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CH 03

This document discusses discrete random variables and their probability distributions, including definitions and examples of various distributions such as binomial, geometric, negative binomial, hypergeometric, and Poisson. It emphasizes the analysis of random experiments and the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios. The document also covers mean, variance, and cumulative distribution functions related to discrete random variables.

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3 views59 pages

CH 03

This document discusses discrete random variables and their probability distributions, including definitions and examples of various distributions such as binomial, geometric, negative binomial, hypergeometric, and Poisson. It emphasizes the analysis of random experiments and the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios. The document also covers mean, variance, and cumulative distribution functions related to discrete random variables.

Uploaded by

ali282h
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3-1 Discrete Random Variables

• Many physical systems can be modeled by the same or


similar random experiments and random variables.
• The distribution of the random variables involved in each
of these common systems can be analyzed, and the results
can be used in different applications and examples.
• In this chapter, we present the analysis of several random
experiments and discrete random variables that
frequently arise in applications.
3-1 Discrete Random Variables

Example 3-1
3-2 Probability Distributions and
Probability Mass Functions
Example 3-4

Figure 3-1 Probability distribution for bits in error.


3-2 Probability Distributions and
Probability Mass Functions

Figure 3-2 Loadings at discrete points on a long, thin beam.


3-2 Probability Distributions and
Probability Mass Functions
Definition
3-2 Probability Distributions and
Probability Mass Functions
Example 3-5 (continued)
3-3 Cumulative Distribution Functions

Definition
Example 3-8
Example 3-8
Example 3-8

Figure 3-4 Cumulative distribution function for Example 3-8.


3-4 Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable
Definition
3-4 Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable

Figure 3-5 A probability distribution can be viewed as a loading


with the mean equal to the balance point. Parts (a) and (b)
illustrate equal means, but Part (a) illustrates a larger variance .
3-4 Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable

Figure 3-6 The probability distribution illustrated in Parts (a)


and (b) differ even though they have equal means and equal
variances.
3-4 Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable
3-4 Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable
Example 3-11
3-4 Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable

Expected Value of a Function of a Discrete


Random Variable
3-5 Discrete Uniform Distribution

Definition
3-5 Discrete Uniform Distribution

Example 3-13
3-5 Discrete Uniform Distribution

Figure 3-7 Probability mass function for a discrete uniform


random variable.
3-5 Discrete Uniform Distribution

Mean and Variance


3-6 Binomial Distribution

Random experiments and random variables

1. Flip a coin 10 times. Let X be the number of


heads obtained.
2. A worn machine tool produces 1% defective
parts. Let X be the number of defective parts in
the next 25 parts produced.
3. Each sample of air has a 10% chance of a
particular rare molecule. Let X be the number of
air samples that contain the rare molecule in the
next 18 samples.
3-6 Binomial Distribution

4. Of all bits transmitted through a digital transmission


channel, 10% are received in error. Let X be the
number of bits in error in the next five bits
transmitted.
5. A multiple choice test contains 25 questions, each with
four choices, and you guess at each question. Let X be
the number of questions answered correctly.
6. In the next 20 births at a hospital, let X be the number
of female births.
7. Of all patients suffering from a particular illness, 35%
experience improvement from a particular medication.
In the next 100 patients administered the medication,
let X be the number of patients who experience
improvement.
3-6 Binomial Distribution
Definition
3-6 Binomial Distribution

Figure 3-8 Binomial distributions for selected values of n and p.


3-6 Binomial Distribution
Example 3-18
3-6 Binomial Distribution
Example 3-18
3-6 Binomial Distribution
Example 3-18
3-6 Binomial Distribution

Mean and Variance


3-6 Binomial Distribution

Example 3-19
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions
Example 3-20
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions
Example 3-20
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions
Definition
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

Figure 3-9. Geometric distributions for selected values


of the parameter p.
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

3-7.1 Geometric Distribution


Example 3-21
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

Definition
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

Lack of Memory Property


3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

3-7.2 Negative Binomial Distribution


3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

Figure 3-10.
Negative binomial
distributions for
selected values of
the parameters r
and p.
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

Figure 3-11. Negative binomial random variable


represented as a sum of geometric random variables.
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

3-7.2 Negative Binomial Distribution


3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

Example 3-25
3-7 Geometric and Negative Binomial
Distributions

Example 3-25
3-8 Hypergeometric Distribution

Definition
3-8 Hypergeometric Distribution

Figure 3-12.
Hypergeometric
distributions for
selected values of
parameters N, K, and n.
3-8 Hypergeometric Distribution

Example 3-27
3-8 Hypergeometric Distribution
Example 3-27
3-8 Hypergeometric Distribution

Mean and Variance


3-8 Hypergeometric Distribution

Finite Population Correction Factor


3-8 Hypergeometric Distribution

Figure 3-13. Comparison of hypergeometric and binomial


distributions.
3-9 Poisson Distribution
3-9 Poisson Distribution
Definition
3-9 Poisson Distribution

Consistent Units
3-9 Poisson Distribution
Example 3-32
3-9 Poisson Distribution
Example 3-32
3-9 Poisson Distribution

Mean and Variance

(3.16)

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