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Nucleus Class

The document discusses the structure of the atomic nucleus, detailing the discovery of protons and neutrons, the concept of isotopes, isobars, and isotones, as well as nuclear density and binding energy. It explains nuclear reactions, including fusion processes that power the sun and stars, and provides equations related to mass-energy equivalence. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of nuclear forces and the concept of mass defect.

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10 views26 pages

Nucleus Class

The document discusses the structure of the atomic nucleus, detailing the discovery of protons and neutrons, the concept of isotopes, isobars, and isotones, as well as nuclear density and binding energy. It explains nuclear reactions, including fusion processes that power the sun and stars, and provides equations related to mass-energy equivalence. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of nuclear forces and the concept of mass defect.

Uploaded by

virajsawant11052005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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13.

Nucleus
Proton
• In 1913, Bohr gave a satisfactory model of
the atom.
• In 1917, Rutherford experimentally proved
that nucleus of Hydrogen is present in all
other nuclei.
• Hence, he gave it another name - proton.
• Charge of proton:
• Mass of proton:
Hydrogen, deuterium and tritium
• Atomic Mass of hydrogen = 1.007u
• Atomic Mass of deuterium = 2.014u
• Atomic Mass of tritium = 3.016u

• There is something other than proton in nucleus.


• James Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932.
• electron -1897, Bohr’s model – 1913, Proton – 1917,
Name of the atom and nucleus
• Name of the atom and nucleus is decided
on the basis of number of its protons.
• Atomic number (Z) – number of protons
• Neutron number (N) – number of neutrons
• Mass number (A) – total no. of nucleons
A = Z+N
Notation for nucleus

Isotopes: same atomic no. but


different mass no.
Isobar and Isotone
• Isobar – same mass no. but different
atomic no.

• Isotone – same neutron number, but


different atomic no.
• N=?
Size of the nucleus
• The more number of the nucleons, the
bigger the volume.
VαA
R = R0 A⅓
where R0 = 1.2 x 10-5 m is a constant which is the
same for all nuclei and
A is the mass number of the nucleus.
Nuclear Density
Mass of nucleus, M = A amu = A x 1.66 x 10 -27 kg

Nuclear Volume, V = (4/3) π R3 = (4/3) π R03 A

4 22
= x x (1.2 x 10-15)3 A m3
3 7
= 7.24 x 10-45 A m3

Nuclear Density, ρ = M / V = 2.29 x 1017 kg / m3

1.Nuclear density does not depend upon mass


number. So, all the nuclei possess nearly the same
density.
2.The nuclear density has very large value.
Mass Energy
• E = m c2

Calculate mass energy equivalent of 1g


of a substance.
• Name a device which converts mass
into energy.
• A person has mass 60kg. Find its energy
equivalent.
Find out the electrical energy consumed by a bulb of 3W in 1hour.
Mass defect
• The difference in mass of a nucleus
and its constituents is called the mass
defect, and is given by
Mass defect
• The difference in mass of a nucleus
and its constituents is called the mass
defect, and is given by
Mass defect
• The difference in mass of a nucleus
and its constituents is called the mass
defect, and is given by
Nuclear binding energy
Binding energy per nucleon
How strongly are the nucleons hold together in a nucleus?
Binding Energy per nucleon
1. The binding
energy per
nucleon, Ebn, is
practically
constant.
The curve has a maximum
of about 8.75 MeV for A
= 56, Iron and has a
value of 7.6 MeV for A =
238.
Binding Energy per nucleon
Conclusions

Compare it with binding energy of electron.


Conclusions
Conclusions
Conclusions
Nuclear force
• Nuclear force is attractive
for r>r0 .
• Nuclear force is repulsive
for r<r0 .
• Nuclear force is short
ranged, only upto 3fm.
• Nuclear force is
independent of charge.
• Nuclear force is stronger
than the coulomb force.
Radioactivity – Natural nuclear
reaction
• An unstable large nucleus decays into stable
nucleus and other particles and radiation.
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Fusion:
Nuclear fusion is defined as a type of nuclear reaction in which two lighter
nuclei merge into one another to form a heavier nucleus accompanied by a
release of a large amount of energy.
Energy Source of Sun:
Proton – Proton Cycle:
1H
1 + 1H1 → 1H
2 + 1e
0 + 0.4 MeV

1H
1 + 1H
2 → 2He
3 + 5.5 MeV

2He
3 + 2He
3 → 2He
4 + 2 1H1 + 12.9 MeV
Energy Source of Star:
Carbon - Nitrogen Cycle:
6C
12 + 1H
1 → 7N
13 +γ (energy)
7N
13 → 6C
13 + 1e0 (positron)
6C
13 + 1H
1 → 7N
14 +γ (energy)
7N
14 + 1H
1 → 8O
15 +γ (energy)
8O
15 → 7N
15 + 1e0 (positron)
7N
15 + 1H
1 → 6C
12 + 2He4 + γ (energy)
End of Atomic Nucleus

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