Enumerate three sports promoting agencies in Nigeria.
2. Which health agency is responsible for consumer’s safety in food
and drugs?
3. List three career opportunities in health education.
4. Which profession has physiotherapy as a career?
WEEK FIVE: TAEKWONDO
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
 Narrate the history and development of taekwondo
 Explain taekwondo and basic skills
 State the importance of taekwondo
 Mention the rules and regulations of taekwondo
 Practice taekwondo skills
 Enumerate the officials in taekwondo
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TAEKWONDO
Taekwondo (also known as Tae Kwon Do) is the art of self defense that
originated in Korea. It is recognized as one of the oldest forms of martial
arts in the world, reaching back over 2,000 years. The name was selected
for its appropriate description of the art: Tae (foot), Kwon (hand), Do
(art). Modern taekwondo was founded by a Korean army officer named
General Choi Hong Hi who introduced it to his country’s army in 1966.
In 1973, Korea hosted the first Taekwondo World Championships. In that
same year, the World Taekwondo Federation was established as the
international governing body for the sport aspects of Taekwondo.
Taekwondo first gained acceptance as an Olympic sport when it appeared
as a demonstration event in the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. Taekwondo
became a full medal sport competition beginning in 2000 at the Sydney
Olympics.

HISTORY OF TAEKWONDO IN NIGERIA

Taekwondo was introduced to Nigeria by a taekwondo expert called
Aikpa Aime in 1975. The Taekwondo Association of Nigeria, which is
now known as Taekwondo Federation of Nigeria (TFN) was formed in
1986.
For more information read page 67 of your textbook

IMPORTANCE OF TAEKWONDO
 Taekwondo helps to build strength and stamina.
 It helps in the training of the armed forces personnel.
 It assist in the physical development of an individual.
For more importance read page 68
 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
i. Taekwondo arena(10 square meter i.e. 10m by 10m
ii. Shin guard
iii. Stopwatch
iv. Trunk protector
v. Head protector
vi. Groin guard etc.
Basic skills and techniques of taekwondo
a) The stance: The correct way of positioning the body in readiness to
launch or initiate attack. e.g cat, frog, ready and horse riding stance.
b) The kicks
c) The punches
d) Dodging
e) Blocking
Officials in Taekwondo
 The referee
 Judges
 Time keeper
 Stewards
 Paramedical staff

Evaluation:
1. Which year did modern taekwondo start?
2. When was WTF founded?
3. Name the person that introduced taekwondo to Nigeria
4. Enumerate four basic skills of taekwondo.
5. Describe stance in taekwondo.
6. Mention the equipment of taekwondo
7. How many officials can you see from the video?
WEEK SIX: BOXING
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
 Narrate the history and development of boxing
 Describe the skills of boxing
 Mention the safety rules of boxing
 Enumerate the officials of the game and their duties
 Practices boxing skills
HISTORY OF BOXING
Boxing is one of the most popular combat sports in the world today.
Modern boxing began in 1866. The highest governing body for boxing in
the world was founded and called World Boxing Council (W.B.C) in
1963.The World Boxing Organization was formed in 1988. A form of
traditional boxing in Nigeria is called Dambe. Modern boxing became
popular in 1950.

IMPORTANCE OF BOXING
 It improves cardiovascular health.
 It gives a better stamina and endurance.
 It decreases stress.
 It improves coordination, balance and stability.
 It improves strength and power
BOXING FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
 A square ring
 Boxing head guard
 Punching bag
 Boxing gloves
 Mouthpiece
 Shorts or boxing pant etc.
SKILLS IN BOXING
1. The stance 6. Straight knuckle
2. Foot work 7. Dodging
3. Guarding 8. Blocking
4. Uppercut 9. Jabbing
5. Undercut 10. Ducking
RULES OF BOXING
 No boxer is allowed to be with any dangerous object.
 There should be no hitting below the belt.
 Dragging and pushing of an opponent is not allowed.
 Kicking in boxing is not allowed.
 The referee’s command should be strictly obeyed.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Which year did modern boxing start?
2. Who was the first Nigerian to win a boxing competition?
3. Mention four skills in boxing.
4. Enumerate four basic skills of boxing.
5. Describe stance in boxing.
6. State two safety rules of boxing. (20mks, to be submitted on 25th
Oct)

WEEK SEVEN: GYMNASTICS

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
 Trace the history of Gymnastic.
 Define the concepts of apparatus activities.
 Enumerate various gymnastics apparatus and apparatus activities.
 Describe vaulting and list various vaulting activities.
 Explain the term spotter.
 State safety precautions in apparatus activities.

MEANING OF GYMNASTICS
Gymnastics is a sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance,
strength, flexibility, agility, coordination and endurance. The movement
involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs,
shoulders, back, chest and abdominal muscle group.

HISTORY OF GYMNASTICS
Ancient gymnastics which symbolizes naked art, originated in ancient
Greece. Gymnastics was practised in the palestras (wrestling schools)
which was built in honour of deities.
Modern gymnastics originated from Germany. Johann Basedow (1723-
1790) was the first to organize and teach gymnastics which was
introduced into the school curriculum. Johann Guts Muths is the
grandfather of gymnastics while Fredrick Ludwig Jahn is regarded as the
father of gymnastics. Gymnastics became an Olympic game in 1936. The
world body is the Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG).
Gymnastic was brought to Nigeria by the missionaries alongside western
education. The Gymnastics Association of Nigeria now Gymnastics
Federation of Nigeria (GFN) was formed in 1975 as the controlling body
of gymnastics.
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS IN GYMNASTICS
Since gymnastics is an indoor sports, the main facility is the gymnastics
hall (gymnasium) with wooden floors, changing rooms, showers and
toilets, adequate lighting and adequate ventilation.
Write the equipment of Gymnastics. PAGE 51
FLOOR ACTIVITIES
Floor activities (stunts) are the activities performed on the mat, foam or
floor. They are classified into stunt, tumbling and balance activities.
Tumbling is the activities involving springing, rolling, twisting and
turning of the body. Examples of floor activities include: Forward roll,
Handstand, Cartwheel, Handspring, Headstand. They are all performed
without apparatus.
APPARATUS ACTIVITIES
This is a kind of gymnastics done with an apparatus like vault table or
balance beam. Apparatus activities can be classified into the following
groups:
1. Horizontal ladder activities e.g. chin-up, skin-the cat, swinging, pull
ups.
2. Parallel bars activities e.g. Balancing, swinging, vaulting.
3. Balance beams activities e.g. mounting, walking, pivoting, rolling,
balance and wheeling stunts.
4. Gymnastics box actions
5. Vaulting buck activities

OFFICIALS IN GYMNASTICS
 The referee
 The judges
 The scorer
 The match chairman
 The announcer
 The timekeeper
 First aiders
Evaluation:
1. Who is the father of gymnastics and why?
2. Explain the concept of apparatus activities.
3. Mention the various gymnastic apparatus and activities.
4. Describe the various vaulting activities
5. Who is a spotter and what is their duty?
6. State the safety precautions in apparatus activities.

WEEK EIGHT: FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION AND

COMMUNITY HEALTH
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Explain the meaning of families
2. Discuss the duties of each member of the family
3. Distinguish between puberty in boys and girls
4. Point out the consequences of teenage pregnancy
5. Demonstrate assertiveness and communication skill.

FAMILY
The family can be described as the smallest unit of the society in which
most fundamental primary relationship takes place. It is usually made up
of two adults of the opposite sex (man and woman) and their children. It
is a group of people related by blood, marriage or by law.
Types of families
Nuclear family: this type of family is usually made up of father, mother
and their children living together. It is common among urban dwellers in
many societies.
Extended family: this is made of the nuclear family and their relations
like brothers, cousins, uncles etc. usually practised among rural families
and the oldest family member is often the head of the extended family.
Duties of members of the family. Page 35 of your text.

Puberty in boys and girls

puberty is that period of physical development during which a person
changes from a child to an adult who biologically is capable of having
children. Girls enter puberty earlier than boys. While girls puberty begins
around ages 11-14 years, boys puberty begins around ages 13-16.
Physical changes in boys during puberty includes:
1. Development of muscles
2. Development of broad chest and shoulders
3. Growth of pubic hair, armpit hair, and hair on the face and legs
4. Development of deep voice
5. Enlargement of the penis and testicles
6. Development of strong bones
7. Constant erection and wet dreams.
Physical changes in girls includes:
1. Development of round hips
2. Growth and development of the breasts.
3. Growth of hair in the armpit and pubic regions
4. Beginning of the monthly menstrual period.

Teenage pregnancy and consequences

Teenage pregnancy occurs when a teenager gets pregnant usually
between the ages of 13 and 17. pre-marital sex is the major cause of
teenage pregnancy and this is strongly disapproved for religious and
medical reasons. Hence it must be discouraged as much as possible.

Consequences of teenage pregnancy

The consequences of teenage pregnancy includes:
 Possibility of contracting sexually transmitted disease.
 Unwanted child
 Social and emotional stress of being a juvenile mother.
 Emotional guilt of making a child out of wedlock.
 Possibility of having vesico vaginal fistula (VVF).

ASSERTIVENESS AND COMMUNICATION SKILL

In families one or more people must serve in leadership roles and
freedom of communication or openness among family members can lead
to self assertiveness and communication skill to say yes or no at the right
time outside of the family environment. Family members express
warmth, tenderness and humour. They also express negative feelings. In
general family members interact with one another and approach life from
a positive view point.
Assertiveness simply means one saying his or her view without hurting
the next person. We all need praise and encouragement to build up
assertive communication and refusal skills right from home.
Ways of building assertive skill includes
 Open communication in the family
 Say no to pressure from friends and family.
 Think before voicing your words
 Learn to praise and encourage people.
 Always see situations from a positive view point.

ASSIGNMENT
State all the duties of the members of the family. In your note. (Non-
graded assignment)
JSS 3 SECOND TERM NOTES ON PHYSICAL
AND HEALTH EDUCATION

SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPICS
1 Ageing and Death Education
2 Drug, use and Abuse
3 Pathogens, Diseases and their preventions-
Communicable diseases
4 Non- Communicable Diseases
5 Family Health
6 Family health contd.
7 High jump, long jump and triple jump
8 Revision
9 Revision

Week One: Ageing and Death Education

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to
1. Describe ageing
2. List life enhancing measures for and against ageing
3. Explain death
4. State steps to support a dying person
ACTIVITY

 What process do you think is going on in the picture?

 Identify the different changes you can see in the picture.
 Suggest how one can slow down this process.

MEANING OF AGEING
Ageing is a process of growing old. Ageing is a natural phenomenon and
a basic characteristic of all living thing. It involves irreversible biological
changes that occurring in all living things. These changes occur with the
passage of time, eventually resulting to death.

PHYSICAL CHANGES AS A RESULT OF AGEING

 The skin loses its elasticity and begins to wrinkle.
 The hair turns gray.
 The body’s immune system becomes less efficient.
 The bones gradually lose calcium, becoming more brittle.
 Hearing and vision problems may develop.
 Kidney functioning slows down.
LIFE ENHANCING MEASURES
Although all of the physical characteristics of ageing are inevitable, they
vary in individuals and are directly related to a person’s overall life-style.
Some measures against ageing include:
 Good medical care.
 Good feeding habit.
 Exercise regularly.
 Rest and sleep well
 Be happy always
 Avoid thinking about unfavourable past experiences

DEATH CONCEPT
Death is described as cessation of live. This occurs when there is
cessation in the flow of body fluids; as well as cessation of the heartbeat,
respiration, movement, reflexes, capacity for consciousness and brain
activity.
Dying is the transition from life and it involves different processes, rate
and stages. Organs of the body die at different rate. E.g. after the
cessation of breathing, the brain may survive for not more than 5minutes,
the heart 15minutes and the kidney 30 minutes. Somatic death is the
death of the organism as a whole.

CAUSES OF DEATH
 Accidents
 Sudden and serious disease condition, heart failure etc.
 Chronic and serious conditions and diseases e.g. HIV/AIDS, cancer
etc.
 War, crises and all forms of violence.

Evaluation:
1. Define ageing.
2. Mention four changes you see in an aged person.
3. What can you propose to someone undergoing ageing processes?
4. How can you give your support to a dying person?
5. Explain what you understand as death.
6. List the causes of death.

WEEK TWO: DRUGS AND DRUG ABUSE

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to
 Differentiate between drug use, misuse and abuse.
 Point out reasons for drug use, misuse and abuse.
 Discuss the health consequences of drug use, misuse and abuse.
 Suggest ways drug abuse can be prevented among young people.

QUICK TEST
Use the picture below to answer the following questions.
i. Mention and explain the substance in the picture.
ii. Enumerate four major ways of taking the substance in the picture.
iii. List three reasons why person take the substance.
iv. Outline the 2 health and 2 social consequences of the improper use of
the substance.
v. When can you say that someone is abusing the substance in the
picture.
vi. Write three of these substance that are commonly abused by youths .

MEANING OF DRUGS
A drug is any substances, other than food that when taken into the body,
alters the structure or function of the body in some way.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
1. Drugs that fight against diseases e.g. penicillin.
2. Drugs that prevent diseases e.g. vaccines
3. Drugs that affect the heart and blood vessels.
4. Drugs that affect the nervous system e.g. hallucinogens,
tranquillizers, stimulant etc.
DRUG USE AND ABUSE
Drug use is the taking of medication for an intended purpose, in an
appropriate amount, frequency, strength and proper manner.
Drug misuse is the practice of using drugs for pleasure rather than for
medical reasons.
Drug abuse is the use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-
the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant
to be used, or in excessive amounts.

Substance commonly abused are:

 Alcohol e.g. wine, beer, spirit other fermented drinks.
 Tobacco e.g. cigarette, cigar, snuff.
 Inhalants e.g. cocaine, heroine.
Factors that lead to drug abuse include:
 Peer group influence
 Frustration/depression
 Stage fright
 Long use of a particular drugs
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE
i. Public enlightenment on dangers of self medication and the right
places to buy drugs.
ii. Adhering by medical prescription when taking drugs.
iii. Buying and selling of drugs on medical prescription.
iv. Keeping medicine out of the reach of children.
HEALTH AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG MISUSE
AND ABUSE
 Damage of organs- brain, kidney liver etc.
 Criminal tendencies.
 Development of high blood pressure.
 Lying and stealing to buy drugs.
 Physical disability or death.
Evaluation:
1. What is the difference between drug use, misuse and abuse?
2. Mention the reasons for drug use and misuse.
3. Describe the consequences of drug use and abuse.
 4. Explain ways we can prevent drug abuse from young people.

WEEK THREE: Pathogens, Diseases and their Prevention-

Communicable diseases
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
 Explain the nature of communicable diseases.
 Describe the mode of transmission of communicable diseases.
 List diseases vectors and causative agents.
 Explain the various preventive and management measures.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Communicable diseases are diseases that are easily transmitted from one person
to another. Some communicable diseases are tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, measles,
malaria, mumps etc.
1. Measles: This is a contagious disease caused by a virus which is acquired from
a polluted atmosphere. The virus is present in the saliva and nasal discharge of the
infected child and gets suspended in the atmosphere when such child sneezes.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ PREVENTION
 High body temperature.
 Fever
 Loss of appetite and weight
 Skin rashes
Prevention of measles is by:
 Avoiding contact with an infected person.
 Maintaining personal hygiene
 Isolating the patient etc.

2. Malaria: This is also called plasmodiasis and is caused by a protozoan called

plasmodium. Plasmodium is injected into the body of human beings through the
bite of the female anopheles mosquito. This is transferred from one person to
another when the mosquito bites an infected person and goes on to bite another.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Fever
 Chills
 General feeling of discomfort
 Headache etc.
Prevention Of malaria
 Eradication of mosquitoes
 Use of mosquito nets
 Environmental cleanliness

3. Mumps: This is caused by a virus. It is a droplet infection that causes

neck and cheeks to swell due to the inflammation of parotid glands at the
junction of the neck and lower jaw.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/PREVENTION

 Fever
 Swelling behind the angle of the lower jaw.
 Pain around the cheeks and throat.
 Difficulty in opening the mouth.
Prevention include:
1. Isolate the patient.
2. Avoid contact with patient
3. There should be no sharing of personal items.
4. Vaccination and immunization.

4. Poliomyelitis: This is a disease that affects children during infancy. It

is caused by the picoma virus. It paralyses children. The housefly is the
vector of the virus. It is spread by direct contact or droplets.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Severe headache.
 Serious neck, back and limbs pains.
 Serious sore throat.
 Paralysis of the limbs.

Prevention and control

 Avoid contamination of food by houseflies.
 Ensure a clean environment.
 Ensure that infants benefit from vaccination and
immunization.
 Maintain personal hygiene.

4. RINGWORM (Tinea): Ringworm is a skin disease caused by a fungus called

Tinea captis. It is spread through physical contact.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
 White patches on the scalp.
 Fall off of hair.
 Serious itching.
 Reddening spores on the skin
Prevention and control
 Maintain personal hygiene.
 Avoid physical contact with patient.Use antiseptics to wash the hair
regularly.
 Avoid scratching.

5. Pneumonia: This is an infectious diseases that affects the lungs and

creates pain in the chest. It is caused by the bacteria, Klebsilla
pneumoniae.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Severe pain in the chest.
 Enlargement of the lower side of the chest region.
 Serious shivering
 Loss of appetite and weight.
Prevention of Pneumonia;
 Maintain personal hygiene.
 Avoid unnecessary exposure of the body to excessive cold.
 Isolate the patient.
 Avoid sharing personal objects.
 Undergo routine medical check-ups.

6. Gonorrhoea: This is an infectious disease which is transmitted

through sexual intercourse. It is caused by a bacterium called
Gonococcus, which invades the reproductive tract and genital organs,
leading to inflammation and discharge of pus or blood.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Low abdominal pain.
 Painful urination.
 Vaginal discharge.
 Inflammation of the genital organ.
 Pus discharge from the male genital organ or bleeding.
Prevention and control
 Maintain personal hygiene.
 Avoid sharing personal objects like towels, pants and handkerchiefs.
 Do not use dirty toilet seats.
 Wash your hands with soap before and after touching your private
part.
 Totally abstain from sexual intercourse.

EVALUATION
1. What are the causes of communicable diseases?
2. What are the modes of transmission of communicable diseases?
3. What are the factors and causative agents of this diseases?
4. Explain ways we can prevent and manage the diseases
WEEK FOUR: PATHOGENS DISEASES AND PREVENTION-
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Lesson Objectives:
 Explain the nature of non- communicable diseases
 State how to prevent non- communicable diseases

NATURE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Non-communicable diseases are the illness that can not be contracted or
transferred from one person to another. Non-communicable diseases can
be prevented by eating a balanced diet, cleanliness, good health habit and
routine medical check-ups and also adopting crucial medical advice.
EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Sickle cell marasmus otitis media
Obesity anaemia
kwashiorkor dental caries
Boil rickets

SICKLE CELL DISEASE

This occurs when a child has inherited two abnormal haemoglobin (SS)
from the parents.
Nature of sickle cell: a child with sickle cell experiences severe attack
called crisis. the child’s blood vessels are blocked be the sickle-shaped
haemoglobin. The liver and spleen become large and the bones and joints
are weak. The limbs are also tiny and weak.
Prevention: 1. there should be blood test for couple before marriage
2. Couples with SS should not be joined as husband and wife
3. Only persons with AA haemoglobin should marry SS.

OBESITY
Obesity is an excessive increase in body size as a result of too much
intake of food and drinks. This can lead to over weight which puts
pressure on the hips, knees, joints and cartilages. The effects is usually
serious pain at the waist, and abnormal rise in blood pressure.
PREVENTION OF OBESITY
 Good eating habit and drinking
 Regular exercise
 Eating more of fruits and vegetables
 Routine medical check-ups
ANAEMIA
Anaemia: anaemia is the serious reduction in the total mass of circulating
red blood cells, usually accompanied with a reduction in haemoglobin. It
can be caused by deficiency in iron and vitamin intake.
Prevention
 Eat balanced diet
 Avoid excessive loss of blood.
 Take fruits and vegetables regularly and have enough rest and sleep.

OTITIS MEDIA
Otitis media: this is an inflammation of the middle ear caused by
congestion and obstruction of the air passage called the auditory tube.
It can be prevented by staying away from noise pollution, avoid dipping
hard objects into the ears.

KWASHIOKOR
Kwashiokor is a diseases that affects children due to lack of adequate
proteins in their diet. It is common among the children of the poor. Such
children have protruding bellies, tiny limbs and flat buttocks.
Prevention
 Eat balanced diets regularly
 Perform exercise regularly
 Drink adequate portable water
 Routine medical check-ups.
BOILS
Boils: this is the inflammation of the parts of the body with noodles
which causes excessive discomfort and burning sensation. Boils are
caused by the action of the body’s immune system against the pathogens
that invade the blood cells. It is also caused by staphylococcus bacteria.
Prevention
 Personal hygiene practices
 Avoid sharing personal belongings
 Routine medical check-ups
MARASMUS
This is a diseases condition caused by starvation and inadequate nutrients
in the body. It is similar to kwashiorkor. It is a deficiency of overall food
intake including calories and proteins.it is a diseases of the poor and
common in war-like areas.it can be prevented by eating balanced diet and
ensuring that children are fed properly.
ASSIGNMENT
Write on dental caries and rickets. Causes and prevention.
 WEEK FIVE: FAMILY HEALTH
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to;
 Discuss disease vectors such as mosquitoes and housefly
 Describe ways of controlling them
 Draw the life cycle of mosquito
 Discuss the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and STIs

MEANING OF DISEASE VECTORS

Disease vectors are animals which transmit disease causing organisms
(pathogens) from an infected person to uninfected person without being
infected. They assist in carrying micro organism or microbes. They are
mainly insects, mollusc and some mammals. Examples of vectors are:
mosquito, cockroach, housefly, tsetsefly, dogs and cats, rat, black flies.

MOSQUITOES
Mosquitoes cause more death than any other disease vectors. Over 3
billion people are at risk from mosquito- borne diseases such as malaria,
dengue fever, yellow fever and lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis).
Mosquitoes are some of the most adaptable and successful insects on
earth and are found in some extraordinary places. Virtually any natural or
man-made collection of
water can support mosquito production.

THE LFE CYCLE OF A MOSQUITO

The female mosquito lays her eggs either individually or in attached
groups called rafts. Once the egg hatches, the larval stage begins. The
larvae of most mosquito species
hang suspended from the water
surface because they need air to
breath and feed. The larval stage
ranges from 4 to 14 days. In the
pupal stage, no feeding occurs,
however, the pupa must still breathe
air at the water’s surface and is
sensitive to light, shadow and other
disturbance. The pupal stage lasts
from one and half to four days. The
male adult mosquito will usually emerge first and will linger near the
breeding site, waiting for the females. Females with an adequate food
supply can live up to 5 months or longer, with the average female life
span being about 6 weeks.
 THE LIFE CYCLE OF A HOUSEFLY
The housefly (Musca domestica) is the most common fly species found in
houses. The housefly can transmit the pathogens that cause shigellosis,
typhoid fever, E. coli, and cholera. The life cycle of a house fly begins in
the egg stage. A female house fly is capable of laying up to 150 eggs in a
batch. Female house flies savour damp, dark surfaces such as compost,
manure and other decomposing
organic material for egg laying.
House fly eggs resemble individual
grains of rice.
Within a day, house fly eggs hatch
into larvae, also known as
maggots. Maggots are legless,
white insects that feed from the
egg-laying site for three to five
days. Fly pupae are similar in
function to butterfly cocoons: their hard, brown shells protect the
inactive, developing flies. Over the course of three to six days but may
take up to 10-20 days depending on the temperature of the area, the pupae
develop legs and wings, ultimately emerging as full-grown house flies.
Within two to three days, female house flies are capable of reproduction.

WAYS OF CONTROLLING HOUSEFLY AND

MOSQUITOES
The best method is to properly dispose of any organic matter, such as
vegetable or other food by-products, where houseflies might lay eggs.
Place these materials in garbage bags and tie the bags securely. Remove
all food residues and clean your garbage cans weekly. When necessary,
insecticides can help suppress housefly populations.
Evaluation:
1. Enumerate the types of diseases we have and state their mode of
transmission
2. Apart from mosquitoes, state other diseases causing vectors you
know.
3. How can we control diseases vectors?
4. How many stages are in the life cycle of a mosquito and describe it.
 WEEK SIX: FAMILY HEALTH
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 Define HIV/AIDS and STIs
 Mention the examples of STIs
 Discuss the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and STIs
 Explain the consequences of contracting infections and diseases
 List ways of preventing infections and diseases.
ACTIVITY
What are the differences between HIV and AIDS
Group Activity
 What are the facts you have heard about HIV/AIDS?
 What is the full meaning of STI and how do you think people get it?
 Do you think HIV/AIDS and STIs can be cured? Why?
STIs: this is an acronym for sexually transmitted infections. examples of
STIs includes:
Gonorrhea, staphylococcus, HIV/AIDS, syphilis, candidiasis etc.
HIV/AIDS: This virus was discovered in the united states of America in
1983 but a counter report has it to have been discovered among apes in
1982 in Kenya.
HIV means human immune deficiency virus. It is the causative organism
of AIDS. It is transmitted from an infected person to another through
blood or fluid contact. The virus multiplies into millions which begins to
attack the body immune system, hence giving way for other forms of
diseases to attack the body.
AIDS: This means acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It is a chronic
disease caused by a virus that stops the body from defending itself against
infection. AIDS has three stages namely:
Primary stage (window stage), secondary stage and tertiary stage.
Look out for what happens at each stage in page 87 of your text.
Activity: stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 signs.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF AIDS

Minor signs and symptoms are:
 Loss of appetite
 Dry cough
 Chest pain
 Headache
 Skin rashes, itching, dry lips and joint pain
The major symptoms are: persistent stooling, persistent tuberculosis
(coughing and d vomiting blood), dysentery, diarrhoea, persistent
feverish condition, severe loss of weight, total loss of strength, sores all
over the body, dehydration, very low pack cell volume (PCV), low blood
count.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS
Some of the modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS are:
 Blood transfusion
 Use of contaminated objects
 Sexual intercourse
Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS
 Avoid unhealthy sexual behaviours
 Do screening to know your status
 Avoid sharing instruments and personal belongings
 Blood should be properly screened before transfusion

ASSINGMENT
Study and write the other preventive measures against HIV/AIDS and
other STIs.
Write the health and social consequences of STIs and HIV/AIDS in your
note. Page 87-88 of your text.

WEEK SEVEN: High Jump, Long Jump and Triple Jump

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
 Meaning of High jump and Long jump
 Highlight the history High jump and Long jump
 Highlight how the games are played
 Highlight the Equipment and the Facilities used in High jump and
Long jump and the skills
 Outline jumping styles and rules used in the sports
 Outline famous High and Long Jump athletes
 Outline the benefits of the sports and how it contributes to our
knowledge of PHE
 History of triple jump
 Nature of the game
 Equipment and facilities
 Basic skills, officials of the game and the rules and regulations of
triple jump
Meaning of High Jump
The High jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump
unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without
dislodging it.

Meaning of Long Jump

The Long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine
speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a
take-off point.

HISTORY OF HIGH JUMP

High jump contests were popular in Scotland in the early 19th century,
and the event was incorporated into the first modern Olympics Games in
1896 for men. Women made their Olympic high jump debut in 1928.
Of the field events, the high jump has perhaps undergone the most radical
changes of technique. The Eastern Cut-off, Western Roll and Straddle are
methods that have been previously used by the world’s elite. However,
the Fosbury Flop, which involves going over with the jumper's back to
the bar, popularized by the 1968 Olympic champion Dick Fosbury, is
now almost exclusively the technique adopted by all the top high
jumpers.
HISTORY OF LONG JUMP
The origins of the long jump can be traced to the Olympics in Ancient
Greece, when athletes carried weights in each hand. These were swung
forward on take-off and released in the middle of the jump in a bid to
increase momentum.
The long jump, as we know it today, has been part of the Olympics since
the first Games in 1896. The men’s event has seen some long-standing
world records by US jumpers.
Game of play for High Jump
 Competitors in the high jump take off (unaided) from one foot over a
four-meter long horizontal bar. They seek to clear the greatest height
without knocking the bar to the ground. Athletes land on a crash mat.
 All competitors have three attempts per height, although they can
elect to ‘pass’, i.e. advance to a greater height despite not having
cleared the current one. Three consecutive failures at the same height,
or combination of heights, leads to elimination.
 High Jump is also referred to as vertical jump.
Game of play for Long Jump
 Competitors sprint along a runway and jump as far as possible into a
sandpit from a wooden take-off board. The distance travelled, from
the edge of the board to the closest indentation in the sand to it, is
then measured.
 A foul is committed – and the jump is not measured – if an athlete
steps beyond the board.
 Known as one of track and field’s two horizontal jump.

Equipment and facilities used in High Jump

EQUIPMENT FACILITIES
High Jump Crossbars Landing System
High Jump Pits & Shelters Platform
High Jump Standards High Jump Standards
Replacement Spikes Water Drainage Domes
Misc. High Jump Equipment Sheds

Equipment and Facilities used in Long Jump

Equipment Facilities
Measuring Wheels A Runway
The Magic Measuring Stick A Take-off Board
Tape Measures A Landing Area.
Distance Markers
Take-off Markers
Skills involved in High Jump
a. The Run-up
b. The take-off
c. The flight
d. The landing
e. The recovery

Skills involved in Long Jump

i. The Approach
ii. The Last Two Strides
iii. The Take-off
iv. The Action In The Air
v. The Landing
Jumping styles used in High Jump
There Are Three Types Of High Jump Styles:
 The Fosbury Flop
 The Western Roll Or Side Roll
 The Straddle Style.
Jumping styles used in Long Jump
Long Jumpers Primarily Use Three Techniques:
 The sail
 The Hang
 The Hitch-kick

Rules and regulations guiding the game of High Jump

Once a jumper is near the upright, they airlift vertically using one foot
during the take off. The objective is to clear the crossbar placed at a
certain height from the ground and land on the crash mat. If the athlete
manages to land on the crash mat without dislodging the crossbar, the
jump is considered legal.
Rules and regulations guiding the game of Long Jump
 The height of the bar will start where all competitors are capable of
jumping. The height the bar is raised between each round will also be
geared to the ability of the competitors. The competitors shall be
informed of this before the competition begins.
 Competitors have a maximum of seven jumps.
 Competitors may commence jumping at any of the heights above the
minimum height and may jump at their discretion at any subsequent
height.
 Elimination will be after 3 consecutive failures (although they do not
have to be at the same height).
 Ties for first place only shall be decided by counting back. In the
event of a tie the winner will be (reference the IAAF Handbook)
 The athlete with lowest number of jumps at that height.

Famous High Jump Athletes

Rank(men Mar competitor DO NA PO Venue
) k B T S
1 2.45 Javier 13 CU 1 Salamanca (ESP)
SOTOMAYO OCT B
 R 1967
2 2.43 Mutaz Essa 24 QA 1 Boudewijnstadio
BARSHIM JUN T n, Bruxelles
1991
3 2.42 Patrik 05 SW 1 Stockholm
SJÖBERG JAN E (SWE)
1965

Famous High Jump Athletes

Place(women) competitor DOB NAT Score Event
list
1 Yaroslava 19 SEP UKR 1475 High
MAHUCHIKH 2001 jump

2 Eleanor PATTERSON 22 AUS 1403 High

MAY jump
1996

3 Iryna 10 UKR 1365 High

GERASHCHENKO MAR jump
1995

Famous Long Jump Athletes

Rank(ME Mar WIN Competit DO NA PO Dat Resul
N) k D or B T S e t
score
1. 8.95 +0.3 Mike 10 US 1 30 1346
POWELL NO A AU
V G
196 199
3 1
2. 8.90 +2.0 Bob 29 US 1 18 1335
BEAMON AU A OC
G T
194 196
6 8
3. 8.87 +0.2 Carl 01 US 30 1330
LEWIS JUL A AU
196 G
1 199
 1

Famous Long Jump Athletes

Ran Mar WIN Competitor DOB NA PO Date Resul
k k D T S t
1. 7.52 +1.4 Galina 26 URS 1 11 1333
CHISTYAKOVA JUL JUN
1962 1988

2. 7.49 +1.3 Jackie 03 USA 1 22 1327

JOYNER-KERSE MA MA
E R Y
1962 1994
3. 7.48 +1.2 Heike 16 GD 1 9 1324
DRECHSLER DEC R JUL
1964 1988

TRIPLE JUMP

The triple jump, sometimes referred to as

the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and
jump, is a track and field event, similar to
the long jump. As a group, the two events
are referred to as the "horizontal jumps".
The competitor runs down the track and
performs a hop, a bound and then a jump
into the sand pit. The triple jump was
inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and
has been a modern Olympics event since the Games' inception in 1896. According
to IAAF rules, "the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot
as that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the other foot, from
which, subsequently, the jump is performed." The current male and female world
record holders are Jonathan Edwards, with a jump of 18.29 m (60 ft 0.08 in), and
Inessa Kravets of Ukraine, with a jump of 15.50 m (50 ft 10.24 in). Both records
were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg.

HISTORY
Historical sources on the ancient Olympic Games occasionally mention jumps of
15 meters or more. This led sports historians to conclude that these must have been
a series of jumps, thus providing the basis for the triple jump. The triple jump was
a part of the inaugural modern Olympics in Athens, In fact, the first modern
Olympic champion, James Connolly, was a triple jumper. The women's triple jump
was introduced into the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 and for men in 1896,it has been
a staple in international athletics competition ever since.

Nature of the Game

Triple jump is a track and field event that combines three consecutive movements:
the hop, step and jump. The athletes aim to cover the maximum horizontal distance
from a designated take-off line to the landing area in the sandpit. The event
requires speed, strength and coordination to effectively transition between the three
phases.

Equipment and Facilities

 Track: A running track for the athlete to gain momentum before the take-off.
 Take-off board: A solid board, usually 20cm wide, where the athlete must
begin the hop phase.
 Sandpit: A landing area filled with sand to safely absorb the athletes landing
impact to measure the distance jumped.
 Spikes: Specialised shoes with spikes that provide better grip and stability on
the track.
Basic skills and Techniques
a) Approach Run(Run-up): The athlete sprint down the runway to build up
speed before jumping.
b) Take-off: This s the first push-off from the ground. The athlete pushes off
strong from the take-off board and keeps their body steady.
c) Hop: The athlete jumps off one foot an lands on the same foot.
d) Step: After the hop, the athletes steps forward with the other foot.
e) Jump: This is the final jump into the sandpit.
f) Landing: This is how the athlete lands in the sandpit. The athlete lands with
their feet together and bends their knees to avoid falling backwards.
Rules and Regulations
i. Hop: The athlete must take off from the take-off board using one foot and land
on the same foot.
ii. Step: The athlete then steps onto the opposite foot after the hop.
iii. Jump: Finally, the athlete leaps into the sandpit, landing on both feet.
iv. Fouls: A foul occurs if the athlete steps beyond the take-off line, if the jump
sequence is incorrect (eg. Landing on the wrong foot), or if any part of the
body touches the ground outside the designated landing area.
v. Measurements: The distance is measured from the take-off line to the nearest
mark made in the sand by any part of the athlete’s body.
vi. Attempts: Athletes typically have three or six attempts,with only the best jump
being recorded.
Officials of the Game
 Referee: Has the overall authority to enforce the rules and resolve any
disputes.
 Judges: Responsible for checking the legality of each jump,measuring
distances,and recording the results.
 Recorder: Keeps track of the official results,distances,and attempts for each
athlete.
 Starter: Signals the start of the athlete’s run-up with a gun or whistle.