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 INTRODUCTION

This section is a guide for calculations regarding the drilling fluid such as capacity of mud,
tanks volumes, tubulars and holes, circulation times, velocity of the mud in the annular and
in the drill pipes and other important calculations. The capacity of calculating muds
formulations and various situations by means of solids and liquids additives is necessary in
fluids engineering.

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 FIELD UNIT SYSTEM

The unit of measure most commonly used is the Field Unit.

However, the decimal measuring system is more and more used in drilling.

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 FIELD UNIT SYSTEM

Metric System Field Unit

Mass Kilogramme (kg) Pounds (lb)

Length Meters (m) Feet (ft) and inches (in.)
Volume, Capacity Cubic meters (m3) and litres Barrels (bbl) and gallons
and Displacement (l) (gal)
Density grams/ cubic centimetres Pounds/gallon (lb/gal)
(g/cm3) e (kg/l) – Either and pounds/foot3 (lb/ft3)
equal at specific weight
Pressure kiloPascals (kPa), bar or pounds/inch2 (lb/in.2 o
atmospheres psi)
Concentration kilogram/cubic meter pounds /barrel (lb/bbl)
(kg/m3)

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 CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply by To obtain

Volume
Barrels(bbl) 5.615 Feet3 (ft3)
Barrels(bbl) 0.159 Meters3 (m3)
Barrels(bbl) 42 Gallons, U.S. (gal)
Cubic feet (ft3) 0.0283 Meters3 (m3)
Cubic feet(ft3) 7.48 Gallons, U.S. (gal)
Gallons, U.S. (gal) 0.00379 Meters3 (m3)
Gallons, U.S. (gal) 3.785 Litre(l)
Cubic Meters (m3) 6.289 Barrels(bbl)
Cubic Meters (m3) 1,000 Litres(l)
Mass or Weight
Pounds (lb) 453.6 Grams (g)
Pounds (lb) 0.4536 Kilograms(kg)
Kilograms (kg) 2.204 Pound (lb)
Metric tons (mt) 1,000 Kilograms (kg)
Length
Feet (ft) 0.3048 Metres (m)
Inches (in.) 2.54 Centimetre(cm)
Inches (in.) 25.4 Milliletre (mm)
Meters (m) 3.281 Feet (ft)
Miles (mi) 1.609 Kilometres (km)

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 CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply by To obtain
Pressure

lb/in.2 (psi) 6.8948 kiloPascal (kPa)

lb/in.2 (psi) 0.068948 bar (bar)

lb/in.2 (psi) 0.0703 kg/cm2

kiloPascal (kPa) 0.145 lb/in.2 (psi)

bar (bar) 100 kiloPascal (kPa)

Concentration

pounds/barrels (lb/bbl) 2.853 kg/m3

kilograms/cubic metre(kg/m3) 0.3505 lb/bbl

Density

pounds /gallons (lb/gal) 119.83 kg/m3

kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3) 0.008345 lb/gal

pound/gallon (lb/gal) 0.11983 g/cm3, kg/l or SG

pound/cubic feet (lb/ft3) 16.02 kg/m3 and g/l

g/cm3, kg/l or SG 8.345 lb/gal

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 HOLE CALCULATIONS

¾ Capacity

¾ Volume

¾ Displacement

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 HOLE CALCULATIONS

Mud pits and tanks – Capacity and Volume

Rectangular Tanks

V = Volume or Tank Capacity

L = Length

W = Width

H = Height

M = Fluid Level

Volume = L x W x H

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 HOLE CALCULATIONS

Vertical cylindrical tanks

Vcyl = Cylindrical tank capacity

D = Cylinder diameter
H = Cylinder height Acqua distillata

M = Fluid level
π= 3.1416
To calculate the diameter, measure the circumference and divide by 3.1416:
D = Circumference/π

The formula to calculate the capacity of a vertical cylindrical tank is:

2
π D H
Vcyl =
4
The volume of the fluid (VMud) in a vertical cylindircal tank is calculated as
follows :
3 3 π x D2 M
VMud (ft or m ) =
4

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 HOLE CALCULATIONS

Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks

VCyl = Horizontal cylinder capacity

D = Cylinder diameter
L = Cylinder length
M = Material level
π = 3.1416

L ⎡ D2 −1 ⎛ 2 M ⎞ πD
2 ⎤
VCyl = ⎢ (2 M − D ) MD − M + sin ⎜ − 1⎟ +
2
⎥
2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ D ⎠ 4 ⎥⎦

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 HOLE CALCULATIONS
Hole Volume

The volume of each interval is calculated as follows:

π D 2
L
V Hole section =
4

Where: DW = Internal diameter (ID) of the casing, liner or open hole

L = Interval Length
If the diameter (DW) is in inches:

D2 W ( in.)
VHole section (bbl / ft ) =
1029

On the contrary, with the decimal measuring system:

D 2 W ( in. )
V Hole section (
m /m =
3
)
1974

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 HOLE CALCULATIONS

Drill Pipe or Drill Collars capacity (volume of the internal diameter)

The volume, with the drill string in the hole, is the sum of the internal capacity of
the drill pipes plus the volume of the annular space.

V (bbl / ft )= ID 2
P (in . )
Pipe
1029
With the metric system:

V Pipe (l / m )= ID 2
P (in . )
1974

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 HOLE CALCULATIONS

Annular volume
The volume of the annular space is determined subtracting the external volume of the drill
string from the hole capacity(or casing).

ID 2 W (in .) − OD 2 P (in .)
V Annulus (bbl/f t ) =
1029
Where: IDW = Internal diameter hole or casing
ODP = External diameter drill pipes or drill collars
With the metric system:

ID 2 W (in.) − OD 2 P (in.)
VAnnulus (l/m ) =
Or: 1974 Annular Volume
VAnnulus = CapacityWell – DisplacementDrillstring – CapacityDrillstring

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 HOLE CALCULATIONS

Displacement

The drill string displacement can be estimated (VPipe Displ.) using the OD and the ID
of the drill pipes and the drill collars.

V Pipe (bbl/ft ) = OD 2
P (in. ) − ID 2 P (in. )
Displaceme nt
1029
Where: ODP = External diameter drill pipe or drill collars
IDP = Internal diameter drill pipe or drill collars
With the metric system:

OD 2 P (in .) − ID 2 P (in .)
VPipe Displaceme nt (l/m ) =
1974

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 PUMPS CAPACITY

TRIPLEX PUMPS

In the triplex pump, pistons are three and operate in the same direction. Generally, they
are short stroke, (from 6-in. to 12-in.) and operate at rates from 60- to 120-stk/min.
Triplex pump performance calculation formula:

3 x 3 . 1416 xID 2
Liner xLxP Eff
V Pump Output =
4

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 PUMPS CAPACITY

Where:
VPump Output = Pumps Performance
IDLiner = Liner Internal Diameter
L = Stroke Length
PEff = Volumetric efficiency (dimensionless)

ID 2
Liner (in .)xL (in .)xP Eff
V Pump Output (bbl / stk ) =
4117 . 7
With the metric system:

ID 2
Liner (in . )xL (in . )xP Eff
V Pump Output (l / stk )=
25 . 90

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 PUMPS CAPACITY

DUPLEX PUMPS

The pistons of a duplex pump are two and operate in both directions. The difference
between the calculations for a duplex and for a triplex is that the volume of the rod pistons
must be subtracted form the volume of one of the cylinders plus the difference in number of
cylinders, 4 for a duplex and 3 for a triplex. Generally, the duplex pumps have a longer
stroke (from 10 to 18 in.) and operate at lower rate from 40 to 80-stk/min.

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 PUMPS CAPACITY

The general equation for a duplex pump is :

VPump Output =
2π
4
[ ( ) ]
x ID 2 Liner xL + ID 2 Liner − OD 2 Rod xL xPEff

Where:

IDLiner = Internal diameter liner

VPump Output = Pump rate

ODRod = Rode external diameter

L = Stroke length

PEff = Volumetric efficiency (dimensionless)

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 PUMPS CAPACITY

Pump rate bbl/stroke for a duplex pump with ID liner, OD pipe and stroke length are in
inches:

V Pump
⎡ 2 xID
(bbl / stk ) = ⎢
2
Liner (in .) − OD 2
Rod (in . ) ⎤ xL (in .)xP
Output ⎥ Eff
⎢⎣ 6174 ⎥⎦

With the metric system:

⎡
(l / stk ) = ⎢ 2 xID
2
Liner (in .) − OD 2
Rod (in . )⎤ xL (in . )xP
V Pump Output ⎥ Eff
⎣ 38 . 85 ⎦

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 ANNULAR VELOCITY

The annular velocity (AV) is the average velocity of the fluid which flows in the
annular space. For a correct well cleaning, a minimum velocity is needed. The latter
depends on a certain number of factors such as ROP, cuttings size, hole inclination,
mud density and rheology.

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 ANNULAR VELOCITY

¾ Equations for the calculation of the anular velocity based on pumps rate and the
annular volume:

V → Output
=
Pump
AV
V Ann

V Pump (bbl / min )

AV (ft/min )= Output
V Ann (bbl / ft )

VPump (l / min )
AV (m/min ) =
Output
V Ann (l / m )

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 CIRCULATION TIME

The total circulation time is the time (or number of strokes) to make a complete loop,
from the tank, following the path down to the bit, go up from the annular and come
back in the circulating tank.

VSystem
Total circulatio n time (min) =
VPump Output

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 CIRCULATION TIME

Where:

VSystem = Total attive volume (bbl o m3)

V Pump Output = Pumps capacity (bbl/min o m3/min)

Total circulation (strokes) = Total circulation time (min) x pumps velocity (stks/min)

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 CIRCULATION TIME

Bottoms-up is the time (or number of strokes) the mud circulates from bottom hole
throught the annular up on the surface.

The bottoms-up is calculated as follows:

V Annulus
Bottom − up time(min) =
V Pump Output

Where:

VAnnulus = Annular volume (bbl or m3)

VPump Output = Pumps capacity (bbl/min or m3/min)

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 CIRCULATION TIME

Bottoms-up (strokes) = Bottoms-up (min) x pumps velocity (stk/min)

The total circulation time (or number of strokes) to make a complete circulation, starting
from the tank down to the bit and up to the annular returning back in the tanks. The
circulation total time is calculated as follows:

VHole − VDrillsringDispl
Hole cycle time(min)=
VPump Output

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 CIRCULATION TIME

Where:

V Hole = Total well volume (bbl o m3)

V Drillstring Displ = Pipes displacement (bbl o m3)

V Pump Output = Pumps capacity (bbl/min o m3/min)

Complete circulation (strokes) = time for a complete circulation (min) x pumps

velocity(stk/min)

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 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

The hydrostatic pressure (Ph) is the pressure exerted by a column of liquid and
depends on the density of the fluid and the vertical depth or True Vertical Depth (TVD).
In a well, it is the pressure exerted on the wall to avoid cavings and controls the
formation pressure as well.

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 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Hydrostatic pressure is calculated as follows:

P H (bar )= Mud Weight (kg/l )x TVD (m )

10.2
Hydrostatic pressure = Mud density x TVD x conversion factor (0.0981)

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 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Field unit system:

P H (lb/in.2) = Mud density (lb/gal) x TVD (ft) x 0.052

12 in./ft
Conversion factor 0.052 =
231 in. 3 /gal

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 EXAMPLES

• Data:
• Surface Casing: 1,600 m - 133/8-in.
48-lb/ft, (323-mm ID)
• Bit diameter: 121/4 in
• T.D.: 3,400 m
• Drillstring:
Drill Pipe: 5-in. 19.50-lb/ft,
(127-mm OD, 108.6-mm ID),
Drill collars 200 m of 71/4-in. x 23/4-in (185-mm OD x72-mm ID)
• Surface systems:
2 tanks: depth 4-m, width 3-m, length 10-m. Both tanks have 2.5 m of mud with
pipes in well.
• Mud density: SG 1.50 o 1.5 kg/l
• Mud pumps: Triplex: 6 in x 12 in
(152.4 mm x 304.8 mm)
110 stk/min, with 90% efficiency

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 EXAMPLES

13.3/8 in. casing

1600 m

12.1/4 in. Open Hole

Drill Pipe 5 in. 19.5-lb/ft

DC 71/4-in. x 23/4-in
3400 m

Well Diagram

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 EXAMPLES

Part I: Determine the capacity of the surface system in m3, m3/m e m3/cm.

VPit (m3) 1 tank = 4 m x 3 m x 10 m = 120 m3

VPit (m3) 2 tanks = 120 m3 x 2 = 240 m3

VPit (m3/m) 2 tanks = 240 m3 ÷ 4 = 60 m3/m

VPit (m3/cm) 2 tanks = 60 m3/m ÷ 100 cm/m = 0.60 m3/cm

Part II: Determine the total volume of the mud on the surface, in m3.

VSurface (m3)= VMud (m3) 2 tanks = 60 m3/m x 2.5 m = 150 m3

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 EXAMPLES

Part III: Determine the total volume of the well without drill string.

Calculate the volume of the mud in each interval and sum the volumes.

V Well (m ) 3
=
ID 2 Well
1,273,000
x L (m )

VCsgl m( ) 3
=
323 2 mm 2
1,273,000
x 1,600 (m ) = 131.1 m 3

( )
VOH m =
3 250.82 mm2
1,273,000
x1,800 (m) = 88.9 m3

Total without the drill string:

V System = V Csg + V OH = 131.1 m3 + 88.9 m3 = 220 m3

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 EXAMPLES

Part IV: Determine the total volume with the string in the well .

Volume in the string:

ID 2 DS (mm )x
V Drillstrin g (m )
3
=
1,273,000
L (m )

108.6 2 (mm )
VDP m ( ) 3
=
1,273,000
x 3200 (m ) = 29.6 m 3

72 2 (mm )
V DC m ( ) 3
=
1,273,000
x 200 (m ) = 0.8 m 3

Total volume in the string:

V Drillstring = V DP + V DC = 29.6 m 3 + 0.8 m 3 = 30.4 m 3

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 EXAMPLES

Volume in the annulus:

ID 2 Well (mm) − OD 2 DS (mm)

VAnnulus ( )
m =
3
1,273,000
x L (m )

3232 (mm) − 1272 (mm)

( )
VAnn(Csg DP) m = 3
1,273,000
x 1,600 (m) = 0.06927 x 1,600 = 110.8 m 3

250.82 (mm) − 127 2 (mm)

VAnn(OH DP) m = ( )
3
1,273,000
x 1,600 (m ) = 0.03673 x 1,600 = 58.8 m 3

250.82 (mm) − 1852 (mm)

( )
VAnn (OH DC ) m =3
1,273,000
x 200 (m ) = 0.02252 x 200 = 4.5 m 3

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 EXAMPLES

VAnnulus Total (m ) = V
3
Ann (Csg DP ) + VAnn (OH DP ) + VAnn (OH DC )

V Annulus Total = 110.8 + 58.8 + 4.5 = 174.1 m3

Total volume of the hole with a string:

V Well/DS = V Annulus Total + V Drillstring = 174.1 + 30.4 = 204.5 m 3

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 EXAMPLES

Part V: Determine the circulation total volume.

V Total = V Well/DS + V Surface = 204.5 m3 + 150 m3 = 354.5 m3

Part VI: Determine the time needed for a complete circulation and bottoms-up.

ID2 Liner (mm) x L (mm) x Eff (decimal)

VP ump Output (l/stk) =
424,333

152.4 2 Liner (mm) x 304.8 (mm) x 0.9 (decimal)

VP ump Output (l/stk ) = = 15.01 (l/stk )
424,333

(
VP ump Output (l/min ) = 15.01 (l/stk ) x 110 stk/min = 1,651 (l/min ) = 1.651 m 3 / min )
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 EXAMPLES

354.5 m 3
Total circulatio n time (min ) = = 215 min
3
1.651 m /min ( )

Total circulation (stk) = 215 min x 110 stk/min = 23,650 stk

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 EXAMPLES

Hole cycle time (min ) =

V Well/DS m 3( ) =
204 .5
= 124 min
(
V P ump Output m 3 / min ) 1.651

Hole cycle (stk) = 124 min x 110 stk = 13,640 stk

Bottoms - up time (min ) =

V Annulus (m )
3
=
174 . 1
= 106 min
( )
Total
V P ump Output m 3 / min 1.651

Bottoms-up (stk) = 106 min x 110 stk = 11,660 stk

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 EXAMPLES

Part VII: Determine the velocity in the annular per each single interval.

V Pump Output
AV =
V Ann

AV(OH/DC) =
(
VPumpOutput m3 / min ) = 1.651(m / min) = 73 m/min
3

VAnn OH/DC (m 3
/ m) 0.02252(m / m) 3

AV(OH/DP) =
(
VPump Output m 3 / min ) = 1.651 (m / min) = 45 m/min
3

VAnn OH/DP (m 3
/ m) 0.03673 (m / m ) 3

AV(Csg/DP) =
(
VPump Output m 3 / min ) = 1.651 (m / min) = 24 m/min
3

VAnn Csg/DP (m 3
/ m) 0.06927 (m / m )
3

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 EXAMPLES

Part VIII: Determine the hydrostatic pressure at the TD

P (bar ) = Mud Weight (kg/l )x TVD (m )

H
10.2

P H (bar )= 1.5 (kg/l ) x 3,400 (m ) = 500 bars

10.2

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 DENSITY INCREASE THROUGH ADDITIVES

Weight increase (specific weight d = 4.2)

(
W kg/m 3 (d 2 − d1 )
) = 4200 (4.2 - d )
2

with: W = weight of the barite to be added in kg/m3

d1 = mud initial denisty (specific weight)
d2 = desired mud density (specific weight)

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 DENSITY INCREASE THROUGH ADDITIVES

Weight increase using Calcium Carbonate

(
W M kg/m 3
) = 2650 (d 2 − d 1 )
(2.65 - d 2 )

with: W = weight of the calcium carbonate to be added in kg/m3

d1 = mud initial density (specific weight)
d2 = desired mud density (specific weight)

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 DENSITY REDUCTION THROUGH WATER OR OIL

Water needed to reduce density (density H2O d = 1)

(
VWater liters/m 3
) = 1000 x (d1 − d 2 )
(d 2 − 1)

with: VWater = water volume (litres) to be added at 1 m3 of mud

d1 = mud initial density (specific weight)
d2 = desired mud density (specific weight)

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 DENSITY REDUCTION THROUGH WATER OR OIL

Oil needed to reduce the density (oil density d = 0.85)

(
Voil liters/m 3
) = 1000 x (d 1 − d 2 )
(d 2 − 0 .85 )

with: VOil = oil volume (litres) to be added 1 m3 of mud

d1 = mud initial density (specific weight)
d2 = desired mud density (specific weight)

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 VOLUME INCREASE WITH ADDITIVES

Final volume after the addition of additives

V F (l ) = V I +
M a
d a

with: VF = final volume (litres)

VI = initial volume of 1,000 l (1 m3)
Ma = additives weight
da = additives specific weight

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 MIXING OF LIQUIDS WITH DIFFERENT DENSITY

Final volume after mixing

VA + VB = VF
(VA x dA)+ (VB x dB) = (VF x dF)

with: VA = fluid volume A (m3)

VB = fluid volume B (m3)
VF = final volume(m3)
dA = fluid density A (kg/l)
dB = fluid density B (kg/l)
dF = final density of the mixed fluids (kg/l)

Agip KCO Well Area Operations

ENGINEERING
Drilling Supervisors Training
Drilling Muds
Course CALCULATIONS-MAP-47
RPW2021A 47
 MUD REPORT

Agip KCO Well Area Operations

ENGINEERING
Drilling Supervisors Training
Drilling Muds
Course CALCULATIONS-MAP-48
RPW2021A 48
 MUD REPORT

Agip KCO Well Area Operations

ENGINEERING
Drilling Supervisors Training
Drilling Muds
Course CALCULATIONS-MAP-49
RPW2021A 49
 MUD REPORT

Agip KCO Well Area Operations

ENGINEERING
Drilling Supervisors Training
Drilling Muds
Course CALCULATIONS-MAP-50
RPW2021A 50
Agip KCO Well Area Operations
ENGINEERING
Drilling Supervisors Training
Drilling Muds
Course CALCULATIONS-MAP-51
RPW2021A 51