BBA VISION

“ম্যারাথন ক্লাস”

Business Math
(Final Suggestion)
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Number System

Problem – 01 [NU (Hons.) – 2013]

Find the square root of 7 – 30 √−𝟐.

Solution

7 - 30 √−2

= 7 – 30 √−1 × 2
 = 7 – 30 i √2

= 7 – i 30 √2

Let, √7 − 𝑖 30 √−2 = x + iy
2
 (√7 − 𝑖 30 √−2) = (x + iy)2

 7 – i 30 √2 = x2 + 2.x.iy + i2 y2
 7 – i 30 √2 = x2 – y2 + i2xy
Collecting real and imaginary part from both side

X2 – y2 = 7............ (i)

And i 2xy = – i 30 √2

 2xy = – 30 √2 ............ (ii)

We know, (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + 4x2y2

= 72 + ( – 30√2)2

= 49 + 900 × 2 = 1849

.ᱸ. x2 + y2 = √1849

x2 + y2 = 43.................... (iii)

From equation (1) and (iii) we get,

x2 – y2 = 7 x2 – y2 = 7

x2 + y2 = 43 x2 + y2 = 43

2x2 = 50 – 2y2 = – 36
 50 −36
 x2 =  y2 =
2 −2

 x2 = 25  y2 = 18
.ᱸ. x = ± 5 .ᱸ. y = ± 3√2

.ᱸ. Required square root ± (5 – i 3√2) Ans.

Problem – 02

Find the square root of 6 + 8√− 𝟏 .

Solution

6 + 8 √−1

= 6 + 8i

Let, √6 + 8𝑖 = x + iy
2
 (√6 + 8𝑖) = (x + iy)2
 6 + 8i = x2 + 2. x. iy + i2 y2
 6 + 8i = x2 – y2 + i2xy [i2 = – 1]
Equating real and imaginary part from both sides

x2 – y2 = 6............ (i)

And i 2xy = 8i

 2xy = 8 ............ (ii)

We know, (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + 4x2y2

= (x2 – y2)2 + (2xy)2

= (6)2 + (8)2
 = 36 + 64 = 100

.ᱸ. x2 + y2 = √100

x2 + y2 = 10.................... (iii)

From equation (i) and (iii) by adding and subtracting

x2 – y2 = 6 x2 – y2 = 6

x2 + y2 = 10 x2 + y2 = 10

2x2 = 16 – 2y2 = – 4
16 −4
 x2 =  y2 =
2 −2

 x2 = 8  y2 = 2
.ᱸ. x = ± √8 .ᱸ. y = ± √2

It is clear from equation (ii) that both a and b are positive, so sign of both be same.

.ᱸ. Required square root ± (√8 + i√2) Ans.

Problem – 03

Find the cube root of (a) – 1, (b) 64, (c) 1.

Solution
3
(a) Let, √−1 =x

3 3
 ( √−1) = x3
 – 1 = x3
 x3 + 1 = 0
 (x + 1) (x2 – x + 1) = 0
 Either, x + 1 = 0 or, x2 – x +1 = 0

Now, x + 1 = 0 then x = – 1

Again, x2 – x + 1 = 0 then

(1 ± √(−1)2 − 4.1.1) (− 𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4.𝑎.𝑐)

x= [x = ]
2.1 2𝑎

1 ± √1 − 4
x=
2
1 ± √− 3
x=
2

1 ± √𝑖 2 3
x=
2
1 ± 𝑖 √3
x=
2
1 + 𝑖 √3 1 − 𝑖 √3
x= ,
2 2
1 + 𝑖 √3 1 − 𝑖 √3
So, the three cubic root of – 1 is 1, ,
2 2

3
(b) Let, √64 =x

3 3
 ( √64) = x3
 x3 = 64
 x3 – 43 = 0
 (x – 4) (x2 + 4x + 16) = 0
Either, x – 4 = 0 or, x2 + 4x + 16 = 0

Now, x – 4 = 0 then x = 4

Again, x2 + 4x + 16 = 0 then

(− 4 ± √(4)2 − 4.1.16) (− 𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4.𝑎.𝑐)

x= [x = ]
2.1 2𝑎
 − 4 ± √16 − 64
x=
2
− 4 ± √− 48
x=
2

− 4 ± √𝑖 2 16 × 3
x=
2
− 4 ± 𝑖 4 √3
x=
2
2 (− 2 ± 𝑖 2√3)
x= ,
2

 x = (− 2 + 𝑖 2√3), (− 2 − 𝑖 2√3)
So, the three cubic root of 64 is 4, (− 2 + 𝑖 2√3), (− 2 − 𝑖 2√3)

Problem – 04

(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝟑
Express in the from A + iB of
𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊

Solution

(1 + 𝑖)3
=
4 + 3𝑖

(13 + 3.12 .𝑖 + 3.1.𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 ) (4 − 3𝑖)

= (4 + 3𝑖) (4 − 3𝑖)

(13 + 3𝑖 + 3𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 ) (4 − 3𝑖)
= (4 + 3𝑖) (4 − 3𝑖)

(13 + 3𝑖 + 3(− 1) + 𝑖 2 ×𝑖) × (4 − 3𝑖)

= (4 2 + (3𝑖)2 )

(1 + 3𝑖 − 3 + (− 1) × 𝑖) × (4 − 3𝑖)
=
16 − 9 (−1)

(1 + 3𝑖 − 3 − 𝑖) × (4 − 3𝑖)
=
16 + 9

(−2 + 2𝑖) × (4 − 3𝑖)

=
16 + 9
 − 8 + 6𝑖 + 8𝑖 − 6𝑖 2
=
25

− 2 + 14𝑖
=
25

−2 14
= +i Ans.
25 25

Which is of the form (A + iB)

Problem – 05

𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊
Simplify + and prove that it is rational number.
𝟐 − 𝟓𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒊

Solution

3 + 2𝑖 3 − 2𝑖
Given Expression +
2 − 5𝑖 2 + 5𝑖

(3 + 2𝑖) (2 + 5𝑖) + (3 − 2𝑖) (2 − 5𝑖)

= (2 − 5𝑖) (2 + 5𝑖)

6 + 15𝑖 + 4𝑖 + 10𝑖 2 + 6 − 15𝑖 − 4𝑖 + 10𝑖 2

=
4 + 10𝑖 − 10𝑖 − 25𝑖 2

12 + 20𝑖 2
=
4 − 25𝑖 2

12 + 20 (− 1)
=
4 − 25 (− 1)

12 − 20
=
4 + 25

−8
= Ans.
29

Problem – 06

Express in the form (A + iB) of the following.

 √𝟓 − 𝒊√𝟑
𝟑√𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑

(√5 − 𝑖 √3) (3√2 + 𝑖√3)

=
(3√2 − 𝑖√3) (3√2 + 𝑖√3)

3√10 + 𝑖√15 − 𝑖3√6 − 𝑖 2 3

= 2 2
(3√2) − (𝑖√3)

3√10 + 𝑖(√15 − 3√6) − 𝑖 2 3

=
18 − 𝑖 2 3

3√10 + 𝑖(√15 − 3√6) − (− 1) 3

=
18 − (− 1) 3

3√10 + 3 + 𝑖(√15 − 3√6)

=
21

3(√10 + 1) √15 − 3√6

= +i
21 21

√10 + 1 √15 − 3√6

= +i
7 21

√10 + 1 𝑖
= + (√15 − 3√6)
7 21

Which is A + iB form Ans.

Problem – 07

𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊
Find the absolute value of
𝟓 − 𝟑𝒊

Solution

3 + 2𝑖
Given Expression,
5 − 3𝑖

(3 + 2𝑖)(5 + 3𝑖)
=
(5 − 3𝑖)(5 + 3𝑖)
 (15 + 9𝑖 + 10𝑖 + 6𝑖 2 )
=
52 − (3𝑖)2
15 + 19𝑖 − 6
=
25 − 9 (− 1)
15 +19𝑖 − 6
=
25 + 9
9 + 19𝑖
=
34
9 19
= +i
34 34

9 19𝑖
Let, Z = +
34 34

3 + 2𝑖
The absolute value of = |𝑍|
5 − 3𝑖

9 19
.ᱸ. |𝑍| =| + |
34 34

9 2 19 2
= √( ) + ( )
34 34

81 361
=√ +
1156 1156

442
=√
1156

13
=√ Ans.
34

Theory of Set
সূত্রঃ

n(A  B)=Total/How many

n(A  B)=Both
n  A  B  =Neither……Nor

n(A  B  C)= Servey correct or false / Total / How many

1. n(A  B)= n(A)+n(B)-n(A  B)

2. n(A  B)= n(A)+n(B)-n(A  B)
3.  A  B  = n(U) – n(A  B)
4. n(A  B  C)= n(A)+n(B)+n(C)-n(A  B)- n(A  C)- n(B  C)+n(A  B  C)

U= Universal

= Union

= Intersection

A = Prime

 /  = Null

Problem – 01 In an examination 56% failed in English and 37% failed in

mathematics. If only 17% failed in both the subjects, How many of them
passed in the both subjects. Determine the percentage using vein diagram.

Let, the number of students who failed in English = A

The number of students who failed in Mathematics = B

Here,

n(A) =56%

n(B) =37%
 n(A  B)=17%

n(U)=100%

n  A  B  =?

We know,

n  A  B  =n(U) - n(A  B)

= n(U) - n( A)  n( B)  n( A  B)

= n(U) - 56%  37%  17%

= 100%-76%

= 24%

So, there are 24% students who passed in the both subjects.

Problem – 02

A town has a total population of 50,000. Out of it 28,00 read patriot and
23,000 read Daily Times while 4,000 read both the papers. Indicate how many
read neither patriot nor Daily Times?

Let, the number of people who read patriot = A

The number of people who read Daily Times = B

Here,

n(U) =50,000

n(A) =28,000
 n(B) =23,000

n(A  B)=4,000

n  A  B  =?

We know,

n  A  B  =n(U) - n(A  B)

= n(U) - n( A)  n( B)  n( A  B)

= n(U) - 28,000  23,000  4,000

= 50,000-47,000

= 3,000

So, there are 3,000 people who read neither patriot nor Daily times.

Problem – 03

In a class of 25 students, 12 students have taken economics 8 have taken

economics but not politics.Find the number of students-

(i) Who have taken economics and politics;

(ii) Who have taken politics but not economics;

Let, the number of students who have taken Economics = A

The number of students who have taken Politics= B

Here,

n(U) =25
 n(A) =12

n( A  B) =8

i) We know,
n( A  B) =n(A)-n ( A B)
 8  12  n( A  B)
 n( A  B)  12  8
 n( A  B )  4

So, there are 4 students who have taken economics and politics.

ii) We know,
n( A  B) =n(B)-n ( A B)
= 17-4
=13

n(A  B)= n(A) + n(B) - n(A  B)

 25 = 12 + n(B) - 4

 25 - 8 = n(B)

 n(B) =17

So, there are 13 students who have taken politics but not Economics.

Problem – 04

A company studies the product preferences of 20,000 consumers, It was found

that each of the products A, B,C was liked by 7020, 6230, 5980 respectively,
and all the products were liked by 1500; products A and B were liked by 2580,
products A and C were liked by 1200, and products B and C liked by 1950.
Prove that the survey result are not correct.

Let, the number of consumers who like the product A = A

The number of consumer who like the product B = B

The number of consumer who like the product C = C

Here,

n(A) =7020

n(B) =6230

n(C) =5980

n(A  B)=2580

n(A  C)=1200

n(B  C)=1950

n(A  B  C)=1500

n(A  B  C)=?

We know,

n(A  B  C)= n(A)+n(B)+n(C)-n(A  B)- n(A  C)- n(B  C)+n(A  B  C)

= 7020+6230+5980-2580-1200-1950+1500

= 20730-5730
 = 15000

 n(U )  n( A  B  C)

So, the survey result are not connect.

Problem – 05

In a city three type of newspaper X, Y and Z are published. Of the citizens

65% read newspaper `X`, 54% read `Y`and 45% read `Z`, 38% read `X` and
`Y`, 32% read `Y` and `Z`, 28% read `X` and `Z` and 12% don’t read any of
them. If 10,00,000 people live in that city then find the number of people who
read the above three newspaper.

Let,

The number of people who read newspaper “X” = A

The number of people who read newspaper “Y” = B

The number of people who read newspaper “Z” = c

Here,

n (A) = 65%, n (B) = 54%, n (C) = 45%, n (AՈB) = 38%, n (AՈC) =

32%, n (BՈC) = 28%,

n (AՍBՍC) = 12%, n (U) = 10,00,000, n (AՈBՈC) = ?

We know,

n (AՍBՍC)’ = n (U) – n (AՍBՍC)

 12% = n (U) – {n (A) + n (B) + n (C) – n (AՈB) – n (AՈC) – n (BՈC) + n

(AՈBՈC)}
  12% = n (U) – {65% + 54% + 45% – 38% – 32% – 28% + n (AՈBՈC)}
 12% = 100% – {164% – 98% + n (AՈBՈC)}
 12% = 100% – {64% + n (AՈBՈC)}
 12% = 100% – 64% – n (AՈBՈC)
 12% = 34% – n (AՈBՈC)
 12% – 34% = – n (AՈBՈC)
 – 22% = – n (AՈBՈC)
 n (AՈBՈC) = 22%
 n (AՈBՈC) = 10,00,000 × 22% = 2,20,000
 n (AՈBՈC) = 2,20,000
So, there are 2,20,000 people who read the above three newspapers.

Problem – 06

Suppose that in a survey concerning the reading habits of students it is found

that 60% read magazine A, 50% read magazine B, 50% read magazine C,
30% read A and B; 20% read B and C; 30% read A and C; 10% read all the
three magazines. Find

a) What percent do not read any of the three magazine?

b) What percent read only B and C?
c) What percent read only two magazines?
d) What percent read exactly one magazines?

Let,

The number of students who read Magazine ‘A’ = A

The number of students who read Magazine ‘B’ = B

The number of students who read Magazine ‘C’ = C

Here,

n (U) = 100%, n (A) = 60% n (B) = 50% n (C) = 50% n (AՈB)

= 30% n (AՈC) = 30%

n (BՈC) = 20% n (AՈBՈC) = 10%

a) We know,
n (AՍBՍC)’ = n (U) – n (AUBUC)

= 100% – {n (A) + n (B) + n (C) – n (AՈB) – n (AՈC) – n (BՈC) + n (AՈBՈC)}

= 100% – {60% + 50% + 50% – 30% – 30% – 20% + 10%}

= 100% – {170% – 80%}

= 100% – 90%

= 10%

So, there are 10% students who do not read any of the three magazines.

b) We know,
n (A’ՈBՈC) = n (BՈC) – n (AՈBՈC)

= 20% – 10%

= 10%

So, there are 10% students who read only B and C.

c) We know,
n (A’ՈBՈC) + n (AՈB’ՈC) + n (AՈBՈC’)

= {n (BՈC) – n (AՈBՈC)} + {n (AՈC) – n (AՈBՈC)} + {n (AՈB) – n (AՈBՈC)}

 = {20% – 10%} + {30% – 10%} + {30% – 10%}

= 10% + 20% + 20%

= 50%

So, there are 10% students who read only two magazines.

d) We know,
n (AՈB’ՈC’) + n (A’ՈBՈC’) + n (A’ՈB’ՈC)

= {n (A) – n (AՈB) – n (AՈC) + n (AՈBՈC)} + {n (B) – n (AՈC) – n (BՈC) + n

(AՈBՈC)} + {n (C) – n (CՈA) – n (CՈB) + n (AՈBՈC)}

= {60% – 30% – 30% + 10%} + {50% – 30% – 20% + 10%} + {50% – 30% – 20%
+ 10%}

= {70% – 60%} + {60% – 50%} + {60% – 50%}

= 10% + 10% + 10%

= 30%

So, there are 30% students read exactly one magazine.

Problem – 07

Out of 880 boys in a school, 224 played cricket, 240 played hockey and 336
played basket ball and 40 played cricket and hockey, 24 played all the three
games. Find

a) How many boys did not play any games ?

b) How many played only one game ?
c) How many boys played hockey and cricket but not basket ball ?
 d) How many boys played only two games ?
e) How many many played only cricket ?

Let,

The number of boys who played Cricket = A

The number of boys who played Hockey = B

The number of boys who played Basket Ball = C

Here,

n (A) = 224 n (B) = 240 n (C) = 336 n (AՈB) = 40 n (AՈC) = 35

n (BՈC) = 30

n (AՈBՈC) = 24 n (U) = 880

a) We know,
n (AՍBՍC)’ = n (U) – n (AUBUC)

= n (U) – {n (A) + n (B) + n (C) – n (AՈB) – n (AՈC) – n (BՈC) + n

(AՈBՈC)}
= 880 – {224 + 240 + 336 – 40 – 35 – 30 + 24}
= 880 – {824 – 105}
= 880 – 719

= 161

So, there are 161 boys who did not play any games.

b) We know,
n (AՈB’ՈC’) + n (A’ՈBՈC’) + n (A’ՈB’ՈC)
 = {n (A) – n (AՈB) – n (AՈC) + n (AՈBՈC)} + {n (B) – n (AՈC) – n (BՈC) + n
(AՈBՈC)} + {n (C) –

n (CՈA) – n (CՈB) + n (AՈBՈC)}

= {224 – 40 – 35 + 24} + {240 – 40 – 30 + 24} + {336 – 35 – 30 + 24}

= {248 – 75} + {264 – 70} + {360 – 65}

= 173 + 194 + 295

= 662

So, there are 662 boys played only one game.

c) We know,
n (AՈBՈC’) = n (AՈB) – n (AՈBՈC)

= 40 – 24

= 16

So, there are 16 boys played Hockey and Cricket but not Basketball.

d) We know,
n (A’ՈBՈC) + n (AՈB’ՈC) + n (AՈBՈC’)

= {n (BՈC) – n (AՈBՈC)} + {n (AՈC) – n (AՈBՈC)} + {n (AՈB) – n (AՈBՈC)}

= {30 – 24} + {35 – 24} + {40 – 24}

= 6 + 11 + 16

= 33

So, there are 33 boys played only two games.

e) We know,
 n (AՈB’ՈC’)
= {n (A) – n (AՈB) – n (AՈC) + n (AՈBՈC)}
= {224 – 40 – 35 + 24}
= {248 – 75}
= 173

So, there are 173 boys played only Cricket.

Problem – 08

Prove that, (AUB)’ = A’ՈB’

For proving the above law, we have to prove the following two result –

a) (AUB)’ ⊆ A’ՈB’
b) A’ՈB’ ⊆ (AUB)’
a) Let,
X be any element of the set (AUB)’
So, X ∈ (AUB)’
 X ∉ (AUB)
 X ∉ A and X ∉ B
 X ∈ A’ and X ∈ B’
.ᱸ. X ∈ A’ՈB’

.ᱸ. (AUB)’ ⊆ A’ՈB’

b) ‘Y’ be any element of the set A’ՈB’
So, Y ∈ A’ՈB’
 Y ∈ A’ and Y ∈ B’
  Y ∉ A and Y ∉ B
 Y ∉ (AUB)
 Y ∈ (AUB)’
.ᱸ. A’ՈB’ ⊆ (AUB)’

So, by the definition of equality of set theory (AUB)’ = A’ՈB’ (Proved)

Matrix & Determinate

Problem – 01
𝟗 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
If A = [ ], B =[ ] then, determine x, when 3A + 5B + 2X = 0
𝟒 𝟑 𝟕 𝟏𝟐

Solution
3A + 5B + 2X = 0

1
= X = − [3A + 5B]
2

1 9 1 1 5
= − [3[ ] + 5[ ]]
2 4 3 7 12

1 27 3 5 25
= − [[ ]+[ ]]
2 12 9 35 60

1 27 + 5 3 + 25
= − [[ ]]
2 12 + 35 9 + 60
 1 32 28
= − [[ ]]
2 47 69

32 −28
2 2
= [−47 −69 ]
2 2

−16 −14
= [ −47 −69 ] (Ans.)
2 2

Problem – 02
2 −3 1 3 −2 4
If A = ( ) and B = ( ) Show that (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 =𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
4 2 3 1 3 −5

Solution

2+3 (−3) + (−2) 1+4 5 −5 5

A+B = ( ) =( )
4+1 2+3 3 + (−5) 5 5 −2

5 5
𝑇
‫ 𝐴(؞‬+ 𝐵) = (−5 5) [Transpose of A + B]……………….(i)
5 −2

2 4 3 1
𝑇 𝑇
Now, 𝐴 = (−3 2) and 𝐵 = (−2 3)
1 3 4 −5

2+3 4+1 5 5
𝑇 𝑇 ( )
‫ 𝐴؞‬+ 𝐵 = ( −3 + (−2) 2 + 3 ) = (−5 5) …………….(ii)
1+4 3 + (−5) 5 −2

Hence from (i) and (ii) we get

(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 (Showed)

Problem – 03
2 5 1 −1
(i) If A = ( ) and B = ( ) then, determine AB and BA, show
1 3 −3 2
that AB ≠ BA.

−2 3 −1 1 3
(ii) If A = [−1 2 −1] B =[2 2] then, determine AB and BA.
−6 9 −4 3 0

Solution

2 5 1 −1
(i) AB = ( )×( )
1 3 −3 2

2 × 1 + 5 × (−3) 2 × (−1) + 5 × 2
=( )
1 × 1 + 3 × (−3) 1 × (−1) + 3 × 2

2 − 15 −2 + 10
=( )
1−9 −1 + 6

−13 8
=( ) Ans.
−8 5

1 −1 2 5
BA = ( ) ×( )
−3 2 1 3

1 × 2 + (−1) × 1 1 × 5 + (−1) × 3
=( )
(−3) × 2 + 2 × 1 (−3) × 5 + 2 × 3

2−1 5−3
=( )
−6 + 2 −15 + 6

1 2
=( ) Ans.
−4 −9
 −13 8 1 2
So, we can write ( )≠( )
−8 5 −4 −9

‫ ؞‬AB ≠ BA. (showed).

−2 3 −1 1 3
(ii) AB = [−1 2 −1] × [2 2]
−6 9 −4 3 0
=
(−2) × 1 + 3 × 2 + (−1) × 3 (−2) × 3 + 3 × 2 + (−1) × 0
[(−1) × 1 + 2 × 2 + (−1) × 3 (−1) × 3 + 2 × 2 + (−1) × 0]
(−6) × 1 + 9 × 2 + (−4) × 3 (−6) × 3 + 9 × 2 + (−4) × 0

−2 + 6 − 3 −6 + 6 − 0
= [ −1 + 4 − 3 −3 + 4 − 0 ]
−6 + 18 − 12 −18 + 18 − 0

1 0
= [0 1] (Ans.)
0 0

1 3 −2 3 −1
BA = [2 2] × [−1 2 −1]
3 0 −6 9 −4

[It is impossible to calculate BA. Because in case of multiplication matrix it must be obey the
rule that the No. of column in 1st matrix to be equal to the No. of raw in the 2nd matrix. Here,
this rule does not exist. So, calculation of BA is not possible.]

Problem – 04
2 0 2
2
If ƒ(x) = 𝑥 – 5x +4 and B = [0 −1 1], then determine the value of ƒ(B).
1 0 0
Solution
Given that,
ƒ(x) = 𝑥 2 – 5x +4
→ ƒ(B) = 𝐵2 – 5B +4I …………..(i) [Putting x = B]

1 0 0 4 0 0
I = [0 1 0] ‫؞‬4I = [0 4 0]
0 0 1 0 0 4

2 0 2 2 0 2
2
𝐵 = [0 −1 1] × [0 −1 1]
1 0 0 1 0 0

2×2+0×0+2×1 2 × 0 + 0 × (−1) + 2 × 0 2×2+0×1+2×0

= [0 × 2 + (−1) × 0 + 1 × 1 0 × 0 + (−1) × (−1) + 1 × 0 0 × 2 + (−1) × 1 + 1 × 0]
1×2+0×0+0×1 1 × 0 + 0 × (−1) + 0 × 0 1×2+0×1+0×0

4+0+2 0−0+0 4+0+0

= [0 − 0 + 1 0+1+0 0 − 1 + 0]
2+0+0 0−0+0 2+0+0

6 0 4
= [1 1 −1]
2 0 2

2 0 2
5B = 5[0 −1 1]
1 0 0

10 0 10
=[0 −5 5]
5 0 0
From (i) we get,

ƒ(B) = 𝐵2 – 5B +4I

6 0 4 10 0 10 4 0 0
= [1 1 −1] − [ 0 −5 5 ] + [0 4 0]
2 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 4

6 − 10 + 4 0 − 0 + 0 4 − 10 + 0
=[1−0+0 1+5+4 −1 + 5 + 0]
2+5+0 0−0+0 2−0+4
0 0 −6
= [ 1 10 4 ] (Ans.)
−3 0 6

Problem – 05
4 1 2
If matrix A = [3 0 3 ], Find out the rank of matrix A.
2 1 −4

Solution
4 1 2
Given that, A = [3 0 3]
2 1 −4

4 1 2
‫ ؞‬ӏAӏ = |3 0 3|
2 1 −4

0 3 3 3 3 0
= 4| | - 1| |+2| |
1 −4 2 −4 2 1
= 4(0-3) – 1 (-12-6) + 2 (3-0)

= – 12 + 18 + 6

= 12

Since ӏAӏ = 12 ≠ 0 [Order of matrix A = 3×3]

So, the rank of matrix A is 3.

Problem – 06
Solve the equation
X + 2y – z = 5
3x – y + 2z = 9
5x + 3y + 4z = 15

Solution
Step – 1
We can arrange the above equation into matrix form:
1 2 −1 𝑥 5
[3 −1 2 ] × [𝑦 ] =[9]
5 3 4 𝑧 15

Step – 2
Let, Co-efficient Matrix = A
Variable Matrix = X
Constant Matrix = C
‫ ؞‬We can write the above relation as follows,
AX = C

→ X = 𝐴𝐶

→ X = 𝐴−1C

Step – 3
Determination of 𝐴−1

1 2 −1
ӏAӏ = |3 −1 2 |
5 3 4

= 1(-4-6) -2 (12 – 10) + (-1) (9+5)

= -10 – (2×2) – (1×14)

= -10-4-14

= -28

Step – 4
Co-factor matrix of –
(−4 − 6) −(12 − 10) +(9 + 5)
A = [−(8 + 3) +(4 + 5) −(3 − 10)]
(4 − 1) −(2 + 3) (−1 − 6)
 −10 −2 +14
= [−11+9 7 ]
3 −5 −7

Step – 5
Adjoint matrix of A

−10 −2 +14 𝑇
= [−11 +9 7 ]
3 −5 −7

−10 −11 3
= [ −2 +9 −5]
+14 7 −7

Step – 6
𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡|𝐴|𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

−10 −11 3
1
= −28 [ −2 +9 −5]
+14 7 −7

−10 −11 3
−28 −28 −28
−2 +9 −5
= −28 −28 −28
+14 7 −7
[−28 −28 −28]

5 11 3
14 28 −28
1 9 5
= 14 28 28
1 1 1
[− 2 −4 4 ]

Step – 7
X = 𝐴−1 × C
 5 11 3
14 28 −28
1 9 5 5
X= 14 28 28
×[ 9 ]
1 1 1 15
[− 2 −4 4 ]

25 99 45
+ +
14 28 −28
5 81 75
= 14
−
28
+
28
5 9 15
[− 2 + −4
+
4 ]

50+99−45
28
10−81+75
= 28
−10−9+15
[ 28 ]

104
26
28
4 𝑋 7
X= 28
= [𝑌 ] = [ 1 ]
−4 𝑍 7
[ 4 ] −1

26 1
‫ ؞‬X = 7 ; Y = 7; Z= -1 (Ans.)

Problem – 07
1 1 1
Find the value of the determinant |𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑧2|
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3

Solution
1 1 1
2
Here, | 𝑥 𝑦2 𝑧2|
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3
 0 0 1
= 2
|𝑥 − 𝑦
2
𝑦 − 𝑧2
2
𝑧2| (By applying c’ 1  c1 – c2. c'2  c2 – c3)
𝑥 − 𝑦3
3
𝑦3 − 𝑧3 𝑧3
2 2
𝑦2 − 𝑧2
= |𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑦
− 𝑦3 𝑦3 − 𝑧3
|

(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) (𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑦 + 𝑧)
= |(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) (𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧 2 )
|

𝑥+𝑦 𝑦+𝑧
= (x – y) (y – z) |
(𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ) (𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧 2 )
2 2 2 |

= (x – y) (y – z) {(x + y) (y2 + yz + z2) – (y + z) (x2 + xy + y2}

= (x – y) (y – z) (xy2 + xyz + z2x + y3 + y2z + yz2 – x2y – xy2 – y3 – zx2 – xyz – y2z)
= (x – y) (y – z) (z2x + yz2 – x2y – zx2)
= (x – y) (y – z) (z2x – zx2 + yz2 – x2y)
= (x – y) (y – z) {zx (z – x) + y (z2 – x2)}
= (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) {zx + y (z + y)}
= (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (zx + yz + xy)
= (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (xy + yz + zx) Ans.

Problem –08
𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
Show that | 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑏| =0
𝑐−𝑎 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐

Solution
𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
L.H.S = |𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑏|
𝑐−𝑎 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
𝑎−𝑏+𝑏−𝑐+𝑐−𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
= |𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑏| c’1 = c1 + c2 + c3
𝑐−𝑎+𝑎−𝑏+𝑏−𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
0 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
= |0 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑏| = 0 (Shown)
0 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
Problem – 09
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟏 −𝟐
If A = [𝟑 𝟐], B = [ 𝟎 𝟓 ] Determine the matrix ‘x’. Where (i) A + B – x = 0, (ii) A – B + x = 0, (iii) 2A + B –
𝟐 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏
x = 0.

Solution
1 4 −1 −2
Given That, A = [3 2], B=[ 0 5]
2 5 3 1

(i) A+B–x=0

or, A+B=x

or, x=A+B

1 4 −1 −2
or, x = [3 2] +[ 0 5]
2 5 3 1

1 −14 −2
or, x = [3 + 0 2 + 5]
2 + 3 5 +1

0 2
So, x = [3 7] Ans.
5 6

(ii) A–B+x=0

or, x=B–A

−1 −2 1 4 −1 −1 −2 −4
or, x=[ 0 5] - [3 2] =[0 −3 5 −2]
3 1 2 5 3 −2 1 −5
 −2 −6
So, x = [−3 3] Ans.
1 −4

(iii) 2A + B – x = 0

or, 2A + B = x

or, x = 2A + B

1 4 −1 −2
or, x = 2 [3 2] +[ 0 5]
2 5 3 1

2 8 −1 −2
or, x = [6 4] +[ 0 5]
4 10 3 1

2 −1 8 −2
or, x = [6 + 0 4 + 5]
4 + 3 10 + 1

1 6
so, x = [6 9] Ans.
7 11

Problem – 10
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟔 𝟐 𝟕
If A = [ 𝟒 𝟐 𝟎], B = [𝟖 𝟎 𝟗 ], Determine the matrix ‘x’ where (i) 2A + 3x =
−𝟐 𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟓
5B, (ii) 2x – 3B = A.

Solution
2 −1 3 6 2 7
Given That, A = [ 4 2 0], B = [8 0 9]
−2 7 3 3 1 −5
 (i) 2A + 3x = 5B

or, 3x = 5B – 2A

6 2 7 2 −1 3 30 10 35 4
−2 6
= 5 [8 0 9] –2[4 2 0] = [40 0 45 ] –[8 4 0]
3 1 −5 −2 7 3 15 5 −25 −4 14 6

30 − 4 10 + 2 35 − 6 26 12 29
= [40 − 8 0−4 45 − 0 ] = [32 −4 45 ]
15 + 4 5 − 14 −25 − 6 19 −9 −31

1 26 12 29
so, x = 3 [32 −4 45 ] Ans.
19 −9 −31

(ii) 2x – 3B = A
2 −1 3 6 2 7
or, 2x = A + 3B =[4 2 0] + 3 [8 0 9]
−2 7 3 3 1 −5

2 −1 3 18 6 21 2 + 18 −1 + 6 3 + 21
=[4 2 0] + [24 0 27 ] = [ 4 + 242 + 0 0 + 27]
−2 7 3 9 3 −15 −2 + 9 7 + 3 3 − 15

20 5 24
= [28 2 27 ]
7 10 −12

1 20 5 24
so, x = 2 [28 2 27 ] Ans.
7 10 −12

Problem – 11
If A + B = [𝟒𝟑 𝟖
𝟎
] and A – B = [𝟑𝟒 𝟓
𝟐
], Determine A and B.
Solution
Given that,
A + B = [43 8
0
]

A – B = [34 5
2
]

Now, adding the equation (i) and (ii) we get,

A + B + A – B = [43 8
0
] + [34 5
2
]

or, 2A = [43 +
+4
3 8+5
0+2
]

or, 2A = [77 13
2
]

1
so, A = 2 [77 13
2
]

Again, subtracting the equation () from () we get,

A + B – A + B = [43 8
0
] – [34 5
2
]

or, 2B = [43 −
−4
3 8−5
0−2
]

1 3
or, 2B = [−1 −2
]
 1 3
so, B = 12 [−1 −2
]

1 1
So, Required A = 2 [77 13
2
]
1
and B = 2 [−1 3
−2
] (Ans.)

Problem – 12
(i) If A = [𝟏𝟑 −𝟒
𝟐
], determine 𝑨𝟐 and show that it satisfies 𝒙𝟐 + 3x – 10 =
0; Where I = [𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟏]

(ii) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 – 5x + 6; find 𝒇(𝑨), when A = [𝟏𝟒 𝟐

𝟑
]

Solution
(i) Given that, A = [13 2
−4
]

𝐴2 = A . A = [13 2 1 2
][
−4 3 −4
]

= [31−+12
6 2−8
6 + 16
]
7
= [−9 −6
22
] Ans.

2nd part : Let, ∫(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3x – 10 = 0

or, ∫(𝐴) = 𝐴2 + 3A – 10 = 0

i.e., 𝐴2 + 3A – 10I = 0

Now, 𝐴2 + 3A – 10I
 7 −6
= [−9 22
] + 3[13 2
−4
] – 10[10 0
1
]

7 −6
= [−9 22
] + [39 6
−12
] – [10
0
0
10
]

7+3 −6 + 6
= [−9 +9 22 − 12
] – [10
0
0
10
]

= [10
0
0
10
] – [10
0
0
10
] =0

∴ 𝑨𝟐 + 3A – 10I = 0 i.e., given matrix satisfies.

(ii) Since

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 – 5x + 6

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 – 5x + 6I

22
= [14 3
] – 5[14 2
3
] + 6[10 0
1
]

= [14 2 1
][
3 4
2
3
] – 5[14 2
3
] + 6[10 0
1
]

= [41++12
8 2+6
8+9
]
5
– [20 10
15
] + [60 0
6
]

9 8
= [16 17
]
5
– [20 10
15
] + [60 0
6
]

= [169 − 5
− 20
8 − 10
17 − 15
] + [60 0
6
]
 4 −2
= [−4 2
] + [60 0
6
]

4+6 −2 + 0
= [−4 +0 2+6
]

10 −2
= [−4 8
] Ans.

Problem – 13
If A = [𝟏𝟒 𝟐
𝟑
] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐁 = [
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟎
], prove that (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝟐 ≠ (𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝟐)

Solution
Given That, A = [14 2
3
] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 B = [
1
2
1
0
]

∴ A + B = [14 2
3
] + [12 1
0
] = [14 +
+2
1 2+1
3+0
] = [26 3
3
]

4 + 18 6+9
∴ (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = [26 3 2 3
][
3 6 3
] = [12 + 18 18 + 9
] = [22
30
15
27
]

Again, 𝐴2 = [14 2 1 2
][
3 4 3
] = [41++12
8 2+6
8+9
]
9
= [16 8
17
]

𝐵2 = [12 1 1 1
][
0 2 0
] = [12 +
+0
2 1+0
2+0
] = [32 1
2
]

2AB = 2[14 2 1
][
3 2
1
0
]
5
= 2[10 1
4
] = [10
20
2
8
]

9 8
∴ 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 = [16 17
] + [10
20
2
8
] + [32 1
2
] = [22
38
11
27
]
∴ (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝟐 ≠ (𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝟐 ) (Proved).

Problem –14
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐
If x = [𝟐 𝟐 𝟒] and 𝒇(𝑨) = 𝑨𝟐 – 3A + 2I, Show that 𝒇(𝒙) = 0.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐

Solution
1 0 −2
Given That, x = [2 2 4] and
0 0 2

𝑓(𝐴) = 𝐴2 – 3A + 2I
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 – 3x + 2I

1 0 −2 1 0 −2 1 0 −2
= [2 2 4 ] [2 2 4 ] – 3[2 2 4] + 2I
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2

1+0+0 0+0+0 −2 + 0 − 4 3 0 −6
= [2 + 4 + 0
0+4+0 −4 + 8 + 8] - [6 6 12 ] +2I
0+0+0 0+0+0 0+0+4 0 0 6

1 0 −6 3 0 −6
= [6 4 12 ] - [6 6 12 ] + 2I
0 0 4 0 0 6

1−3 0−0 −6 + 6 1 0 0
= [6 − 6
4−6 12 − 12] + 2[0 1 0]
0−0 0−0 4−6 0 0 1

−2 0 0 2 0 0 −2 + 2 0−0 −6 + 6 0 0 0
=[0 −2 0 ] + [0 2 0] = [ 0+0 −2 + 2 0−0 ] = [00 0]
0 0 −2 0 0 2 0+0 0−0 −2 + 2 0 0 0
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = 0 (Proved).

Problem – 15
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
If A = [ 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏] then find the value of 𝑨𝟐 – 3A + 9𝑰𝟑.
−𝟑 𝟏 𝟐

Solution
1 −2 3
Given That, A = [ 2 3 −1]
−3 1 2

1 −2 3 1−2 3
𝐴2 =A×A =[2 3 −1] ×[2 3 −1]
−3 1 2 −3 1 2

1−4−9 −2 − 6 + 3 3+2+6 −12 −5 11

= [ 2+6+3 −4 + 9 − 1 6−3−2 ] = [ 11 4 1]
−3 + 2 − 6 6 + 3 + 2 −9 − 1 + 4 −7 11 −6

−12 −5 11
∴ 𝐴2 = [ 11 4 1]
−7 11 −6

Now,
𝐴2 – 3A + 9𝐼3

−12 −5 11 1 −2 3 1 0 0
= [ 11 4 1] – 3[ 2 3 −1] + 9[0 1 0]
−7 11 −6 −3 1 2 0 0 1

−12 −5 11 3 −6 9 9 0 0
= [ 11 4 1] –[6 9 −3] + [0 9 0]
−7 11 −6 −9 3 6 0 0 9

−12 − 3 −5 + 6 11 − 9 9 0 0
= [ 11 − 6 4−9 1+3 ] + [09 0]
−7 + 9 11 − 3 −6 − 6 0 0 9
 −15 1 2 9 0 0
=[ 5 −5 4 ] + [09 0]
2 8 −12 0 0 9

−15 + 9 1 + 0 2+0 −6 1 2
=[ 5+0 −5 + 9 4+0 ] =[5 4 4] Ans.
2+0 8+0 −12 + 9 2 8 −3

Problem – 16
𝟏 −𝟏
If A = [−𝟏 𝟏
] then prove that 𝑨𝟐 = 2A.

Solution
1 −1
Given that, A = [−1 1
]

1 −1 1 −1 1+1 −1 − 1 2 −2
∴ 𝐴2 = [−1 ][
1 −1 1
] = [−1 −1 1+1
] = [−2 2
]

1 −1 2 −2
And 2A = 2 [−1 1
] = [−2 2
]

∴ 𝑨𝟐 = 2A (Proved).

Problem – 17
(a) x+y+z=6
5x-y+2z=9
3x+6y-5Z=0
1 1 1  x  6 
[5 −1 2 ]  y  = 9
3 6 −5  z  0
Let,
1 1 1  x 6 
A=[5 −1 2 ] B=  y  C= 9
 

3 6 −5  z  0
 Now, A× B=C
𝐶
 B=
𝐴
 B=C×𝐴−1
1
 𝐴−1 = × (Adjoint of A)
A
−1 2 5 2 5 −1
A = +1[ ] -1[ ] +[ ]
6 −5 3 −5 3 6
=1(5-12)-1(-25-6)+1(30+3)
=5-12+25+6+30+3
=57
Adjoint of A=(𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)𝑇
Co-factor
−1 2 5 2 5 −1
=[ ]-[ ]+[ ]
6 −5 3 −5 3 6

1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ ] +[ ]-[ ]
6 −5 3 −5 3 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= +[ ]-[ ] +[ ]
−1 2 5 2 5 −1

 (5  12)  (25  6)  (30  3)

= 
  ( 5  6)  ( 5  3)  ( 6  3) 
  (2  1)  (2  5)  (1  5) 

(𝐶𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)𝑇
−7 31 33 −7 11 3
=[ 11 −8 −3] =[ 31 −8 3]
3 6 −6 33 −3 −6

B=C×𝐴−1
−7 11 3 6 
1
 B= × [ 31
57
−8 3 ] × 9
33 −3 −6 0
  x  42  99  0
 y 1
   = ×  186  72  0 
57
 z   198  27  0 
 x   57 
  y  = 114 × 1
    57
 z  171
 x 1 
  y =  2
   
 z  3

So, x=1, y=2, z=3

(b) x+y-z=3
2x+3y+z=10
3x-y-7Z=1

From the equation

1 1 −1  x   3 
[2 3 1 ]  y  = 10
3 −1 −7  z   1 
Let,
1 1 −1  x 3
A=[2 3 1] B=  y  C= 10
3 −1 −7  z   1 

Now, A×B=C

𝐶
 B=
𝐴

 B=C×𝐴−1
1
 𝐴−1 = × (Adjoint of A)
A
3 1 2 1 2 3
A ] -1[
= +1[ ] +(-1)[ ]
−1 −7 3 −7 3 −1
=+1(-21+1)-1(-14-3)-1(-2-9)
=-21+1+14+3+2+9
=8
 Adjoint=(𝐶𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)𝑇
1 1 −1
Cofactor of A=[2 3 1]
3 −1 −7
 3 1  2 1  2 3  
    
  1  7 3  7 3  1 
 1  1 1  1 1 1  
=  _    
  1  7 3  7 3  1 
 
 1  1  1  1  1 1 
 3 1  2 1  2 3 

 (21  1)  (14  3)  (2  9)

=   (7  1)  (7  3)  (1  3) 
  (1  3)  (1  2)  (3  2) 
−20 −1117
=[ 8 −3 ]
−4
−11 1 4
−20 8 4
𝑇
(𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) =[ 17 −4 −3]
−11 4 1
We know,
B=C××𝐴−1
 x −20 8 4 3
1
  y  = × [ 17 −4 −3] × 10
 
8
 z  −11 4 1  1 
 x  60  80  4
 y 1
   = ×  51  40  3 
8
 z    33  40  1
 x 24
1
 y = ×  8 
   8  
 z   8 
 x  3
  y  = 1
   
 z  1
So, x=3, y=1, z=1
Problem – 18
1 1 1
Prove that a b c =(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)
2 2 2
a b c
Solution:
1 1 1
L.H.S= a b c
c'  c  c
1 1 2

2
a b c
2 2 c'  c  c
2 2 3

0 0 1
= ab bc c
a b b c
2 2 2 2 2
c
1 1
=(a-b)(b-c)
ab bc

=(a-b)(b-c)(b+c-a-b)
=(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)
So, L.H.S = R.H.S (Proved)

Problem – 19
Solve by using Cramer’s Rule
3x+y+z=2
x-2y+z=-9
4x+3y+2z=1
Solution: Here given,
3x+y+z=2 …………….(i)
x-2y+z=-9 ……………(ii)
4x+3y+2z=1 …………(iii)
We can arrange the above equations into following matrix form.
 3 1 1  x 2
[1  y =  9
−2 1] ×  
4 3 2  z   1 

Let co-efficient matrix=A

3 1 1
So, A=[1 −2 1]
4 3 2
2 1 1 1 1 2
A =3 1 1
3 2 4 2 4 3

=3(-4-3)-1(2-4)+1(3+8)
=3(-7)-1(-2)+1(11)
= -21+2+11
= -21+13
= -8
For x, we have to replace 1st column of the matrix A by the constant matrix and
we get-
 2 1 1 
 
A1   9  2 1
 1 3 2

2 1 9 1 9 2
So, A1  2 1 1
3 2 1 2 1 3

=2(-4-3)-1(-18-1)+1(-27+2)
=2(-7)-1(-19)+1(-25)
=-14+19-25
=5-25
=-20
 20
So, x= A1 
A 8

5

2
For y, we have to replace 2nd column of the co-efficient matrix by the constant
matrix
3 2 1 
 
A2  1  9 1
4 1 2

9 1 1 1 1 9
And A2  3 2 1
1 2 4 2 4 1

=3(-18-1)-2(2-4)+1(1+36)
=3(-19)-2(-2)+1(37)
=-57+4+37
=-20+4
=-16

 16
So, y= A2 
A 8

=2

For z, we have to replace 2nd column of the co-efficient matrix by the constant
matrix
3 1 2
 
A3  1  2  9
4 3 1 

2 9 1 9 1 2
And A3  3 1 2
3 1 4 1 4 3

=3(-2+27)-1(1+36)+2(3+8)
=3(25)-1(37)+2(11)
=75-37+22
=97-37
=60

So, z= A3 
60
A 8
 15

2

Ans: x  5 ,y=2 and z   15

2 2

Problem – 20 Solve the following equations using matrix method

x+y+z=7
x+2y+3z=16
x+3y+4z=22
Solution:
x+y+z=7…………….(i)
x+2y+3z=16………...(ii)
x+3y+4z=22………..(iii)
We can arrange the above equations into following matrix form.
1 1 1  x 7
[1  y = 16 
2 3] ×  
1 3 4  z  22

Suppose, 1st matrix =A, 2nd matrix=X and 3rd matrix=B

So, AX=B-1
X=AB……….(1)
1
And A1  Adjoint of A
A

এখন উক্ত Matrix এর Inverse ননর্য়ণ করার জনয ননম্নাক্ত পদম্েপসমূহ গ্রহর্
কম্র পাই,
1 1 1
(i) A1 2 3 =1(8-9)-1(4-3)+1(3-2) =-1-1+1 =-1
1 3 4
  2 3 1 3 1 2
   
 3 4 1 4 1 3
 1 1
(ii)Co-factor of A= 
1 1 1 1
 
 3 4 1 4 1 3 
 1 1 1 1 1 1
 2  
2 
 3 1 3 1

 1  1 1 
=  1 3  2
 1  2 1 

(iii)এখন Co-factor of A Matrix এর Row কক Column বাননম্য় পাই,

 1  1 1 
Adjoint of A=  1 3  2
 1  2 1 

So, A1  1
Adjoint of A
A

 1  1 1 
=  1 3  2
1 
1
 1  2 1 

1 1  1
=  1  3 2 

 1 2  1

1 1  1  7 
x= A C   1  3 2  16 
1
 
 1 2  1 22

 7  16  22 
=  7  48  44 
 7  32  22

1
= 3
3

Ans: x=1, y=3, z=3

Problem – 21 A trust fund has Tk. 50,000 that is to be invested into two types of
bonds. The first bond pays 5% interest per year and the 2nd bond pays 6% interest
per year. Using matrix algebra, determine how to divide Tk. 50,000 among the
two types of bonds, so as to obtain an annual interest of Tk. 2,780
Solution: Let, x is invested in the 1st bond and (50,000-x) is to invested in the 2nd
bond. It can be written in the form of a row matrix,
A=[x 50,000-x]
0.05
The total interest: B=  
0.06

0.05
So, AB =[x 50,000-x] × 0.06
 

=0.05x+0.06 (50,000-x)
=0.05x+3000-0.06x
=3000-0.01x
So, 3000-0.01x=2780
 -0.01x=-220
 X=22000
So, Investable amount of 1st bond (x) =Tk. 22000
And 2nd bond= (50000-x)
=(50000-22000)
=Tk. 28000

Problem – 22 A firm produces three types of mobile sets A,B and C. The
following matrix shows the sale of mobile sets in two different cities:
 A B C 
400 300 200
 
300 200 100 
If cost of each set A,B,C are Tk. 1,000, Tk. 2,000, Tk. 3,000 and selling price are
Tk.1,500, Tk. 3,000 and Tk. 4,000 respectively. Find out profit, using matrix
algebra only.
Solution:
 A B C 
ধনর, নবক্রম্য়র পনরমার্ Q = 400 300 200
 
300 200 100 

1,000 
বযম্য়র পনরমার্ C= 2,000
 3,000 

1,500 
এবং নবক্রয় মূল্য S= 3,000 
 4,000

1,000 
400 300 200 
কমাট বযয় (Q×C)=    2,000
300 200 100  3,000 
 

4,00,000  6,00,000  6,00,000

= 
 3,00,000  4,00,000  3,00,000 

16,00,000
= 
10,00,000

1,500 
400 300 200  
কমাট আয় (Q×S)= 300 200 100  × 3,000 
  4,000
 

 6,00,000  9,00,000  8,00,000 

= 
4,50,000  6,00,000  4,00,000

23,00,000
= 
14,50,000 

প্রথম শহম্র কমাট ল্াভ/মুনাফা =(23,00,000-16,00,000)

=7,00,000
আবার,
নিতীয় শহম্র কমাট মুনাফা=(14,50,000-10,00,000)
 =4,50,000
দুটট শহম্রর কমাট মুনাফা=(7,00,000+4,50,000)
=11,50,000

Straight line / Linear equation

Problem – 01
Find the equation of the straight line:
(i) Parallel to 2x – 3y – 5 = 0 and passing through (4, 5)
(ii) Perpendicular to 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 and passing through (3, – 2).

Solution
(i) The equation of a straight line parallel to 2x – 3y – 5 = 0 is 2x – 3y + K = 0 which passes through (4, 5).
2x – 3y + k = 0
 2 (4) – 3 (5) + k = 0
 8 – 15 + k = 0
 –7+k=0
.˙. k = 7
So, the required equation is 2x – 3y + 7 = 0
(ii) The equation of a straight line perpendicular to 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 is 3x – 2y + K = 0 Which passes
Through (3, – 2).
3 (3) – 2 (– 2) + k = 0
 9+4+k=0
 13 + k = 0
 K = – 13
So, the required equation is 3x – 2y + (– 13) = 0
 3x – 2y – 13 = 0 [Ans]

Problem – 02
Find the equation of a line which is parallel to 2x – y – 9 = 0 and which passes through the intersection of 5x + y + 4 =
0 and 2x + 3y – 1 = 0.

Solution
Given, 5x + y + 4 = 0 ……………. (1)
2x + 3y + 1 = 0 …………… (2)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get from equation no (1)
 5x + y + 4 = 0
 y = – 5x – 4 …………… (3)
From equation (2)
2x + 3y – 1 = 0
 2x + 3 (– 5x – 4) – 1 = 0
  2x – 15x – 12 – 1 = 0
 – 13x – 13 = 0
 – 13x = 13
13
 x=–
13
 x=–1
Putting the value of x in (3) we getups
y = – 5x – 4
 y = – 5 (– 1) – 4
 y=5–4
 Y=1
Point of intersection (– 1, 1)
The equation of a line parallel to 2x – y – 9 = 0 is 2x – y + k = 0, which passes through A (– 1, 1)
.˙. 2x – y + k = 0
 2 (– 1) – 1 + k = 0
 –2–1+k=0
 k = 3.
.˙. Required equation is 2x – y + 3 = 0
 y = – 2x – 3
 y = 2x + 3 (Answer)

Problem – 03 [DU (7C), BBA (Hons) 2019 (Act.)]

Find the equation of a straight line which passes through the point of intersection of the lines 3x + 3y – 6 = 0 and 6x –
3y – 30 = 0 and parallel to the line joining the point (3, 5) and (4, 6).

Solution
Here, 3x + 3y – 6 = 0 ……………. (i)
6x – 3y – 30 = 0 ............... (ii)
From equation no (i) we get.
3x + 3y – 6 = 0
 3x = – 3y + 6
3 6
 x=– y+
3 3
 x = – y + 2 ……………. (iii)
Putting the value of x in the equation no (ii) then we get.
6 (– y + 2) – 3y – 30 = 0
 – 6y + 12 – 3y – 30 = 0
 – 9y = 18y = – 2
.˙. y = – 2
Putting the value of y in the equation no - (iii) then we get.
x = – (– 2) + 2
 x=2+2
.˙. x = 4
So the co-ordinate of the point of intersection is (4, – 2).
We know the equation of relationship between two points (3, 5) and (4, 6) is
Here, 𝑥1 = 3 𝑥2 = 4 𝑦1 = 5 𝑦2 = 6
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
 𝑥−3 𝑦−5
 =
3−4 5−6
𝑥−3 𝑦−5
 =
−1 −1
 x–3=y–5
 x–y–3+5=0
 x–y+2=0
Let, the equation of a straight line parallel to x – y + 2 = 0 is x – y + k = 0. Which passing through the point
(4, – 2) is
4 – (– 2) + k = 0
 4+2+k=0
 6+k=0
 k=–6
So, the required equation is: x – y – 6 = 0

Problem – 04
Show that the line joining (3, 5) and (4, 2) is perpendicular to the line joining (6, 5) and (3, 4).

Solution
We know the equation of relationship between the two point (3, 5) and (4, 2) is -
Here, 𝑥1 = 3 𝑥2 = 4 𝑦1 = 5 𝑦2 = 2
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥−3 𝑦−5
 =
3−4 5−2
𝑥−3 𝑦−5
 =
−1 3
 – y = 3x – 3 – 5
 – y = 3x – 8
 y = – 3x – 8 ……………………………. (i)
So the Slope of the line (𝑚1 ) = – 3
Again the equation of relationship between two points (6, 5) and (3, 4) is
Here, 𝑥1 = 6 𝑥2 = 3 𝑦1 = 5 𝑦2 = 4
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥−6 𝑦−5
 =
6−3 5−4
𝑥−6 𝑦−5
 =
3 1
 3y – 15 = x – 6
 3y = x – 6 + 15
 3y = x + 9
1
 y = x + 3 ……………………. (ii)
3
1
So the Slope of the line (𝑚2 ) =
3
We know the condition of perpendicular of two line is 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = – 1
1
Here, 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = – 3 × = – 1
3
So, the two line is perpendicular with each other (Shown).
Problem – 05
Show that the line joining (6, 7) and (4, 3) is parallel to the line joining (4, 5) and (2, 1).

Solution
We Know the equation of relationship between the two points (6, 7) and (4, 3) is
Here, 𝑥1 = 6 𝑥2 = 4 𝑦1 = 7 𝑦2 = 3
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥−6 𝑦−7
 =
6−4 7−3
𝑥−6 𝑦−7
 =
2 4
𝑥−6 𝑦−7
 =
1 2
 y – 7 = 2x – 12
 y = 2x – 12 + 7
 y = 2x – 5 ………........... (i)
So the Slope of the line (𝑚1 ) = 2
Again, the equation of relationship between the two points (4, 5) and (2, 1) is.
Here, 𝑥1 = 4 𝑥2 = 2 𝑦1 = 5 𝑦2 = 1
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥−4 𝑦−5
 =
4−2 5−1
𝑥−4 𝑦−5
 =
2 4
𝑥−4 𝑦−5
 =
1 2
 y – 5 = 2x – 8
 y = 2x – 8 + 5
 y = 2x – 3 ……………… (ii)
So the Slope of the line (𝑚2 ) = 2
We know the condition of parallel of two line is 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
Here, 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 and 2 = 2
So, two the line is parallel with each other (shown).

Problem – 06
Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (– 7, 4) and origin

Solution
We know, the equation passing the origin and making point.
Here, y = 4 x=–7
y = mx .............. (i)
We, the equation no (i) passing through the point (– 7,4)
y = mx
 4 = m (– 7)
 m (– 7) = 4
4
 m=–
7
Putting the value of m in the equation no (i) then we get.
y = mx
4
 y=– x
7
 7y = – 4x
.˙. 7y + 4x = 0
So the required equation is 7y + 4x = 0

Problem – 07
Find the Slope of straight line joining the points]
(i) (5, 3) and (3, 2)
(ii) (0, 3) and (2, 0)

Solution
Requirement (i)
We know, the Slope of a straight line is.
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
m =
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑒
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
3−2 1
 =
5−3 2
Here,
𝑥1 = 5 𝑥2 = 3 𝑦1 = 3 𝑦2 = 2
1
The Slope from (m) =
2
Requirement (ii) We know, the Slope of a straight Line is,
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
m =
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑒
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
3−0 3
 =
0−2 −2
Here,
𝑥1 = 0 𝑥2 = 2 𝑦1 = 3 𝑦2 = 0
3
The Slope from (m) = –
2

Problem – 08
Express the equation 5x + 10y – 20 = 0 in intercepts form and find the intersection point on axis.

Solution
𝑥 𝑦
We know the equation of intercept is + =1
𝑎 𝑏
By arranging the equation into intercept from we get,
5x + 10y – 20 = 0
 5x + 10y = 20
5𝑥 10𝑦 20
 + =
20 20 20
 𝑥 𝑦
 + =1
4 2
So, the intercept of the x – axis is 4 and y – axis is 2.

Problem – 09
Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (4, – 2) and its Slope – 3.

Solution
We Know, the equation of a straight line passing through the point (4, – 2) and making slope
m = – 3 is.
Here, 𝑥1 = 4 𝑦1 = −2 m=–3
y – 𝑦1 = m (x – 𝑥1 )
 y – (– 2) = – 3 (x – 4)
 y + 2 = – 3x + 12
 y + 3x + 2 – 12 = 0
 y + 3x – 10 = 0
So the required equation is y + 3x – 10 = 0.

Problem – 10
Find the equation of a straight line equation which passing through the points (– 2, 8) and (3, – 5) and also find slope
and intersection on both axis.

Solution
We know the equation of a straight line passing through the two points (– 2, 8) and (3, – 5) is,
Here,
𝑥1 = − 2 𝑥2 = 3 𝑦1 = 8 𝑦2 = − 5

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥 −(− 2) 𝑦−8
 =
− 2 − 3 8 −(− 5)
𝑥+2 𝑦−8
 =
−5 13
 13 (x + 2) = – 5 (y – 8)
 13x + 26 = – 5y + 40
 13x + 5y + 26 – 40 = 0
 13x + 5y -14 = 0
The Slope from (m)
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
m =
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑒
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
8 − (− 5)
=
−2−3
8+5
=
−5
13 13
= =–
−5 5
Again,
By arranging the equation of intercept form
.˙. 5y + 13x = 14
5𝑦 13𝑥 14
 + =
14 14 14
𝑦 𝑥
 14 + 14 = 1
5 13
14 14
So, the intercept is , .
5 13

Problem – 11
Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (3, 5) Such that Sum of its intercepts on the axis is 16.

Solution
Given that,
a + b = 16
a = 16 – b ……………… (i)
We know, the equation of Intercept and passing through the points (4, 5) is.
𝑥 𝑦
.˙. + = 1 ………………… (ii)
𝑎 𝑏
3 5
 + =1 [Where, x = 3, y = 5]
𝑎 𝑏
3𝑏 + 5𝑎
 =1
𝑎𝑏
 3b + 5a = ab
 3b + 5 (16 – b) (16 – b) b [.˙. Putting value of a]
 3b + 80 – 5b = 16b – b2
 b2 – 2b – 16b + 80 = 0
 b2 – 18b + 80 = 0
 b2 – 10b – 8b + 80 = 0
 b (b – 10) 8 (b – 10) = 0
 (b – 10) (b – 8) = 0
.˙. b – 10 = 0 or, b – 8 = 0
 b = 10 => b = 8
Putting value of b in the equation no (i) then we get.
When b = 10, then a = 16 – 10 = 6
When b = 8, then a = 16 – 8 = 8
Now putting value of a = 6 and b = 10 in the equation no (ii) then we get.
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
6 10
 5x + 3y = 30
Again, putting value of a 8 and b = 8 in the equation no (ii) Then we get.
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
8 8
𝑥+𝑦
 =1
8
 x+y=8
So, the required equation, 5x + 3y = 30 and x + y = 8.

Problem – 12 [DU (7C) BBA (Hons) - Mgt. - 2019]

Find the equation of straight line passing through the point (3, 4) such that the sum of its intercepts on the axis, is 14.

Solution
Given, sum of intercepts = 14
a + b = 14
a = 14 – b ......................(i)
𝑥 𝑦
let the equation be + = 1, which passes through (3, 4).
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
.˙. + =1
𝑎 𝑏
3 4
 + =1
𝑎 𝑏
3𝑏 + 4𝑎
 =1
𝑎𝑏
 3b + 4a = ab
 3b + 4 (14 – b) = (14 – b) b
 3b + 56 – 4b = 14b – b2
 b2 – 15b + 56 = 0
 b2 – 8b – 7b + 56 = 0
 b (b – 8) – 7 (b – 8) = 0
 (b – 8) (b – 7) = 0
b–8=0 or, b – 7 = 0
b = 8 or b = 7
When b = 8, then a = 14 – b => 14 – 8 = 6
𝑥 𝑦
Required equation is + =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
6 8
4𝑥 + 3𝑦
 =1
24
 4x + 3y = 24 (Ans).
When b = 7, then a = 14 – b => 14 – 7 = 7
𝑥 𝑦
Required equation is + =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
7 7
𝑥+𝑦
 =1
7
 x + y = 7 (Ans).

Problem – 13
Find the equation of a line which passes through the point (1, – 2) and makes the interception in the axis equal in
magnitude and opposite in sign.

Solution
From the condition, a = – b
𝑥 𝑦
Let the equation be = + = 1, which passes through (1, – 2)
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
.˙. + =1
𝑎 𝑏
1 −2
 + =1
−𝑏 𝑏
 1 2
 – – =1
𝑏 𝑏
−1−2
 =1
𝑏
−3
 =1
𝑏
 b=–3
.˙. a = – b
.˙. a = – (– 3)
 a=3
𝑥 𝑦
Required equation is + =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
3 −3
𝑥−𝑦
 =1
3
 x – y = 3 (Ans).

Problem – 14
The total cost y, for x units of a certain product consist of fixed costs. and the variable cost (Proportional) to the number
of units produced). It is known that total cost is Tk. 1200 for 100 units and Tk. 2700 for 400 units.
(i) Find the linear relationship between x and y.
(ii) Find the slope of the line and what does it indicate.
(iii) If the Selling Price is Tk. 7. per unit, find the number of units that must be produced so that (a) there is neither
Profit nor loss (b) there is a profit of Tk. 300 (c) there is a loss of Tk. 300.

Solution
Let x = unit, y = cost
for x = 100, y = 1200, 1st point is (100, 120)
for x2 = 400, y2 = 2700, 2nd point is (400, 2700)
Required-(i): Linear relationship between x and y is
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥 − 100 𝑦 − 1200
 =
100 − 400 1200 − 2700
𝑥 − 100 𝑦 − 1200
 =
− 300 − 1500
𝑥 − 100 𝑦 − 1200
 =
1 5
 5x – 500 = y – 1200
 5x + 1200 – 500 = y
 5x + 700 = y
 y = 5x + 700 (Ans.)
Required - (ii):
𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒
Slope (m) =
𝑅𝑢𝑛
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
1200 − 2700
=
100 − 400
− 1500
=
− 300
 = 5 (Ans.)
Interpretations of Slope:
Here the slope (m = 5) indicates that Tk. 5 is added to the total cost (y) for every additional one unit produced:
Required - (iii):
(a) For neither profit nor loss (breakeven point).
We know, Revenue = cost
 Price (p) × Quantity (x) = Cost (y)
 P×x=y
 7 × x = 5x + 700
 7x = 5x + 700
 7x – 5x = 700
 2x = 700
700
 x=
2
 x = 350 units (Ans.)
(b) For a profit of Tk. 300
Profit Revenue – Cost.
 300 = 7x – (5x + 700)
 300 = 7x – 5x – 700
 300 + 700 = 2x
 2x = 1000
1000
 x=
2
 x = 2x = 500 units (Ans)
c) For a loss of Tk. 300
Loss = Cost – Revenue
 300 = 5x + 700 – 7x
 300 – 700 = 5x – 7x.
 – 400 = – 2x
 2x = 400
400
 x=
2
 x = 200 units (Ans)

Problem – 15
A firm invests Tk. 12,000 in a business which has a net return of Tk. 600 per year. An investment of Tk. 24,000 would
be yield an income of Tk. 2,400 per year. What is the liner relationship between investment and annual income? What
would be the annual return on an investment of Tk. 15,000?

Solution
Let x = investment, y = return (profit)
For x1 = 12,000, y1 = 600
1st point is (12000, 600)
For x2 = 24,000, y2 = 2,400
2nd point is (24000, 2400)
Step – 1:
Required linear relationship between investment (x) and annual profit (y) is:
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
 𝑥 − 12,000 𝑦 − 600
 =
12,000 − 24,000 600 − 2,400
𝑥 − 12,000 𝑦 − 600
 =
− 12,000 − 1,800
𝑥 − 12,000 𝑦 − 600
 =
20 3
 3x – 36,000 = 20y – 12,000
 3x – 36,000 + 12,000 = 20y
 3x = 20y + 24,000
 20y = 3x – 24,000. (Ans.]
Step – 2:
When investment (x)= 15,000, then the required Annual profit would be
20y = 3x – 24,000
 20y = 3 (15,000) – 24,000
 20y = 45,000 – 24,000
 20y = 21,000
21,000
 =
20
 y = 1,050 (Ans.)

Problem – 16
The cost of producing 200 pens is Tk. 1000 and the cost of producing 400 pens is Tk. 1500.
(i) Find the linear relation between the cost y of producing x pens.
(ii) What number of pens must be produced and sold at Tk. 3 per pen, so that these is neither profit nor loss?
(iii) What should be the selling price of a pen if 600 pens are produced and sell with a profit of Tk. 400?

Solution
Let x = number of pens, y = cost
For x1 =200, y1 = 1000
Let profit is (200, 1000)
For x2 = 400, y2 = 1500
2nd profit is (400, 1500)
Required - (i):
Required linear relationship between number of pens (x) and cost (y) is-
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥 − 200 𝑦 − 1000
 =
200 − 400 1000 − 1500
𝑥 − 200 𝑦 − 1000
 =
− 200 − 500
𝑥 − 200 𝑦 − 1000
 =
2 5
 5x – 1000 = 2y – 2000
 5x – 1000 + 2000 = 2y
 5x + 1000 = 2y
 5x – 2y + 1000 = 0 (Ans.)
Required - (ii): For neither profit nor loss (breakeven point)
We have,
5x – 2y + 1000 = 0
 – 2y = – 5x – 1000
  – 2y = – (5x + 1000)
5𝑥 + 1000
 y=
2
Revenue = Cost
 Price (p) × Quantity (x) = Cost (y)
 P×x=y
5𝑥 + 1000
 3x =
2
 6x = 5x + 1000
 6x – 5x = 1000
 x = 1000 (units) Ans.)
Required - (iii): For a profit of Tk. 400
Price (P) = ?
Profit = Revenue – Cost
5𝑥 + 1000
 400 = px –
2
5 (600) + 1000
 400 = p (600) –
2
3000 + 1000
 400 = 600 p –
2
4000
 400 = 600 p –
2
 400 = 600 p – 2000
 600 p = 2400
2400
 p=
600
 p=4
.˙. p = Tk. 4 for each pen (Ans.)

Problem – 17 [DU (7C), BBA (Hons) 2019 (Act.)]

A Business firm makes profit of Tk. 12,000 by investing Tk. 60,000 and make net profit of Tk. 4,000 by investing Tk.
30,000.
Requirement:
(i) Determine the relationship between profit and investment.
(ii) What would be net profit on an investment of Tk. 70,000?

Solution
Req. (a):
Let, x = investment, y = return (profit).
For x1 = 60,000, y1 = 12,000
For x2 = 30,000, y2 = 4,000
From the above information we get.
1st point is (60,000, 12,000)
2nd point is (30,000, 4000)
Required - (i): The requirement linear relationship between Investment (x) and Profit (y) is:
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥 − 60,000 𝑦 − 12,000
 =
60,000 − 30,000 12,000 − 4,000
 𝑥 − 60,000 𝑦 − 12,000
 =
30,000 8,000
𝑥 − 60,000 𝑦 − 12,000
 =
15 4
 15y – 180,000 = 4x – 2,40,000
 15y = 4x – 2,40,000 + 1,80,000
 15y = 4x – 60,000
4𝑥 − 60,000
 y=
15
Required - (ii): When investment x = Tk. 70,000 then the profit would be
4 (70,000) − 60,000
y =
15
2,80,000 − 60,000
=
15
2,20,000
=
15
= Tk. 14,667.

Problem – 18
Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (7, 4) and origin

Solution
We know, the equation passing the origin and making point.
Here, y = 4 x=7
y = mx .............. (i)
We, the equation no (i) passing through the point (7,4)
y = mx
 4 = m (7)
 7m = 4
4
 m=
7
Putting the value of m in the equation no (i) then we get.
y = mx
4
 y= x
7
 7y = 4x
.˙. 7y – 4x = 0
So the required equation is 7y – 4x = 0

Problem – 19 [DU (7C) BBA (Hon's) - 2019 (Fin.)]

A company has a linear total cost function and has determined that it has a total cost of BDT 30,200 on
sales of BDT 20,000. This same company has a total cost BDT 33,400 on sales of 30,000. Find:
(i) The revenue, cost and profit functions using s for sales volume.
(ii) The variable cost per BDT of sales.
(iii) The fixed cost.
(iv) The total cost on sales of BDT 40,000.
Solution
Let s = sales volume and c = total cost
Given when s1 = 20,000 then c1 = 30,200
When s2 = 30,000 then c2 = 33,400
i.e., (s1, c1) = (20,000; 30,200)
and (s2, c2) = (30,000; 33,400)
Here,
x = s, y = c and x1 = s1, x2 = s2
y1 = c1, y2 = c2
We know,
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑠 − 20,000 𝑐 − 30,200
 =
20,000 − 30,000 30,200 − 33,400
𝑠 − 20,000 𝑐 − 30,200
 =
− 10,000 − 3,200
𝑠 − 20,000 𝑐 − 30,200
 =
25 8
 25 (c – 30,200) = 8 (s – 20,000)
 25 c – 7,55,000 = 8 s – 1,60,000
 25 c = 8 s +7,55,000 – 1,60,000
 25 c = 8 s + 5,95,000
8 𝑠 + 5,95,000
 c=
25
8𝑠 5,95,000
 c= +
25 25
8𝑠
.˙. c = + 23,800
25
8𝑠
.˙. The cost function c(s) = + 23,800
25
(ii) The cost function is of the form y = mx + c.
8
Now comparing with the total cost function, we obtain variable cost per BDT of sales, m =
25
(iii) Fixed cost, FC = Tk. 23,800
8
(iv) Total cost on sales of BDT 40,000 is =Tk. × 40,000 + 23,800) = Tk.36,600 (Ans.)
25
Note: প্রশ্নের চাহিদা এবং প্রদত্ত তথ্য অনুসাশ্নর Revenue এবং Profit function হির্ ণয় সম্ভব িয় ।

Problem – 20 [DU (7C) BBA (Hon's) - 2019 (Fin.)]

For sending non-wagon of wheat, Food corporation of Bangladesh spends Tk. 300 for a distance of 20 kilometers and
Tk. 500 for a distance of 200 kilometers. What is the linear relationship between the amount spent and number of
kilometers covered? What are the slope and intercepts of the line? Also find the cost of sending through 400
kilometers.

Solution
1st Part:
Let x = distance and y = cost
Given, when x1 = 20 km then y1 = Tk. 300
When x2 = 200 km then y2 = Tk. 500
i.e. (x1, y1) = (20, 300) and (x2, y2) = (200, 500)
We know,
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
 𝑥 − 20 𝑦 − 300
 =
20 − 200 300 − 500
𝑥 − 20 𝑦 − 300
 =
− 180 − 200
𝑥 − 20 𝑦 − 300
 =
9 10
 9 (y – 300) = 10 (x – 20)
 9y – 2,700 = 10x – 200
 9y = 10x – 200 + 2700
 9y = 10x + 2,500
1
 y = (10x + 2,500) ……………….. (1)
9
Which is the required linear relationship
2nd part-
Equation (1) is of the form
y = mx + c ................... (2)
10
Hence, by comparing equation (1) & (2), we obtain the slope, m = (Ans.)
9
3rd part:
Here, x = 400 km.
Cost of sending through 400 km is
1
y = (10 × 400) + 2,500)
9
1
= × 6,500
9
= Tk. 722.22 (approx.) (Ans.)

Problem – 21 [NU BBA (Part-1) 2014, DU (7C) BBA (Hon's)-2019 (Fin.)]

Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (2, 2) and have intercepts whose sum is 9.

Solution
Let the required equation of straight line be,
𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 ………….. (1), which passes through (1,0 – 2)
𝑎 𝑏
Since (1) passes through (2.2), we have from (1)
2 2
+ = 1 ………………. (2)
𝑎 𝑎
and a + b = 9
 b = 9 – a .................. (3)
putting b = 9 – a in equation (2), we get
2 2
– =1
𝑎 9−𝑎
18 − 2𝑎 + 2𝑎
 =1
𝑎 (9 − 𝑎)
18
 =1
9 𝑎 − 𝑎2
 18 = 9a – a2
 a2 – 9a + 18 = 0
.˙. a = 3, 6
putting value of a in equation (3), we get
when, a = 3, then b = 6
when, a = 6, then b = 3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
.˙. The required equation + = 1 and + =1
3 6 6 3
i.e., 6x + 3y = 18 and 3x + 6y = 18 (Ans.)

Problem – 22 [JNU, (Mgt.) 2013, 2014, NU BBA (Hon's)-2018 (Mkt.), DU (7C) BBA (Hon's)-2019 (Mgt.)]
The total expense of a mess is y, are partly constant and partly proportional to the number of the members of the
mess x. The total expenses are Tk. 1,040 when there are 12 members in the mess, and Tk. 1,600 for 20 members.
(i) Find the liner relationship between y and x
(ii) Find the constant expenses and the variable expenses per member.
(iii) What would be the total expenditure if the mess has 15 members?

Solution
(i) Corresponding to 12 members, the total expenses are Tk. 1,040 and corresponding to 20 members, total
expenses are Tk. 1,600.
.˙. The equation of the straight line joining the points (12, 1040) and (20, 1600) is given by
1,600 − 1,040
y – 1,040 = (x – 12)
20 − 12
 y – 1,040 = 70 (x – 12) = 70x – 840
 y = 70x + 200 ………………… (1)
Which is the required relationship between x and y.
(ii) Comparing the equation (1) with slope- intercept form (y = mx + c), we find the constant expenses (c) = Tk.
200
and variable expenses per member (m) = Tk.70
(iii) When the number of members in the mess is 15, the total expenses y = 70 × 15 + 20 = Tk. 1,250.

Problem – 23 [DU (7C) BBA (Hon's) - 2017 (Mgt.), 2019 (Mkt.)]

Find the equation and slope of a line which is passing through the point (– 5,1) and (7, – 7).

Solution
We know, the equation of a straight line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
𝑦1 − 𝑦2
y–1= (x – x1) ………………….. (1)
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
.˙. The equation of the straight line passing through the points (– 5, 1) and (7, – 7) is
1 − (− 7)
y–1= (x – 5)
−5−7
1+7
 y–1= (x – 5)
− 12
 12 (y – 1) = – 8 (x + 5)
 12y – 12 + 8x + 40 = 0
 8x + 12y + 28 = 0
.˙. 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 (Ans.)
𝑦1 − 𝑦2 1 − (− 7) 8 2
Stope of the straight line = == = = – (Ans.)
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 −5−7 − 12 3
Problem – 24 [NU BBA (Part-1) - 2006, NU BBA (Hon's) - 2019 (Fin.)]
If the total factory cost y of making x units of a product is y = 3x + 20 and if 50 units are produce.
(i) What is the variable cost?
(ii) What is the total cost?
(iii) What is the variable cost per unit?
(iv) The average cost per unit?

Solution
Given, the total factory cost equation, y = 3x + 20
When 50 units are produced then
(i) The variable cost = 3x = 3 × 50 = 150
(ii) The total cost, y = 3x + 20 = 3 × 50 + 20 = Tk.170
(iii) The variable cost per unit = Tk. 3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 170
(iv) The average cost per unit = = = Tk. 3.4.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 50

Problem – 25 [NU BBA (Hon's)-2010, 2019 (Acc.)]

a. A firm produces 20 units of an item for Tk. 73 and 50 units of item Tk. 97. Assuming the cost function to be linear,
find the equation of this line and use it to estimate the cost of product 40 units.
b. Determine the middle point of the straight line x + 2y + 7 = 0 Intercepted by the coordinate axes.

Solution
Required - (a):
Let, The no. of items = x
And, the cost of producing it = y
For, x1 = 20, y1 = 73 .˙. 1st point is: (20, 73)
For, x2 = 50, y2 = 97 .˙. 2nd Point is: (50, 97)
.˙. We know that, the equation passing through two points (x1, y2) and (x2, y2) is:
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑥 − 20 𝑦 − 73
 =
20 − 50 73 − 97
𝑥 − 20 𝑦 − 73
 =
− 30 − 24
𝑥 − 20 𝑦 − 73
 =
5 4
 5y – 365 = 4x – 80
 5y = 4x – 80 + 365
4𝑥 + 285
 y=
5
4𝑥 285
 y= +
5 5
4
 y = x + 57
5
[.˙. y=0.80x + 57] is the required equation of S. L.
TC for Producing 40 Units:
c = y = 0.8x + 57
 c = 0.8 × 40 +57 [at x = 40]
 c = 32 + 57
.˙. c = 89
.˙. The cost of producing 40 units is Tk.89 (Ans.)
Required - (b): Y
Middle Point of. S.L: x + 2y + 7 = 0.
Intercepted by coordinate axis B (o, b)
We know that, P (x, y) b
Two Co-ordinate axes intercepting points (a, o); (o, b) X’ a o
𝑥 𝑦
Passing through (x, y) is: + =1 A (a, o)
𝑎 𝑏
Given equation:
x + 2y + 7 = 0
 x + 2y = – 7
𝑥 + 2𝑦 −7
 =
−7 −7
𝑥 2𝑦
 + =1
−7 −7
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
 + − 7 = 1 as Compared to + = 1
−7 𝑎 𝑏
2
7
.˙. a = – 7 b = −2
Two Co-ordinate Points:
(a, 0) = (– 7, 0)
−7
(0, b) = (0, 2 )
.˙. Mid-point of the S.L
𝑎+0
=(
2
+ 0 +2 𝑏)
−7+0 0 + −27
=(
2
+ 2
)
−7 −7 1
=(
2
, 2 × 2)
−7 −7
=(
2
, 4 ) Ans.

Problem – 26 [NU BBA (Hon's)-2011, DU (7C), BBA (Hon's) 2018]

Find the equation of the straight line passing through the 'point (4, 5) and the sum of its intercepts on the axis is 18.

Solution
𝑥 𝑦
Let the required equation of the line be, + =1
𝑎 𝑏
4 5
Since this line passes through the point (4, 5), we have + = 1 …………. (1)
𝑎 𝑏
and a + b = 18
 b = 18 – a ........... (2)
Putting the value of b from (2) in (1) we have
4 5
+ =1
𝑎 18 − 𝑎
4 (18 − 𝑎) + 5𝑎
 =1
𝑎 (18 − 𝑎)
72 − 4𝑎 + 5𝑎
 =1
𝑎 (18 − 𝑎)
 72 + a = 18a – a2
 a2 + a – 18a + 72 = 0
 a2 – 17a + 72 = 0
 a2 – 8a – 9a + 72 = 0
 a (a – 8) – 9 (a – 8) = 0
 (a – 8) (a – 9) = 0
 .˙. a = 8 or, a = 9
when, a = 8, then, b = 18 – 8 = 10
when, a = 9, then, b = 18 – 9 = 9
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
.˙. The equation are + = 1 and + =1
8 10 9 9
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
(Ans.) + = 1 or, + =1
8 10 9 9

Problem – 27 [NU BBA (Hon's)-2017)

Find the equation of a straight line which passes through the intersection point of 4x – 3y – 1 = 0 and 2x – 5y + 3 = 0
and which will be perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y = 12.

Solution
Point of intersection: 4x – 3y – 1 = 0 ………………... (1)
2x – 5y + 3 = 0 …………………. (2)
(1) × 1 : 4x – 3y =0
(2) × 2 : 4x – 10y + 6 = 0
– + –
7y – 7 = 0
 7y = 7
7
 y=
7
 y=1
Again, 4x – 3y – 1 = 0
 4x – 3.1 – 1 = 0
 4x – 3 – 1 = 0
 4x – 4 = 0
 4x = 4
4
 x=
4
 x=1
.˙. The point of intersection of the two straight lines is (x, y) = (1, 1) which is perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y = 12.
Now, 2x + 3y – 12 = 0 is perpendicular to the line
Equation of the straight line is 3x + 2y – k = 0
.˙. 3.1 + 2.1 – k = 0 (.˙. x = 1, y = 1)
 3+2–k=0
 5–k=0
 5=k
.˙. Solving equation 3x + 2y – 5 = 0 (Ans.)

Problem – 28 [NU BBA (Hons) - 2013]

The co-ordinates of A and B are (3, 4) and (5, – 2). Find out the co-ordinates of ‘P’ such that AP = BP and ∆PAB = 10.

Solution
Let, A (3, 4), B (5, – 2) two point and p (x, y) 3rd point, Where, PA = PB and A PAB = 10. Co-ordinate of P to be -
PA = √(3 − 𝑥)2 + (4 − 𝑦)2 P = (x1, y1) =?
= √32 − 2.3. 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 42 − 2.4. 𝑦 + 𝑦 2
 = √9 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 16 − 8𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 25
PB = √(5 − 𝑥)2 + (−2 − 𝑦)2
= √52 − 2.5. 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + (−2)2 − 2. (−2). 𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= √25 − 10𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑦 + 𝑦 2 A B
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 29 (3, 4) = (x2, y2) (5, – 2) = (x3, y3)
Since, PA = PB
 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 25 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 29
 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6x – 8y + 25 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 10x + 4y + 29
 – 6x – 8y + 25 + 10x – 4y – 29 = 0
 4x – 12y – 4 = 0
 x – 3y – 1 = 0
 3 – 3y = 1 .............. (i) [Divide by 4}
We Know,
Area of a triangle-
1
=| {𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )}|
2
1
= |2 {𝑥(4 + 2) + 3 (−2 − 𝑦) + 5(𝑦 − 4)}|
1
= | {6𝑥 − 6 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑦 − 20}|
2
1
= |2 {6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 26} |
According to the Condition-
∆ PAB = 10
1
 (6x + 2y – 26) = 10
2
1
 × 2 (3x + y – 13) = 10
2
 3x + y – 13 = 10
 3x + y – 13 – 10 = 0
 3x + y – 23 = 0
 3x + y = 23 …………………... (ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 3 and Subtracting equation (ii) then we get-
3x – 9y = 3
3x + y = 23
(–) (–) (–)
– 10y = 20
.˙. y = 2
Putting value of y in the equation no (ii) then we get-
3x + 2 = 23
 3x = 23 – 2
21
 x=
3
.˙. x = 7
.˙. The Co-ordinate of point P (7, 2) Ans.
 Quadratic equation

Problem-01: + = +
x b a b
b x b a

(d) + = +
x b a b
b x b a

Solution: + = +
x b a b
b x b a
𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
 - = -
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑥
𝑥−𝑎 𝑏(𝑥−𝑎)
 =
𝑏 𝑎𝑥
1 𝑏(𝑥−𝑎)
 (x-a)=
𝑏 𝑎𝑥
1 𝑏(𝑥−𝑎)
 (x-a) - =0
𝑏 𝑎𝑥
1 𝑏
 (x-a)( - ) =0
𝑏 𝑎𝑥
 (x-a)=0; i.e. x=a
1 𝑏
 - =0
𝑏 𝑎𝑥
1 𝑏
 =
𝑏 𝑎𝑥
2

 X= b
a
2

So, x=a, b
a

𝟗𝒙−𝟐 𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟕 𝟔𝒙−𝟏

Problem-02 : Solve: + =
𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟑 𝟐
9𝑥−2 4𝑥 2 −7 6𝑥−1
Solution: + =
3 4𝑥 2 +3 2
4𝑥 2 −7 6𝑥−1 9𝑥−2
 = -
4𝑥 2 +3 2 3
 6(4𝑥 2 − 7)= 4𝑥 +3 2

 24𝑥 2 -42=4𝑥 2 +3
 20𝑥 2 =42+3
 20𝑥 2 =45
 4𝑥 2 =9
9
 𝑥2 =
4
3
 x=  9
=
4 2

3
The required solution is: 
2

x  16
Problem-03 : r  x  25
+ =
 x  16  x 12

x  16 25
Solution: x
+ = ………….(i)
x  16 x 12

Suppose, x
=y …………………………..(ii)
x  16
1 25
So, y+ =
𝑦 12

𝑦 2 +1 25
 =
𝑦 12
 12𝑦 2 +12=25y
 12𝑦 2 -25y +12=0
 12𝑦 2 -16y-9y +12=0
 4y(3y-4)-3(3y-4)=0
 (3y-4)(4y-3)=0
4 3
So, y= or,
3 4

x  bc x  ca x  ab
Problem-04 :   abc
bc ca ab

(iv) x  bc  x  ca  x  ab  a  b  c
bc ca ab
x  bc x  ca x  ab
Solution:   abc
bc ca ab
 x  bc x  ca x  ab
   abc0
bc ca ab
 x  bc   x  ca   x  ab 
   a    b    c  0
 bc   ca   ab 
x  bc  ab  ca x  ca  bc  ab x  ab  ca  bc
   0
bc ca ab
 1 1 1 
 ( x  bc  ab  ca)   0
b  c c  a a b
1 1 1
 x  bc  ab  ca  0, but   0
bc ca ab

So, x=ab+bc+ca
1 x2  1 x2
Problem-05 : মান ননর্য়ণ করঃ 3
1 x2  1 x2

1 x2  1 x2
Solution: 3
1 x2  1 x2

1 x2  1 x2  1 x2  1 x2 3 1
 
1 x2  1 x2  1 x2  1 x2 3 1

2 1 x2 4
  2
2 1 x 2 2

1 x2
 2
1 x2
2
 1  x2 
    (2) 2
 1  x2 
 
1 x2
 4
1 x2
 1+𝑥 2 =4-4𝑥 2
 𝑥 2 +4𝑥 2 =4-1=3
 5𝑥 2 =3
3
 𝑥 2=
5

So, x
3
5

Problem-06: If p,q be the roots of the equation 3𝑥 2 + 6x + 2 = 0, show that the

𝑝2 𝑞2
equation whose roots are - and - is 3𝑥 2 - 18x + 2 = 0
𝑞 𝑝
Solution:
প্রদত্ত সমীকরণর্র মূলদ্বণয়র য াগফল p + q = - 2 এবং
2
প্রদত্ত সমীকরণর্র মূলদ্বণয়র গুর্ফল pq =
3
−𝑝2 𝑞2
আবার, অনয মূলদ্বণয়র য াগফল = -
𝑞 𝑝

( p3  q3 )
=-
pq

( p  q) 3  3 pq( p  q)
=-
pq
−8+4
= 2
3
3
= (8 – 4) ×
2

=6
−𝑝2 −𝑞2
এবং মূলদ্বণয়র গুর্ফল = ×
𝑞 𝑝

𝑝2 𝑞 2
=
𝑝𝑞
2
= ( pq)
pq
2
2
 
=  32
3

=2
3

সমীকরর্টি হণব, 𝑥 2 - (মূলদ্বণয়র য াগফল) x + মূলদ্বণয়র গুর্ফল = 0

 𝑥 2 - 6x + 2
=0
3
 3𝑥 2 - 18x + 2 = 0 (Proved)
Problem-07 : Prove that the equation a𝑥 2 +bx+c=0 has two roots.
Solution:
a𝑥 2 +bx+c=0
 a𝑥 2 +bx=-c
𝑏 𝑐
𝑥 2 এর সহগ a দ্বারা উভয় পার্শ্ণক
ণ ভাগ কণর পাই, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥= -
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏2
x এর সহণগর অণধক
ণ হণে এবং তার বগ হণে
ণ
2𝑎 4𝑎2
𝑏2
উভয়পণের সাণে য াগ কণর পাই,
4𝑎2
𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑐
𝑥 + 𝑥+
2
= -
𝑎 4𝑎2 4𝑎2 𝑎

b 2  4ac
2
 b 
 x  
 2a  4a 2

b b 2  4ac
 x =
2a 2𝑎

b 2  4ac
 X=  b 
2a 2𝑎

 X=  b  b 2  4ac
2a
সুতরাং আমরা যদখণত পাই য , সাধারর্ নদ্বঘাত সমীকরর্ a𝑥 2 +bx+c=0;
য খাণন a≠0
 b  b 2  4ac
এর দুটি মূল বা সমাধান রণয়ণে এবং এগুণলা হণে এবং
2a
 b  b 2  4ac
2a

Problem-08 : The demand and supply equations are 2 p 2  q 2  11 and p+2q=7

respectively. Find the equilibrium price and quantity.
Solution:
2 p 2  q 2  11 ……(i)
এবং p+2q=7 ………….(ii)
 P=7-2q

(i) নং সমীকরণর্ p-এর মান বনসণয় আমরা পাই,

2(7  2q ) 2  q 2  11

 2{(7) 2  2.7.2q  (2q) 2 }  q 2  11

 2(49  28q  4q 2 )  q 2  11
 98  56q  8q 2  q 2  11
 9q 2  56q  98  11  0
 9q 2  56q  87  0
 9q 2  29q  27q  87  0
 q(9q  29)  3(9q  29)  0
 (9q-29) (q-3)=0

অোৎ
ণ 9q-29=0 অেবা, q-3=0
 9q=29 q  3

29
q 
9

(ii) নং সমীকরণর্ q
29
বনসণয় পাই,
9

P=7 – 2 . 29
9
58
 P= 7 -
9
63  58
P=
9
5
P=
9

(ii) নং সমীকরণর্ p=3 বনসণয় পাই,

P=7–2.3
P=7–6
 P=1
  P=1

অতএব, ভারসাময মূলয = 5 ,1 এবং

9

ভারসাময দ্রণবযর পনরমার্ = 29 এবং 3. (Ans)

9

Problem-09 : If demand equation is 2 p 2  q 2  3 and supply equation is

p+q=2 then find the equilibrium price and quantity, where p stands for price
and q stands for quantity.
Solution:
2 p 2  q 2  3 …………(i)

p + q = 2……………...(ii)
From equation (i) we get,
p+q=2
 p = 2 – q………….(iii)

(i) নং সমীকরর্ এর মান বনসণয় পাই,

2 p2  q2  3

 2(2  q) 2  q 2  3
 2{(2) 2  2.2.q  (q) 2 }  q 2  3
 2(4  4q  q 2 )  q 2  3
 8  8q  2q 2  q 2  3
 3q 2  8q  8  3
 3q 2  8q  8  3  0
 3q 2  8q  5  0
 3q 2  5q  3q  5  0
 q(3q  5)  1(3q  5)  0
 (3q  5)(q  1)  0

 3q  5  0 Or,
 3q = 5 q–1=0
 5
 q=  q=1
3

নদ q= 5 হয় তাহণল (iii) নং সমীকরর্ যেণক আমরা পাই,

3

p=2–q
5
p=2-  
 3

p= 2 -5
3
65
p=
3
1
p=
3

নদ q = 1, হয় তাহণল (iii) নং সমীকরর্ যেণক আমরা পাই,

p=2–q
 p=2-1

 p=1

 ভারসাময মূলয (P)= 1 ,1

3

এবং ভারসাময মূলয (Q)= 5 ,1 (Ans.)

3

Problem-10 : In a perfect competition, the demand curve of a commodity is

D  20  3 p  p 2 and the supply curve is S=5p-1, where P is price, D is demand and
S is supply. Find the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.
Solution: আমরা জানন, পূর্ প্রনতণ
ণ ানগতামূলক বাজাণর ভারসাময নবন্দুণত চানহদা
(Demand) =সরবরাহ (Supply)
অোৎ
ণ D=S
20  3 p  p 2  5 p  1

 20  3 p  p 2  5 p  1  0
   p 2  8 p  21  0
 p 2  8 p  21  0
 p 2  8 p  (21)  0

8 82  4.1.(21)

 p
2.1

 8  148
2

=   8  2 37
2
 4  37

এখাণন, p=  4  37 গ্রহর্ণ াগয নয়,

 P=  4  37

এখাণন, s  21  5 37 গ্রহর্ণ াগয নয়,

 s  21 5 37

সরবরাহ সমীকরণর্ p=  4  37 বনসণয় পাই,

S=5.(  4  37 )-1
= - 20  5 37 -1

= - 21  5 37

 ভারসাময মূলয ও পনরমার্ ,  4  37 , - 21  5 37 (Ans.)

Problem-11: It demand and supply Laws are respectively given by the

equations 4q+9p=48 and p= q  2 . Find the equilibrium price and quantity.
9

Solution: আমরা জানন, ভারসাময নবন্দুণত চানহদা ও সরবরাহ পরস্পর সমান এবং
উভয় সমীকরণর্ ভারসাময মূলয p এবং ভারসাময দ্রণবযর পনরমার্ q সমান।

P= q  2 ………..(i)
9

4q+9p=48……...(ii)
(i) নং সমীকরর্ হণত প্রাপ্ত p এর মান (ii) নং সমীকরণর্ বনসণয় পাই,
 q 
4q  9  2   48
9 

 5q+18=48
 5q=30
30
 q= 6
5

q=6; (i)নং সমীকরণর্ বনসণয় পাই,

p= 6  2  2  2  8
9 3 3

অতএব, ভারসাময মূলয 8 এবং ভারসাময দ্রণবযর পনরমার্ 6 একক

3

Problem-12: If the roots of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 , be in the ratio 3:4, then

prove that 12b 2  49ac.
 b  b 2  4ac
Solution: Two the roots of the equation x are x   b  b 2  4ac
2a 2a
and their ratios 3:4

 b b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac

:  3: 4
2a 2a

 b  b 2  4ac
Or, 2a 
3
 b  b 2  4ac 4
2a

 b  b 2  4ac
Or, 
3
 b  b 2  4ac 4

Or,  4b  4 b 2  4ac  3b  3 b 2  4ac

Or,  4b  3b  3 b 2  4ac  4 b 2  4ac

Or, b  7 b 2  4ac

Or, b 2  49(b 2  4ac)

Or, b 2  49b 2  49  4ac

Or, b 2  49b 2  49  4ac

Or,  48b 2  49  4ac

Or, 12b 2  49ac (proved)

Problem-13: নদ an 2  bn  c  0 সমীকরণর্র মূলদ্বণয়র অনুপাত m:n হয়, তণব
প্রমার্ কর য mnb 2  ac(m  n) 2

Solution: আমরা জানন,

মূলদ্বণয়র সমটি,
b
m  n 
a
b
  ( m  n) 
a
b
  ...........(i )
a ( m  n)

মূলদ্বণয়র গুর্ফল,
c
  2 mn  ...........(ii)
a

(ii) নং সমীকরণর্ α এর মান বনসণয় পাই

2
 b  c
  mn 
 a ( m  n)  a
 b 2 mn c
 2 
a ( m  n) 2 a
b2 c
 2 mn  b 2 mn  ac(m  n) 2
a ( m  n) 2
a

(Proved)
12  x
Problem-14: (a)Solve: 
3
5 2  12  x

12  x 3
Solution: 
5 2  12  x
 a 3
Or,  [ 12  x =a]
5 2a

Or, a 2  2a  15

Or, a 2  2a  15  0

Or, a 2  5a  3a  15  0

Or, a (a + 5) – 3 (a + 5) = 0
Or, (a+5)(a-3)=0
 a=3 Or, a=-5
 a= - 5 Impossible
 a=3
So, 12  x =3
Or, 12-x=9
Or, -x=9-12
Or, x=3
So, the required answer: x=3

(b) By selling a table for Tk. 56, gain as much percent as its cost. Calculate the
cost of the table.
Solution: Let purchase cost x profit  x%

So, x+(x% of x)=56

 x 
Or, x  x   56
 100 

x2
Or, x  56
100

Or, 100x  x 2  5600

Or, x 2  100x  5600  0

Or, x 2  140x  40  5600  0

Or, x( x  140)  40( x  140)  0

Or, ( x  40)( x  140)  0

 x= -140 Or, 40
x=-140 impossible
 x=40
So, purchase price of the table= Tk. 40

Problem-15: Total salary of A and B is equal. If A gets 65% allowance of his

basic salary and B gets 80% of his basic salary, what
Is the basic salary of A if the basic salary of B is Tk. 1,100 ?
Solution: Let basic salary of A = Tk. x
Accounting to 1st condition
A’s total salary = x + (65% of x)
65x
=x+
100
13x
=x+
20
Accounting to 2nd condition
B’s total salary = 1100 + (80% of 1100)
= Tk. 1100 + 880
= Tk. 1980
According to basic condition both salaries are equal .

 x + 13x
20
=1980

Or, 20x +13x=39600

Or, 33x =39600
39600
Or, x 
33
 x=1200
I.e. A’s basic salary =1200 Tk. Ans.
Problem-16: What do you mean by pure quadratic equation and mixed
quadratic equation ? If α and β are the roots of ax2  bx  c  0 , from the equation
1 1
whose roots are 2 and
𝛼 𝛽2

Soution: 1st partion : 4.5 of this chapter

𝑏 𝑐
2nd pation : Here α + β = − and αβ =
𝑎 𝑎
1 1
Sum of the roots or the required equation = +
𝛼2 𝛽2

2 2
=  2 2

   2  2
=
 2
2
 b c
    2.
 a a
2
= c
 
a

b 2 2c

a2 a
= c2
a2
b 2  2ac a 2
=  2
a2 c
b 2  2ac
=
c2
1 1
Again, product of the roots of the required e𝑞 𝑛 = ×
𝛼2 𝛽2
 1
=
 2
1
= 2
c
 
a

𝑎2
=
𝑐2

 The equation will be

𝑥 2 – (sum of the roots)x + products of the roots = 0
 b 2  2ac  a2
Or, x   2  x  2  0
2

 c  c

 b 2 x  2acx  a 2
Or, x  
2
  2  0
 c2  c

Or, c2 x2  b2 x  2acx  a2  0 Ans.

Problem-17: Solve: (i) x 2  3 x  36  x 2  3 x  9  3

Solution:
(i)Let x 2  3 x  36 = a
And x 2  3x  9 = b
 a – b = 3 …………………..(i)
Again,

a b 
2 2
 x  3x  36    x  3x  9 
2
2
2
2

 x 2  3x  36  x 2  3x  9  27
Or, (a+b)(a-b)=27
Or, 3(a+b)=27
Or, a+b =9……………… (ii)
By adding equation no (i) and (ii), we get,
2a=12
12
a
2
 a=6
(i) putting a=6, b=3
So, x 2  3 x  36 =6

Or, x 2  3x  36 =36 By squaring on both the sides

Or, 𝑥 2 -3x=0
Or, x(x-3) = 0
 x=0, 3

Problem-18: The demand and supply equations are 2 p 2  q 2  11 and p+2q=7.

Find the equilibrium price and quantity where p stands for price and q for
quantity.
(ii) We know, at equilibrium point supply & demand are equal
 p+2q=7
Or, p=7-2q ……………. (i)
Putting p = 7 - 2q in demand curve,

27  2q   q 2  11
2

 2(49  28q  4q 2 )  q 2  11
 98  56q  8q 2  q 2  11
 9q 2  56q  98  11  0
 9q 2  56q  87  0
 9q 2  29q  27q  87  0
 q(9q  29)  3(9q  29)  0
 (9q  29)(q  3)  0
Or, 9q-29=0 Or, q-3=0
 q= 299 =0, 3 Ans.
Problem-19: Solve x 2  6 x  9  4 x 2  6 x  6
Solution: x 2  6 x  9  4 x 2  6 x  6
 x2  6x  6  3  4 x2  6x  6

x 2  6 x  6 =6 ধণর আমরা পাই,

y2  3  4 y
 y2  4 y  3  0
 y2  3y  y  3  0
 y ( y  3)  1( y  3)  0
 ( y  3)( y  1)  0
 y=3 or, 1
When y=3, then
x 2  6 x  6 =3

 x 2  6x  6  9
 x 2  6x  3  0
  6     62  4.1. 3 
x   
2.1
6  36  12
x
2
3 2 3

When y=1, then

x 2  6 x  6 =1

 x 2  6x  6  1
 x 2  6x  6  1  0
 x 2  5x  x  5  0
 x( x  5)  1( x  5)  0
 ( x  5)( x  1)  0

 x=5 Or, 1
 ননণর্য়ণ সমাধান : x=1,5 Or, 3  2 3
Problem-20: 15% of selling price 25 % of cost price of a certain commodity
is equal. And 10% of selling price greather by Tk. 10 than 15% of cost price .
Then find out cost price of the product.
Solution: মণন কনর, বস্তুটির ক্রয়মূলয = x এবং নবক্রয়মূলয = y
প্রেম শতণানুসাণর,
নবক্রয়মূণলযর 15% = ক্রয়মূণলযর 25%
Or, y × 15% = x × 25%
Or, 0.15y = 0.25x
0.25𝑥 5
Or, y = = 𝑥 ………. (i)
015 3

আবার নদ্বতীয় শতণানুসাণর,

নবক্রয়মূণলযর 10% - ক্রয়মূণলযর 15% = 10
Or, y × 10% - x × 15% =10
Or, 0.10 y – 0.15x =10
এখন (i) নং সমীকরর্ যেণক প্রাপ্ত y এর মান বনসণয় পাই,
5
0.10 𝑥-0.15x=10
3
0.50𝑥
Or, – 0.15x=10
3

Or, 0.50x – 0.45x=30

Or, 0.05x=30
 x=0.05
30
=600 িাকা

 বস্তুটির ক্রয়মূলয=600 িাকা