Solution

PRACTICE TEST 2

Class 12 - Physics
1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. It is the basic unit of all light.
According to Einstein, photons have energy equal to their frequency times Planck's constant. The intensity of the light
corresponds to the number of photons.
The basic properties of photons are:
i. They have zero mass and rest energy. They only exist as moving particles.
ii. They are elementary particles despite lacking rest mass.
iii. They have no electric charge.
iv. They are stable.
v. They carry energy and momentum which are dependent on the frequency.
vi. They can have interactions with other particles such as electrons, such as the Compton effect.
vii. They can be destroyed or created by many natural processes, for instance when radiation is absorbed or emitted.
viii. In free space, they travel at the speed of light.
(i) (d) Planck's constant
Explanation:
Photons have energy equal to their frequency times Planck's constant. E = hv.
(ii) (b) Number of photons
Explanation:
Number of photons
sir
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(iii) (d) 0
Explanation:
0
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(iv) (d) Statement (c) is wrong.

Explanation:
Photons have zero mass.
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(v) (d) Statement (a) is wrong.

Explanation:
Photons can be destroyed or created by many natural processes, for instance when radiation is absorbed or emitted.
2. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

The donor concentration is high at n side and acceptor concentration is high at p-side. There is no acceptor concentration at n-side
and no donor concentration at p-side.
For simplicity, let us assume that there is no hole concentration in n-side and no electron concentration in p-side.
After diffusion and drift of electrons and holes, depletion region is formed around the junction where there is no free charge.
There are only immobile ions: +ve ions in n-side and -ve ions in p-side.

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 (i)

(c)

Explanation:
The donor concentration is high at n side and acceptor concentration is high at p-side. There is no acceptor
concentration at n-side and no donor concentration at p-side.
(ii)

(a)

Explanation:
The donor concentration is high at n side and acceptor concentration is high at p-side. There is no acceptor
concentration at n-side and no donor concentration at p-side.
(iii)

(b)

Explanation: sir
In p-side there are only holes. There is no electron concentration. In n-side there are only electrons. There is no hole
concentration. At depletion region, there is no charge carrier.
sh
(iv)
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(c)
Yo

Explanation:
After recombination of free electrons and holes, around the depletion region, there will be positively charged ions in
the n-side and negatively charged ions in p-side.
(v) (d) Both Will reduce when the p-n junction is reverse biased and Will increase when the p-n junction is forward
biased.
Explanation:
In forward bias, applied voltage does not support potential barrier. As a result, the depletion layer width decreases.
In reverse bias, applied voltage supports potential barrier. As a result, depletion layer widens.
3.
(c) 3.4 ×10 −4
m

Explanation:
Given, λ = 600nm = 600 × 10 −9
m

Now convert degrees to radian i.e.,

∘ 0.1π
θ = 0.1 = rad
180
−9
λ
Now, θ = λ

d
⇒ d = =
600×10

0.1π
−4
× 180 = 3.44 × 10 m
θ

4.
μt
(d) c

Explanation:

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 Speed of light in glass plate, v = c

Time taken light to traverse thickness t of the glass plate,

t μt
= c
=
c
μ

5.
(d) 9I and I
Explanation:
−
− −
−
2
Imax = (√I1 + √I2 )

I1 = I, I2 = 4I
On putting these values,
– −− 2
Imax = (√I + √4I )

Imax = 9I
−
− −
− 2
Imin = (√I1 − √I2 )
– −− 2
Imin = (√I − √4I )

Imin = I

6.
(d) 1.47
Explanation:
c
μ=

μ=

μ = 1.47
v

3×10

1.94×10
8

8 sir
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7.
(b) 2.4 mm
Explanation:
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Distance between the first-order dark fringes

= Width of central maximum
−9
Yo

2Dλ 2×2×600×10
=
a
=
−3
m
1×10

= 24 × 10-4 m = 2.4 mm

8. (a) energy spread with an upper limit

Explanation:
The photo electrons coming out of the cathode have an energy spread with an upper limit.
9.
(b) 1.0 eV
Explanation:
Kmax = hν - W0
In first case : 0.5 = hν - W0 ....(i)
In second case : 0.8 = 1.2 hν - W0 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 1.2, 0.6 = 1.2 hν - 1.2 W0 ....(iii)
Subtracting (iii) from (ii), 0.2 = 0.2 W0
∴ W0 = 1eV

10.
(c) 2.14 eV
Explanation:
2.14 eV

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11.
(d) 6.0 × 10-20 J
Explanation:
6.0 × 10-20 J

12.
(c) λ
h

Explanation:
h

13.
(b) 9r0
Explanation:
rn = r1 n
2
where r1 = r0

∴ r3 = r0(3)2 = 9 r0

14.
(d) 6πx
Explanation:
rn = n2r1
r3 = 9r1 = 9x
sir
sh
mvr = nh

2π

mv9x = 3 2π
h

h
= 6πx
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mv

λ = 6πx
Yo

15.
(b) three
Explanation:
When photon of energy 12.1 eV is incident, the hydrogen atom will be raised to the excited state having energy -13.6 + 12.1 i.e.
- 1.5 eV. This state corresponds to n = 3. Therefore, three spectral line (corresponding to the transitions from n = 3 to n = 2, n =
3 to n = 1 and n = 1 states) will be emitted.

16.
(c) n= 2 to n = 1
Explanation:
The energy difference E2 - E1 is maximum, so photon of maximum frequency is emitted in transition n = 2 to n = 1.

17.
(b) 20

7
λ

Explanation:
For transition 3 → 2
1 1 1 5
= R[ − ] = R
λ 2 2 36
2 3

For transition 4 → 3
1 1 1 7

′
= R[ − ] = R
2 2 144
λ 3 4
′
λ 5 144 20 ′ 20
∴ = × = ⇒ λ = λ
λ 36 7 7 7

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18.
(d) Ek = -Ep/2
Explanation:
2 2
Ze Ze
Here, E p = −
4πϵ0
1

r
and E k =
1

8πϵ0 r

Ep
∴ = −2
E
k

19. (a) Second line of Balmer series

Explanation:
In line spectra, the Balmer formula corresponds to nf = 2 and ni = 3, 4, 5, etc.

20. (a) 5R

36

Explanation:
For first Balmer line,
1 1 1 5R
v̄ = = R( − ) =
λ 2 2 36
2 3

21.
(b) 8O16 + 0n1 → 7N14 + 3 1H1 + 2 -1β 0
This reaction is not balanced properly.

Explanation:
16 + 0n1 → 7N14 + 3 1H1 + 2 -1β 0
8O

22.
(d) M < [N - Mn + Z - Mp]
sir
Explanation:
sh
The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons.
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23.
(b) independent of A
Explanation:
Yo

independent of A

24. (a) 4 × 10-5 kg

Explanation:
E = 10 kWh = 106 6
× 3.6 × 10
6
J = 3.6 × 10
12
J
−13
E 931×1.6×10
Δm = =
2 8 2
c (3× 10 )

−27
= 1.66 × 10 kg

25.
(d) 6.675 MeV
Explanation:
2 2 4
H+ H→ He
1 1 2

Δm = 0.02866u

Energy liberated per 'u'

Δm×931
= MeV
u
0.02866×931
= MeV
4

= 6.675 MeV

26.
(c) 6.0 eV
Explanation:

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 In case of insulating material, there exists a large forbidden gap in between the conduction band and the valence band. The
forbidden gap is very wide, approximately greater than 3 eV in insulators. For a diamond, which is an insulator, the forbidden
gap is about 6 eV.

27.
(b) Pauli's exclusion principle
Explanation:
Pauli's exclusion principle

28.
(c) hole concentration in p-region is more as compared to n-region
Explanation:
Hole concentration in p-region is more as compared to n-region. Therefore, they attract free electrons from n-region.

29.
(b) Forward biasing, 0 A
Explanation:
Forward biasing, 0 A

30.
(d) low resistance
Explanation: sir
Forward biasing of p-n junction offers low resistance. In the case of the ideal p-n junction, resistance is zero.
sh
31.
(b) lowers the potential barrier
Explanation:
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When a forward bias is applied across the p-n junction, the applied voltage opposes the barrier voltage. Due to it, the potential
barrier across the junction is lowered. Hence, depletion layer width reduces and the barrier height is decreased.
Yo

32.
(b) the depletion region is increased
Explanation:
When a p-n junction is reverse biased, its depletion region is widened.

33. (a) more than dc value

Explanation:
The output of a rectifier consists of an AC component called ripple and a DC component. The ratio of the AC and DC
components will be greater than one for a half-wave rectifier, while it will be less than one for a full-wave rectifier.
34.
(d) unidirectional voltage having ripples
Explanation:
A rectifier which rectifies both halves of each a.c. input cycle is called a full wave rectifier. The output of a full wave rectifier
is continuous but pulsating in nature. However, it can be made smooth by using a filter circuit.

35. The diffraction pattern replaces the interference pattern.

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36.

37. Yes, because vb|ue > vred.

38. The mass of a body moving with speed v is
m0
m =
v2
√1−
c2
−−−−−
2

Rest mass, m 0 = m√1 −

v

c2

For a photon, v = c , therefore,

−−−−−
2

m0 = m√1 −
c

2
= zero
c

39. 180°
40. We know,
h h
de Broglie wavelength, λ = p
= mv

1
⇒ λ ∝

Also v ∝
∴ λ ∝n
v
1

∴ de Broglie wavelength will increase.

sir
41. En = -3.4eV (given)
sh
Ek = -En = 3.4eV
U = 2En = -6.8 eV
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42. n = 5
n(n−1)
5×4
N = =
2 2

N = 10
Yo

43. The clouds produced by a global nuclear war would perhaps cover major parts of the sky preventing solar light from reaching
many parts of the earth. This would cause a 'nuclear winter'.
44. By definition, one electron volt is the energy gained by an electron, when accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt,
therefore
−19 −19
1eV = 1.602 × 10 C × 1 V = 1.602 × 10 J

Hence 1 J = 1

−19
eV = 6.242 × 10
18
eV
1.602×10

45. No, a free neutron is not a stable particle. It spontaneously decays into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino with a mean life
of about 1000 s.
1 1 0
n→ H+ e + v̄
0 1 −1

46.

Explanation:- Nuclear forces are short range & show saturation, while the electrostatic force are neither short range nor show any
saturation. Hence for heavier nuclei (A > 170) the electrostatic force of repulsion becomes predominant, decreasing the binding
energy per nucleon.
47. There is a large forbidden band of 6 eV in a diamond. It is difficult to excite the electrons from the valence band to the conduction
band. Due to the absence of free charge carriers, diamond behaves as an insulator.

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48. Yes, the ionization energy of an isolated atom is different from its value in crystalline lattice. This is because, in the periodic
crystal lattice, each bound electron is influenced by many neighboring atoms.
49. If the reverse bias decreases, the width of the depletion region of the p-n junction increases.

50.

51. To use a transistor as a rectifier, either its emitter-base portion or collector base portion has to be used. As the base is thin and
lightly doped, either of the two portions will not work as a p-n junction. So a transistor cannot be used as a rectifier.

sir
sh
ge
Yo

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