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CHPT 01 Arithmetic Operations 2024

This document provides an introduction to basic algebra, focusing on the real number system and arithmetic operations. It covers definitions, rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of real numbers, as well as the BODMAS rule for the order of operations. Additionally, it includes exercises for evaluating expressions and manipulating algebraic fractions.

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14 views13 pages

CHPT 01 Arithmetic Operations 2024

This document provides an introduction to basic algebra, focusing on the real number system and arithmetic operations. It covers definitions, rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of real numbers, as well as the BODMAS rule for the order of operations. Additionally, it includes exercises for evaluating expressions and manipulating algebraic fractions.

Uploaded by

hopemuridili
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

CHAPTER 01: BASIC ALGEBRA

By
Mr V. Molaudzi

University Of Venda

FMT 1140

First Semester 2024

[email protected]
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Topic: Real Number System & Arithmetic
Operations

Objectives:
✠ Explains what is meant by ’real number system’ and
’arithmetic operations’
✠ Explains the rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and
dividing real numbers.
✠ Explains what is meant by a basic algebraic expression.
✠ Manipulates and simplifies basic algebraic expressions
✠ Explains what is meant by an algebraic fraction expression.
✠ Explains how to prime factorise an integer
✠ Shows how complicated fraction algebraic expressions can
be simplified by cancelling common factors.

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Real number system

Defn 1:
Real numbers are numbers/numerical values that represent
quantities in a real-life situation.

Structure of Real Number System

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Arithmetic operations

Defn 1:
Arithmetic is the study of numbers and their manipulation.

Why Arithmetic?
Arithmetic is essential for tackling everyday calculations and
also serves as a springboard for tackling more abstract
mathematics such as algebra and calculus.

⋇ Arithmetic operations for manipulations of numbers:

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Math Arithmentic Operation and Real Number
System

Four math arithmetic operations in real numbers manipulation.

⋇ Addition, to find the sum of two or more numbers, the


numbers are added together.
⋆ Example: the sum of 3, 6 and 4 is 3 + 6 + 4 = 13
⋇ Subtraction, to find the difference of two numbers, the
second is subtracted from the first.
⋆ Example: the difference of 6 and 4 is 6 − 4 = 2
⋇ Multiplication, to find the product of two numbers,
multiply the numbers together.
⋆ Example: the product of 7 and 2 is 7 × 2 = 14
⋇ Division, to find the quotient of two numbers, divide the
first number by the second.
20
⋆ Example: the quotient of 20 and 4 is =5
4
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Math Arithmetic Operation and Real Number
System Cont...

Natural Number System:

If we add or multiply any two natural numbers, the result


is always a natural number. For example, 8 + 5 = 13,
8 × 5 = 40, the resuts 13 and 40 are natural numbers
But if we subtract or divide any natural numbers, the
result is not always a natural number. For example
8 − 5 = 3, 8 × 2 = 4 are natural numbers, but 5 − 8 = 3
and 2 ÷ 8 = 1/4 do not result in natural numbers.
Thus, within the system of natural number, we can add
and multiply, but cannot always subtract or divide.
To overcome this limitation of subtracting, we extend the
natural number system to the system of integer numbers.
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Math Arithmetic Operation and Real Number
System Cont...
Integer Number System:

Clearly all of the natural numbers are also integers.


Thus, we can add, multiply, or substract any two integer
numbers and the result always turn out to be an integer
number. For example, −3 + 8 = 5, (−3) × 5 = −3, and
3 − 8 = −5 are all integer numbers.
But if we we still cannot divide (division by zero excluded)
any two integers to get an integer as a result. For example
8 ÷ (−2) = −4 is an integer whereas −8 × 3 = (−8)/3 is
not an integer number.
Thus, within the system of integer number, we can add,
multiply, and subtract but cannot always divide.
To overcome this limitation of division, we extend the
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integer number system to the system of rational numbers.
Math Arithmetic Operation and Real Number
System Cont...

Rational System:

Since a rational number can be expressed as a ratio of two


integers (the denominator being nonzreo).
Thus, we can add, multiply, substract, and divide any two
rational numbers (except that division by zero is excluded)
and the result always a rational number.
Thus, all the four foundamental operations of arithmetic:
addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division, are all
possible within the system of real numbers.

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Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

Exercise:
1, Evaluate the following without the use of calculator:
(a) 6 + (−3)
(b) 3 × (−8)
(c) (−2) × (−8)
21
(d)
7
⋇ Find the sum and product of:
(a) 3 and 6,
(b) 10 and 7,
(c) 2,3 and 6
⋇ Find the difference and quotient of:
(a) 18 and 9,
(b) 20 and 5,
(c) 10 and 20.

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THE BODMAS RULE

WHY BODMAS RULE???


⋇ When evaluating numerical expressions we need to know
the order in which adding, subtraction, multiplication
and division are carried out.
⋇ For instance, considering evaluating 2 + 3 × 4.
⋇ If addition is carried out first we get 2 + 3 × 4 = 20.
⋇ If multiplication is carried out first we get 2 + 3 × 4 = 14.
⋇ Clearly order of carrying out numerical operation is
important.
⋇ The BODMAS rule tells us the order in which we must
carry out the operations of Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication and Division.

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THE BODMAS RULE CONT...

⋇ The procedure of BODMAS

⋇ If an expression contains only multiplication and division,


we evaluate by working from left to right.
⋇ Similarly, if an expression contains only addition and
subtraction, we also evaluate by working from left to right
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THE BODMAS RULE CONT...

Example: Evaluate each of the following using BODMAS


Rule
(a) 2 + 3 × 4
(b) (2 + 3) × 4
(c) 4 − 2 ÷ 2 = 4 − 1
(d) 1 − 3 + 2 × 2

Solution
(a) 2 + 3 × 4 = 2 + 12 = 14
(b) (2 + 3) × 4 = 5 × 4 = 20
(c) 4 − 2 ÷ 2 = 4 − 1 = 3
(d) 1 − 3 + 2 × 2 = 1 − 3 + 4 = 2

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THE BODMAS RULE CONT...

Exercise 1: Evaluate the following expressions


(a) 6 − 2 × 2
(b) 6 − 2 + 3 × 2
(c) 6 − (2 + 3) × 2
(d) (12 ÷ 4) × 3

Exercise 1: Place brackets in the following expressions to


make them correct
(a) 6 × 12 − 3 + 1 = 55
(b) 6 × 12 − 3 + 1 = 68
(c) 5 × 4 − 3 + 2 = 7
(d) 5 × 4 − 3 + 2 = −5

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