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Section 6.3 Filled Lecture Notes

Section 6.3 discusses orthogonal projections of a vector y onto a subspace W spanned by vectors u1 and u2. It introduces the concept of decomposing y into a projection ŷ in W and a vector z in the orthogonal complement W?. The Orthogonal Decomposition Theorem is presented, stating that any vector can be expressed as the sum of its projection onto a subspace and a vector orthogonal to that subspace.

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18 views6 pages

Section 6.3 Filled Lecture Notes

Section 6.3 discusses orthogonal projections of a vector y onto a subspace W spanned by vectors u1 and u2. It introduces the concept of decomposing y into a projection ŷ in W and a vector z in the orthogonal complement W?. The Orthogonal Decomposition Theorem is presented, stating that any vector can be expressed as the sum of its projection onto a subspace and a vector orthogonal to that subspace.

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shadowmei04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 6.

3: Orthogonal Projections

Ben Lantz

MATH 2210 Fall 2023


In section 6.2, we found the projection of a vector y onto a line spanned by a single vector.
Now, consider the projection of y onto a plane, W = Span{u1 , u2 }, denoted ŷ = projW y.

We build projW y by looking at the projections of y onto Span{u1 } and Span{u2 }.

Note that projW y = projL1 y + projL2 y where L1 and L2 are the spaces spanned by u1 and u2 respectively.
Definition. Let W be a subspace of a vector V , then W ? is the set of all vectors in V that are orthogonal to all vectors
in W .

In Section 6.2, we decomposed a vector y into a part (ŷ) in the span of a vector u and a part (z = y ŷ) that is
orthogonal to u.
Now we will generalize this idea.

We want to write y = ŷ + z where ŷ is the projection of y onto a subspace W and z is a vector in W ? .

Example 1. Let y 2 R5 where {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 , u5 } is an orthogonal basis for R5 and y = c1 u1 +c2 u2 +c3 u3 +c4 u4 +c5 u5 .
Write y = ŷ + z where ŷ is projW y where W = Span{u1 , u2 } and z 2 W ? .

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We don’t actually need an orthogonal basis for all of Rn to find this decomposition, we only need an orthogonal
basis for W .

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Theorem 1. Orthogonal Decomposition Theorem Let W be a subspace of Rn . Then each y 2 Rn can be written as

y = ŷ + z

where ŷ 2 W and z 2 W ? .
If {u1 , u2 , . . . , up } is an orthogonal basis for W , then

y · u1 y · u2 y · up
ŷ = projW y = u1 + u2 + · · · + up
u1 · u1 u2 · u2 up · up
= projL1 y + projL2 y + · · · + projLp y

and z = y ŷ.
where
Li span ui

Note If using an orthonormal basis

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Example 2. Let u1 = 6 5 7, u2 = 6 1 7 and y = 6 2 7. Note that {u1 , u2 } is an orthogonal basis for
4 5 4 5 4 5
1 1 3
W = Span{u1 , u2 }.
Write y as the sum of a vector in W and a vector in W ? .
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Properties of Orthogonal Projections

If y 2 W , then projW y = y.

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projW y is the closest vector to y in W . 7
W
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We say that profW y is the best approximation to y by elements in W .

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If {u1 , u2 , . . . , up } is an orthonormal basis for W , then projW y = U T U y where the columns of U are the orthonormal
basis vectors.

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