What is Primary storage?;Electrons are stored as volatile data.

Volatile means the data is lost when the voltage is lost (turned off). Read Only Memory (ROM)
Random Access memory (RAM)
:What is Secondary Storage?;Non-volatile storage. Magnetic/Hard Disk Drive (HDD). Magnetic/Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

- Solid State Drive (SSD)::What is Read-Only Memory (ROM)?;;- Non-volatile

- Slow write speed
- Stores basic information that a device needs to operate / boot
- Stores information that does not change or needs to be retained even when the device is turned off::Types of ROM?;;- Programmable ROM (PROM)
- Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
- Electronically Erasble Programmable ROM (EEPROM)::What is a Programmable ROM (PROM)?;;A ROM chip that is initially empty but can be written to once::What is Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)?;;A PROM chip that can be erased by using a UV light to heat up the circuit. Can be overwritten may times. EPROM needs to be completely erased before overwriting.::What is Electronically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)?;;An EEPROM chip that can be erased electronically using voltage. It is a type of flash memory that means it can be rewritten quickly and many times. EEPROM can be partially era
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM)::What is Static RAM (SRAM)?;;A type of RAM in which data remains constant if power is supplied. It is commonly used as CPU cashe and buffers due to its low storage capacity. Transistors are arranged as flip flops.::What is Dyanamic RAM (DRAM)?;;A type of RAM that stores each bit on a capacitor and therefore needs to be constantly refreshed. DRAM is used for personal computers and webserves as it's cheaper. Transistors are arranged as capacitors.::Differences between ROM and RAM?;;ROM:
- Uses MBs
- Non-volatile
- Slower

RAM:
- Uses GBs
- Volatile
- Fast::Differences Between DRAM and SRAM?;;DRAM:
- Cheap
- Slow
- Low power use
- Low heat produced
- High capacity

SRAM:
- Expensive
- Fast
- High poer use
- High heat produced
- Low capacity::What is a Hard Disk Drive (HDD)?;;-A hard disk has one or more platters mounted on a spindle.
-The platter is divided into concentric tracks and sectors.
- It is spun at a very fast speed.
- A read and write head is mounted on an arm above the surface.
- The data is encoded as magnetic patterns.::What is Solid State Drive (SSD)?;;- Blocks of transistors are arranged in a grid with two transistors at each intersection; the floating gate and the control gate.
- Memory cells stores 0s and 1s.
- Movement of electrons is controlled for read and write operations.::What is Buffer?;;A temporary storage usually in the RAM that is used due to speed incompatibility between devices. Such as a video buffer when steaming videos.::What is an Embedded system?;;An integrated system with microprocessor within a larger system that performs one specific task.::Pros and cons of Embedded systems?;;Pros:
- Compactandfast
- Consumes less power and is very reliable
- Cheap

Cons:
- Tedious and difficult to upgrade
- Time needed to maintain it
- Hard to backup
- Not easily changed by device’s owner::Examples of Input/Output Devices;;- Laser Printer
- 3D Printer
- Microphone
- Speaker
- Optical Disc Reader
- Touch Screen::What is a Laser printer?;;- The drum is positively charged.
- As it rotates it is hit by a laser in certain areas to remove the positive charge and make it negative.
- The drum is coated with a positively charged toner which sticks to the negative area.
- As a piece of paper is rolled in, the toner sticks to it.
- The ink is melted so that it continues to stick to the paper even after charge is removed.::What is 3D printer;;- A 3D design is made using CAD. The design is split into layers that are transmitted one by one to the printer.
- The printer head can move in all cardinal directions squirting out material. This is repeated for every layer.
- After that it needs to be cured; either by removing excess material or letting the material dry/harden.::What is a Microphone?;;- As sound is passed into the diaphragm is vibrates.
- The diaphragm is connected to a circuit where the vibrations cause a change in the electrical signal.
- The analogue signal is then converted into a digital signal by an ADC.::What is a Speaker?;;The digital signal is converted by a DAC.
- The analogue signal is then sent as current to a speaker. The current passes through the coil creating an electromagnet, which is attached to the diaphragm.
Changes in the sound affect the direction of the current. The electromagnet is constantly being attacked / repelled by a permanent magnet causing the diaphragm to vibrate and produce sound.::What is a Optical Disc Reader?;;- An optical disc is spun on a spiral track, as it spins the pits and lands are read by a laser.
- The difference in the reflection of a pit and land is read as 0s and 1s::What are the two types of touch screens?;;- Resistive
- Capacitive::What is a Resistive touchscreen?;;- Two charged plates.
- When you press on the screen the two layers connect and complete a circuit.
- Point of contact is registered and the coordinates are used to calculate position.::What is a Virtual reality headset?;;A headset contains two eye pieces which display images from a controlling system; when looked through simulates being in a 3D environment.
When the user moves their head or uses the controlling device they can move and look around in the environment::What is a Capacitive touchscreen?;;- A conductive layer stores charge.
- When touched charge is transferred to the finger.
- Sensors at the corner of the screen detect changes and the point of contact is registered and the coordinates are used to calculate position.::What are sensors?;;Sensors are input devices that provide data based on real-word data.
- Temperature
- Infrared
- Pressure
- Sound
Actuators are used in tandem with sensors, they provide the output.::What are the two types of systems with sensors?;;- Monitoring
- Controlling::What is a Monitoring system for sensors?;;A system where sensors are used to detect changes, they cannot resolve the issue itself.
e.g, if a temperature gets too high, it will turn on a red light. Human intervention is needed::What is a Controlling system for sensors?;;A system where sensors are used to detect changes and resolve the issue.
e.g, if a temperature gets too high, it will turn on the air conditioning. No human intervention is needed::Logic Gate: NOT;;::Logic Gate: OR ;;::Logic Gate: AND;;::Logic Gate: NOR;;::Logic Gate: NAND;;::Logic Gate: XOR;;::What are Binary shifts?;;Moving the bits stored in a register a given number of places with the registers::What is a Logical shift?;;- Bits shifted out of the registers replaced with 0
- e.g: 10101111 Shifted left 3 place becomes 01111000::What is Logical Shift Left (LSL)?;;Multiples the number by 2 to the power of n::What is Logical Shift Right (LSR)?;;Divides the number by 2 to the power of n::What is an Arithmetic shift?;;- The sign of the number is preserved
- e.g: 10101111 Shifted right 3 places becomes 11110101::What is a Left shift;;- Bits are shifted to the left
- e.g: 10101111 Shifted left 3 places becomes 01111000::What is a Right shift?;;- Bits are shifted to the right
- e.g: 10101111 Shifted right 3 places becomes 1111010::What is a Cyclic shift?;;- No bits are lost, bits shifted out of one end of the register are introduced at the other end of the register
- e.g: 10101111 Shifted left 3 places becomes 01111101