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Michael Trott

The Mathematica GuideBook

for Programming

~ pSpringer
'i:i
Contents
PREFACE

to The Mathematica GuideBooks

CHAPTER 0

Introduction and Orientation

0.1 Overview
0.1.1 Content Summaries
0.1.2 Relation of the Four Volumes
0.1.3 Chapter Structure
0.1.4 Code Presentation Style
0.2 Requirements
0.2.1 Hardware and Software
0.2.2 Reader Prerequisites
0.3 What the GuideBooks Are and What They Are Not
0.3.1 Doing Computer Mathematics
0.3.2 Programming Paradigms
0.4 Exercises and Solutions
0.4.1 Exercises
0.4.2 Solutions
0.5 The Books Versus the Electronic Components
0.5.1 Working with the Notebook
0.5.2 Reproducibility of the Results
0.5.3 Earlier Versions of the Notebooks
0.6 Style and Design Elements
0.6.1 Text and Code Formatting
0.6.2 References
0.6.3 Variable Scoping, Input Numbering, and Warning Messages
0.6.4 Graphics
0.6.5 Notations and Symbols
0.6.6 Units
0.6.7 Cover Graphics
0.7 Production History
0.8 Four General Suggestions

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

2 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

@ @ References

P R O G R A M M I N G

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Mathematica
1.0 Remarks
1.1 Basics of Mathematica as a Programming Language
1.1.1 General Background
In and Out Numbering † General Naming, Spelling, and
Capitalization Conventions for Symbols † Options and Option
Settings † Messages † Add-On Packages
1.1.2 Elementary Syntax
Common Shortcuts † Parentheses, Braces, and Brackets †
Comments Inside Code † Font Usage † Referring to Outputs †
Functional Programming Style † “Ideal” Formatting
1.2 Introductory Examples
1.2.0 Remarks
1.2.1 Numerical Computations
Periodic Continued Fractions † Pisot Numbers † Fast Integer
Arithmetic † Digit Sums † Numerical Integration † Numerical ODE
Solving † Burridge–Knopoff Earthquake Model † Trajectories in a
Random Two-Dimensional Potential † Numerical PDE Solving †
Benney PDE † Sierpinski Triangle-Generating PDE † Monitoring
Numerical Algorithms † Hilbert Matrices † Distances between Matrix
Eigenvalues † Special Functions of Mathematical Physics † Sums
and Products † Computing a High-Precision Value for Euler’s
Constant g † Numerical Root-Finding † Roots of Polynomials †
Jensen Disks † De Rham’s Function † Logistic Map † Built-in Pseudo-
Compiler † Forest Fire Model † Iterated Digit Sums † Modeling a
Sinai Billiard
1.2.2 Graphics
Gibbs Phenomena † Fourier Series of Products of Discontinuous
Functions † Dirichlet Function † Counting Digits † Apollonius Circles †
Generalized Weierstrass Function † 3D Plots † Plotting Parametrized
Surfaces † Plotting Implicitly Defined Surfaces †
Graphics-Objects as Mathematica Expressions † Kepler Tiling †
Fractal Post Sign † Polyhedral Flowers † Gauss Map Animation †
Random Polyehdra

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 3

1.2.3 Symbolic Calculations

Differentiation † Integration † Symbolic Solutions of ODEs †
Vandermonde Matrix † LU Decomposition of a Vandermonde
Matrix † Redheffer Matrix † Symbolic Representations of Polynomial
Roots † Solving Systems of Polynomials † Eliminating Variables from
Polynomial Systems † Series Expansions † L’Hôspital’s Rule †
Radical Expressions of Trigonometric Function Values † Prime
Factorizations † Symbolic Summation † Proving Legendre’s Elliptic
Integral Identity † Geometric Theorem Proofs Using Gröbner
Bases † Medial Parallelograms † Inequality Solving † Symbolic
Description of a Thickened Lissajous Curve † Simplifications under
Assumptions † Numbers with Identical Digits in the Decimal and
Continued Fraction Expansions † Conformal Map of a Square to the
Unit Disk † Vortex Motion in a Rectangle † Magnetic Field of a
Magnet with Air Gap † Localized Propagating Solution of the
Maxwell Equation † Customized Notations † Schmidt Decomposition
of a Two-Particle State
1.2.4 Programming
Large Calculations † Partitioning Integers † Binary Splitting-Based
Fast Factorial † Bolyai Expansion in Nested Radicals † Defining
Pfaffians † Bead Sort Algorithm † Structure of Larger Programs †
Making Platonic Solids from Tori † Equipotential Surfaces of a
Charged Icosahedral Wireframe † Tube along a 3D Hilbert Curve
1.3 What Computer Algebra and Mathematica 5.1 Can and Cannot Do
What Mathematica Does Well †
What Mathematica Does Reasonably Well †
What Mathematica Cannot Do † Package Proposals †
What Mathematica Is and What Mathematica Not Is † Impacts of
Computer Algebra † Relevant Quotes † Computer Algebra and
Human Creativity † New Opportunities Opened by Computer
Algebra † Computer Mathematics—The Joy Now and the Joy to
Come
@ @ Exercises
Computing Wishes and Proposals † Computer Algebra Systems
@ @ Solutions
100 Proposals for Problems to Tackle † Sources of Interesting and
Challenging Problems † ISSAC Challenge Problems † 100$–100-
Digit Challenge

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

4 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

@ @ References

CHAPTER 2

Structure of Mathematica Expressions

2.0 Remarks
2.1 Expressions
Everything Is an Expression † Hierarchical Structure of Symbolic
Expressions † Formatting Possibilities † Traditional Mathematics
Notation versus Computer Mathematics Notation † Typeset Forms †
Heads and Arguments † Symbols † Nested Heads † Input Form and
the Formatting of Programs
2.2 Simple Expressions
2.2.1 Numbers and Strings
Formatting Fractions † Integers † Autosimplifications † Rational
Numbers † Approximate Numbers † Real Numbers † Complex
Numbers † Autonumericalization of Expressions † Strings † High-
Precision Numbers † Inputting Approximate Numbers † Inputting
High-Precision Numbers † Approximate Zeros
2.2.2 Simplest Arithmetic Expressions and Functions
Basic Arithmetic Operations † Reordering Summands and Factors †
Precedences of Simple Operators † Algebraic Numbers † Domains
of Numeric Functions † Autoevaluations of Sums, Differences,
Products, Quotients, and Powers
2.2.3 Elementary Transcendental Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions † Trigonometric and
Hyperbolic Functions † Exponential Singularities † Picard’s
Theorem † Secants Iterations † Exact and Approximate Arguments †
Postfix Notation † Infix Notation
2.2.4 Mathematical Constants
Imaginary Unit † p † Autoevaluations of Trigonometric Functions †
Base of the Natural Logarithm † Golden Ratio † Euler’s Constant g †
Directed and Undirected Infinities † Indeterminate Expressions
2.2.5 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Multivalued Functions † Inverse Trigonometric Functions † Inverse
Hyperbolic Functions † Complex Number Characteristics † Real and
Imaginary Parts of Symbolic Expressions † Branch Points and
Branch Cuts † Branch Cuts Not Found in Textbooks
2.2.6 Do Not Be Disappointed
Real versus Complex Arguments † Seemingly Missing
Simplifications † Principal Sheets of Multivalued Functions
2.2.7 Exact and Approximate Numbers
Symbols and Constants † Numericalization to Any Number of
Digits † Precision of Real Numbers † Precision of Complex Numbers
2.3 Nested Expressions
2.3.1 An Example
Constructing Nested Expressions † Canonical Order † Displaying
Outlines of Expressions † Displaying Nested Expressions

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 5

2.3.2 Analysis of a Nested Expression

A Large Expression † Parts of Expressions † Recursive Part
Extraction † Depths of Expressions † Extracting Multiple Parts †
Extracting Parts Hierarchically † Locating Subexpressions in
Expressions † Level Specifications † Length of Expressions † Leaves
of Expressions
2.4 Manipulating Numbers
2.4.1 Parts of Fractions and Complex Numbers
Rational Numbers as Raw Objects † Numerators and
Denominators † Complex Numbers as Raw Objects † Real and
Imaginary Parts
2.4.2 Digits of Numbers
Digits of Integers † Digits of Real Numbers † Writing Numbers in Any
Base † Counting Digits of Numbers † Fibonacci Chain Map Animation
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Analyzing the Levels of an Expression † Branch Cuts of Nested
Algebraic Functions † Analyzing the Branch Cut Structure of Inverse
Hyperbolic Functions † “Strange” Analytic Functions
@ @ Solutions
Principal Roots † Analyzing a Large Expression † Levels Counted
from Top and Bottom † Branch Cuts of Iz4 M
1ê4
†

z+ 1êz z- 1êz †
Riemann Surface of arctanHtanHz ê 2L ê 2L
Branch Cuts of
† Repeated Mappings of
Singularities
@ @ References

CHAPTER 3

Definitions and Properties of Functions

3.0 Remarks
3.1 Defining and Clearing Simple Functions
3.1.1 Defining Functions
Immediate and Delayed Function Definitions † Expansion and
Factorization of Polynomials † Expansion and Factorization of
Trigonometric Expressions † Patterns † Nested Patterns † Patterns
in Function Definitions † Recursive Definitions † Indefinite
Integration † Matching Patterns † Definitions for Special Values †
Functions with Several Arguments † Ordering of Definitions
3.1.2 Clearing Functions and Values
Clearing Symbol Values † Clearing Function Definitions † Clearing
Specific Definitions † Removing Symbols † Matching Names by
Name Fragments † Metacharacters in Strings

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

6 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

3.1.3 Applying Functions

Univariate and Multivariate Functions † Prefix Notation † Postfix
Notation † Infix Notation
3.2 Options and Defaults
Meaning and Usage of Options † Lists as Universal Containers †
Options of Functions † Plotting Simple Functions † Extracting Option
Values † Setting Option Values
3.3 Attributes of Functions
Meaning and Usage of Attributes † Assigning Attributes to
Functions † Commutative Functions † Associative Functions †
Functions Operating Naturally on Lists † Numerical Functions †
Differentiation of Functions † Protected Functions † Preventing the
Evaluation of Expressions † Forcing the Evaluation of Expressions
3.4 Downvalues and Upvalues
Function Definitions Associated with Heads † Function Definitions
Associated with Specific Arguments † Downvalues and Upvalues †
Timing for Adding and Removing Definitions † Caching † Values of
Symbols † Numerical Values of Symbols
3.5 Functions that Remember Their Values
Caching Function Values † Multiple Assignments † Simplification of
Expressions † Timings of Computations † Takeuchi Function
3.6 Functions in the l-Calculus
l-Calculus † Functions as Mappings † Functions without Named
Arguments † Self-Reproducing Functions † Splicing of Arguments †
Sequences of Arguments † Pure Functions with Attributes † Nested
Pure Functions
3.7 Repeated Application of Functions
Applying Functions Repeatedly † Iterative Maps † Solving an ODE
by Iterated Integration † Iterated Logarithm in the Complex Plane †
Fixed Points of Maps † Fixed Point Iterations † Newton’s Method for
Square Root Extraction † Basins of Attractions † Cantor Series
3.8 Functions of Functions
Compositions of Functions † Applying Lists of Heads † Inverse
Functions † Differentiation of Inverse Functions
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Predicting Results of Inputs † Nice Polynomial Expansions †
Laguerre Polynomials † Puzzles † Unexpected Outputs † Power
Tower † Cayley Multiplication
@ @ Solutions
Matching Unevaluated Arguments † Equality of Pure Functions †
Invalid Patterns † Counting Function Applications

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 7

@ @ References

CHAPTER 4

Meta-Mathematica
4.0 Remarks
4.1 Information on Commands
4.1.1 Information on a Single Command
Built-in Function Definitions as Outputs † Information about
Functions † Listing of All Built-in Commands † Messages † Printing
Text and Cells † Warnings and Error Messages † Wrong and
“Unexpected” Inputs † Suppressing Messages † Carrying out
Multiple Calculations in One Input
4.1.2 A Program that Reports on Functions
Converting Strings to Expressions † Converting Expressions to
Strings † String Form of Typeset Expressions
4.2 Control over Running Calculations and Resources
4.2.1 Intermezzo on Iterators
Do Loops † Multiple Iterators † Possible Iterator Constructions †
Iterator Step Sizes
4.2.2 Control over Running Calculations and Resources
Aborting Calculations † Protecting Calculations from Aborts †
Interrupting and Continuing Calculations † Collecting Data on the
Fly † Time-Constrained Calculations † Memory-Constrained
Calculations † Time and Memory Usage in a Session † Expressions
Sharing Memory † Memory Usage of Expressions
4.3 The $-Commands
4.3.1 System-Related Commands
Mathematica Versions † The Date Function † Smallest and Largest
Machine Real Numbers
4.3.2 Session-Related Commands
In and Out Numbering † Input History † Collecting Messages †
Display of Graphics † Controlling Recursions and Iterations † Deep
Recursions † Ackermann Function
4.4 Communication and Interaction with the Outside
4.4.1 Writing to Files
Extracting Function Definitions † Writing Data and Definitions to
Files † Reading Data and Definitions from Files † File Manipulations
4.4.2 Simple String Manipulations
Concatenating Strings † Replacing Substrings † General String
Manipulations † Case Sensitivity and Metacharacters † A Program
that Prints Itself
4.4.3 Importing and Exporting Data and Graphics
Importing and Exporting Files † Importing Web Pages † Importing
From and To Strings † Making Low-Resolution JPEGs

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

8 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

4.5 Debugging
Displaying Steps of Calculations † Evaluation Histories as
Expressions † Recursion versus Iteration † Interactive Inputs
4.6 Localization of Variable Names
4.6.1 Localization of Variables in Iterator Constructions
Sums and Products † Scoping of Iterator Variables
4.6.2 Localization of Variables in Subprograms
Scoping Constructs † Lexical Scoping † Dynamic Scoping † Local
Constants † Temporary Variables † Variable Scoping in Pure
Functions † Creating Unique Variables † Nonlocal Program Flow
4.6.3 Comparison of Scoping Constructs
Delayed Assignments in Scoping Constructs † Temporarily
Changing Built-in Functions † Variable Localization in Iterators †
Scoping in Nested Pure Functions † Nesting Various Scoping
Constructs † Timing Comparisons of Scoping Constructs
4.6.4 Localization of Variables in Contexts
Contexts † Variables in Contexts † Searching through Contexts †
Manipulating Contexts † Beginning and Ending Contexts
4.6.5 Contexts and Packages
Loading Packages † General Structure of Packages † Private
Contexts † Analyzing Context Changes
4.6.6 Special Contexts and Packages
Developer Functions † Special Simplifiers † Bit Operations †
Experimental Functions † Standard Packages
4.7 The Process of Evaluation
Details of Evaluating an Expression † Analyzing Evaluation
Examples † Standard Evaluation Order † Nonstandard Evaluations †
Held Arguments
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Frequently Seen Messages † Unevaluated Arguments † Predicting
Results of Inputs † Analyzing Context Changes † Evaluated versus
Unevaluated Expressions
@ @ Solutions
Shortcuts for Functions † Functions with Zero Arguments † Small
Expressions that Are Large † Localization of Iterator Variables †
Dynamical Context Changes † Local Values

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 9

@ @ References

CHAPTER 5

Restricted Patterns and Replacement Rules

5.0 Remarks
5.1 Boolean and Related Functions
5.1.1 Boolean Functions for Numbers
Truth Values † Predicates † Functions Ending with Q † Numbers and
Numeric Quantities † Integer and Real Numbers † Compound
Numeric Quantities † Exact and Inexact Numbers † Primality †
Gaussian Primes † Stating Symbolic and Verifying Numeric
Inequalities † Comparisons of Numbers † Ordering Relations †
Positivity
5.1.2 Boolean Functions for General Expressions
Testing Expressions for Being a Polynomial † Vectors and Matrices †
Mathematical Equality † Equality and Equations † Structural
Equality † Identity of Expressions † Equality versus Identity †
Canonical Order † Membership Tests
5.1.3 Logical Operations
Boolean Operations † And, Or, Not, and Xor † Rewriting Logical
Expressions † Precedences of Logical Operators
5.1.4 Control Structures
Branching Constructs † The If Statement † Undecidable Conditions †
While and For Loops † Prime Numbers in Arithmetic Progression
5.1.5 Piecewise Functions
Piecewise Defined Functions † Canonicalization of Piecewise
Functions † Composition of Piecewise Functions † Interpreting
Functions as Piecewise Functions † Specifying Geometric Regions †
Endpoint Distance Distribution of Random Flights
5.2 Patterns
5.2.1 Patterns for Arbitrary Variable Sequences
Simple Patterns † Patterns for Multiple Arguments † Testing
Patterns † Named Patterns † Trace of Products of Gamma
Matrices † Shortcuts for Patterns † Avoiding Evaluation in Patterns †
Literal Patterns
5.2.2 Patterns with Special Properties
Optional Arguments † Default Values for Optional Arguments †
Repeated Arguments † Excluding Certain Patterns † Alternative
Arguments † Restricted Patterns † Pattern Tests † Conditional
Patterns † Recursive Definitions † Pattern-Based Evaluation of
Elliptic Integrals † Generating Tables † Selecting Elements from
Lists † All Syntactically Correct Shortcuts

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

10 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

5.2.3 Attributes of Functions and Pattern Matching

Pattern Matching in Commutative and Associative Functions †
Arguments in Any Order † Nested Functions † Automatic Use of
Defaults † Analyzing Matchings and Recursions in Pattern and
Attribute Combinations
5.3 Replacement Rules
5.3.1 Replacement Rules for Patterns
Immediate and Delayed Rules † One-Time and Repeated
Replacements † Unevaluated Replacements † Common Pattern
Matching Pitfalls † Finding All Possible Replacements † Scoping in
Rules † Replacements and Attributes † Modeling Function
Definitions † Options and Rules † Replacing Position-Specified Parts
of Expressions
5.3.2 Large Numbers of Replacement Rules
Optimized Rule Application † Complexity of Optimized Rule
Application
5.3.3 Programming with Rules
Examples of Rule-Based Programs † Splitting Lists † Cycles of
Permutations † Sorting of Complex Numbers † Cumulative Maxima †
Dividing Lists † House of the Nikolaus † Polypaths † Rule-Based
versus Other Programming Styles
5.4 String Patterns
Strings with Pattern Elements † Patterns for Character Sequences †
String-Membership Tests † Shortest and Longest Possible
Matches † Overlapping Matches † Counting Characters † Replacing
Characters † All Possible Replacements † Analyzing the Online
Documentation † Cumulative Letter Frequencies
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Rule-Based Expansion of Polynomials † All Possible Patterns from a
Given Set of Shortcuts † Extending Built-in Functions † General
Finite Difference Weights † Zeta Function Derivatives † Operator
Products † q-Binomial Theorem † q-Derivative † Ordered
Derivatives † Differentiating Parametrized Matrices † Ferrer
Conjugates † Hermite Polynomial Recursions † Peakons † Puzzles †
Catching Arguments and Their Head in Calculations † Nested
Scoping
@ @ Solutions
Modeling Noncommutative Operations † Campbell–Baker–Hausdorff
Formula † Counting Function Calls Using Side Effects †
q-Deformed Pascal Triangle † Ordered Derivative † Avoiding Infinite
Recursions in Pattern Matchings † Dynamically Generated
Definitions

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 11

@ @ References

CHAPTER 6

Operations on Lists, and Linear Algebra

6.0 Remarks
Prevalence of List Manipulations † Building Polyhedra by Reflecting
Polygons Iteratively † Animating the Folding Process Based on
Iterated Reflections
6.1 Creating Lists
6.1.1 Creating General Lists
Lists and Nested Lists as Arrays, Tables, Vectors, and Matrices †
Timings of Creating Nested Lists † Changing Heads of
Expressions † Summing Elements of Lists
6.1.2 Creating Special Lists
Kronecker Symbol and Identity Matrix † Levi-Civita Symbol and
Antisymmetric Tensors † Creating Multiple Iterators † Stirling
Numbers † Subsets and Tuples
6.2 Representation of Lists
2D Formatting of Tables and Matrices † Aligning Rows and
Columns † Formatting Higher-Dimensional Tensors † Tensors and
Arrays
6.3 Manipulations on Single Lists
6.3.1 Shortening Lists
Extracting Elements from Lists † Deleting Elements by Specifying
Position, Pattern, or Property † Prime Sieving
6.3.2 Extending Lists
Prepending, Appending, and Inserting List Elements † Working with
Named Lists
6.3.3 Sorting and Manipulating Elements
Rotating Lists Cyclically † Sorting Lists † Sorting Criteria † Analyzing
the Built-in Sorting Algorithm † Splitting Lists † Mapping Functions
over Lists † Listable Functions † Mapping Functions to Expressions
and Parts of Expressions † Extracting Common Subexpressions †
Optimized Expressions
6.3.4 Arithmetical Properties of Lists
Average Value of a List † Sum of a List † Variance of a List †
Quantiles of a List
6.4 Operations with Several Lists or with Nested Lists
6.4.1 Simple Operations
Hadamard Arithmetic on Lists † Transposing Tensors †
Permutations † Using Side Effects for Monitoring List Algorithms †
Joining Lists † Intersections and Complements of Lists † Finding
Approximately Identical Elements

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

12 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

6.4.2 List of All System Commands

Working with Unevaluated Expressions † Options and Attributes of
All Built-in Functions † Analyzing All Built-in Function Names †
Dependencies of Definitions
6.4.3 More General Operations
Contractions and Kronecker Products—Inner and Outer Products †
Rotations in 3D † Cross Products † Threading Functions over Lists
6.4.4 Constructing a Crossword Puzzle
A Large, List-Based Calculation † Example Construction †
Manipulating Function Definitions through Downvalues † Crossword
Array of All Built-in Functions † Crossword Array of All Package
Functions † Crossword Array of All Named Characters
6.5 Mathematical Operations with Matrices
6.5.1 Linear Algebra
Inverse Matrices † Determinants † Timing Comparisons for Various
Element Types † Traces of Matrices † Modeling Trace Calculations †
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors † Pauli Matrices † Properties of
Eigenprojectors † Power Method for Finding the Largest
Eigenvalue † Generalized Eigenvalue Problem † Solving Systems of
Linear Equations † Siamese Sisters † Lorentz Transformations in
Matrix Form † Moore–Penrose Inverse † Best Solutions to
Overdetermined Linear Systems † Algorithms of Linear Algebra †
Quantum Cellular Automata † Extending Linear Algebra Functions
6.5.2 Constructing and Solving Magic Squares
Underdetermined Linear Systems † Integer Solutions of Linear
Systems † Decoding and Encoding Magic Squares † Finding All
Solutions of a Magic Square
6.5.3 Powers and Exponents of Matrices
Integer and Fractional Powers of Matrices † Exponential Function of
a Matrix † Trigonometric Functions of Matrices † Fractional Powers
and Matrix Spectral Decompositions † Matrix Evolution Equations †
Time-Development of a Linear Chain † Cayley–Hamilton Theorem †
Characteristic Polynomials
6.6 The Top Ten Built–in Commands
Finding Filenames † Working with Unevaluated Expressions †
Counting Function Uses † Reading Packages † Zipf’s Law †
Analyzing Notebooks, Cell Types, References, Typeset Structures,
and Text
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Benford’s Rule † Timing Comparisons for List Operations † Sum-
Free Sets † Generating an Index for This Book † Consistency of
References † Line Length Distribution † Spacing Check † Moessner’s
Process † Ducci’s Iterations † Stieltjes Iterations † Pseudorandom
trees † Levi–Civita Tensor Contractions † Dirac Matrices Products †
Determinants of Multidimensional Arrays † Mediants † d’Hondt
Voting † Identifying Approximate Vectors Efficiently † Unsorted
Complements † All Arithmetic Expressions † Ideal Formatting †
Functions with Method Options † Functions with Level
Specifications † Changing Formatting by Programs † Pattern
Instances † Matrix Identities † Amitsur–Levitzky Identity † Frobenius
Formula for Block Matrices † Iterative Matrix Square Root †
Differential Matrix Identities † Matrix Derivatives † Autoloaded
Functions † Precedences of All Operators † One-Liners † Changing
$1 † Meissel Formula † Binary Bracketing † Kolakoski Sequence †
Puzzles † Cloning Functions † Hash Values † Permutation Digit Sets

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 13

@ @ Solutions
Chemical Element Data † Population Data of US Cities and
Villages † Caching versus List-Lookup † Electronic Publication
Growth † Statistics of Author Initials † Analyzing Bracket
Frequencies † Word Neighbor Statistics † Weakly Decreasing
Sequences † Finding All Built-in Symbols with Values † Automated
Custom Code Formatting † Making Dynamically Formatted Inputs †
Working with Symbolic Matrices † Downvalues and Autoloading †
Determining Precedence Automatically † Permutation Polynomials †
Working with Virtual Matrices
@ @ References

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G R A P H I C S

CHAPTER 1

Two–Dimensional Graphics
1.0 Remarks
Role of Visualization in and of Mathematics
1.1 Fundamentals
1.1.1 Graphics Primitives
Points, Lines, and Polygons † Text in Graphics † Creating and
Displaying Graphics † Complex Cantor Sets † Dimension Transitions
Animation † Tree of Pythagoras † Generalized Pythagoras
Theorem † 2D Graphics Sampler with 100 Examples † Constructing
a Caustic † Pedal Curve † Projection into 2D † Pentagon Tree †
Meyer Quasicrystal † Poincaré Model of the Hyperbolic Plane †
Böttcher Function of the Quadratic Map † Complex Continued
Fractions † From Graphics to Animations † Phyllotaxis Spiral † Julia
Sets † Farey Tree † Deposition Modeling † Rauzy Tessellations †
Islamic Wicker
1.1.2 Directives for Graphics Primitives
Absolute and Relative Sizes of Points and Lines † Color Schemes
and Color Values † Circles Rolling on Circles † An Optical Illusion:
The Bezold Effect
1.1.3 Options for 2D Graphics
Max Bill’s Picture of Nested n-gons † Influence of Each Options †
Aspect Ratios † Adding Axes to Graphics † Labeling Axes † Fonts
and Typeset Expressions in Graphics † Framing Graphics † Adding
Labels to Graphics † Overlaying Graphics † Specifying Tick Marks †
Repeatedly Displaying Graphics
1.1.4 A First Graphics Application: Voderberg Nonagon
Polygons that Enclose Each Other † Reinhardt’s Conjecture †
Finding Matching Polygons
1.2 Plots of Functions
1.2.1 Plots of Functions Given Analytically
The Process of Making a Plot † Controlling Smoothness and
Resolutions of Plots † Iterated Trigonometric Functions † Plotting
Multiple Functions † Absolute Value Approximation † Distribution of
Bend Angles † Fooling the Plotting Function † Visualizing High-Order
Taylor Series † Plotting Parametrized Curves † Lissajous Figures †
Hedgehogs of Curve Families † Astroid
1.2.2 Plots of Functions Defined Only at Discrete Points
Digit Distributions in Various Bases † Nowhere Differentiable
Continuous Functions † Riemann’s Continuous Nondifferentiable
Function † Minkowski’s Function † Periodic Continued Fractions
Made Continuous

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1.3 Combining Several Images

1.3.1 Arrays of Graphics
Spirals † Arrays of Graphics † Inverting Graphics † Polyspirals †
Inscribing Graphics into Rectangles † Graphing a Mouse †
Manipulating Given Graphics † Puzzles Made from Subdivided
Graphics † Clipping Polygons † Absolute Size of Text
1.3.2 Animations
Vibrating Linear Chain † Perron Tree Construction † Circles on
Circles † Microscopic Moiré Pattern † Tangential Circles in Regular
Polygons † Julia Set Evolution from Pullbacks of the Quadratic
Map † Polygonal Radix Representation † Lattice Interpolations †
Pólya’s Orchard Problem † Dragon Generation Animation
1.4 Packages
Graphics Packages † Visualizing Graphs † Hypercube Wireframe †
Graphing Implicit Curves † Graphing Vector Fields
1.5 Graphics of Iterative Mappings
1.5.0 Remarks
1.5.1 Sierpinski Triangle
Iteratively Subdividing Triangles † Overlaying Graphics † Inverted
Sierpinski Triangle † Applying Nonlinear Transformations
1.5.2 Peano Curves
Space-Filling Curves † Filling a Triangle with a Curve † Connecting
Subdivided Triangles
1.5.3 Lebesgue’s Mapping of the Cantor Set
Curves Based on Digit Expansions † Filling Fractal Curves † General
Digit Expansions
1.5.4 Subdivision of an L–Shaped Domain
Aperiodic Tilings † Applying Transformations to Graphics † Triangle
Subdivisions
1.5.5 Penrose and Substitution Tilings
Tilings Using Rhombii † Coloring and Painting Tilings † Tilings Based
on Kites and Darts † Manipulating Existing Graphics † Fractal
Tilings † Cut-and-Project Method
1.5.6 Barnsley’s Fern, Mazes, and Other Random Images
Random Numbers † Random Number Generators † Generating
Random Expressions † Law of the Iterated Logarithm † Random
Sums † Random Replacements † Bak–Sneppen Model † Samples of
2D Graphics that Contain Randomness † Eigenvalues of Random
Matrices † Randomly Nested Radicals † Making Concave Polygons
Convex † Strange Nonchaotic Attractors † Random Circle Segment
Patterns † Kaleidoscopes † Mazes † Square and Hexagonal Truchet
Images † Randomly Bent Ropes † Iterated Function Systems †
Barnsley’s Fern † Searching for Iterated Function Systems † Bahar
Systems
1.5.7 Koch Curves
Koch Curve Generator † Random and Deterministic Koch Curves †
Filling Koch Curves † Manipulating Koch Curves
1.5.8 Honeycombs and Escher Drawings
Constructing and Coloring Hexagon Lattices † Interlocking Lizards †
Hyperbolic Triangles and Hyperbolic Tilings † Inversion on a Circle
1.5.9 Lindenmayer Systems, Monster Curves, Grasses, and Herbs
L-System Syntax: Axioms and Replacement Rules † Examples of L-
Systems † Space Filling Curves † Filled Gosper Curve † L-Systems
with Branching † L-Systems that Model Plants † Random L-Systems

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1.6 Coloring Closed Curves

Coloring Plots † Finding Curve Intersections † Sorting 2D Line
Segments † Loop Construction † Constructing the Clusters †
Checkerboard Coloring † Some Examples † Checking if Polygons
are Disjoint
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Game of Life † Langton’s Ant † Brillouin Zones † Maxwell–Helmholtz
Color Triangle † Conformal Maps † Cornet Isogons † Jarník
Polygons † Light Ray Reflections in a Water Drop † Warped
Patterns † Moiré Patterns † Triptych Fractal † Multiple Reflected
Pentagons † Random Lissajous Figures † Walsh Function † Sorting
Game † Ball Moves † Rectangle Packings † Smoothed L-Systems †
Polygonal Billiards † Random Walk on a Sierpinski Fractal † Voronoi
Tessellations † Lévy Flights † Random Supersymmetric Potential †
Common Plotting Problems † Nomogram for Quadratic Equation †
Clusters on Square Grids † Aperiodic Triangle Tilings
@ @ Solutions
Random Cluster Generation † Leath Clusters † Midsector Lines †
Analyzing Mathematica Code † Visualizing Piecewise Linear
Approximations † Cartesian Ray † Kepler Cubes † Modulated Sin-
Curves † Superimposed Lattices † Triptych Fractals † Two
Superimposed Bumps Forming Three Bumps † Repeatedly Mirrored
Decagons † Smoothly Connected Curves † Randomly Deformed
Graphics † Random Expressions
@ @ References

CHAPTER 2

Three–Dimensional Graphics
2.0 Remarks
2.1 Fundamentals
2.1.1 Graphics Primitives
Points, Lines, and Polygons † Cuboids † Projecting a Hypercube into
3D † Nonplanar and Nonconvex Polygons † Translating 3D Shapes †
Escher’s Cube World
2.1.2 Directives for Three-Dimensional Graphics Primitives
Absolute and Relative Sizes of Points and Lines † Constructing an
Icosahedron from Quadrilaterals † Coloring Polygons in the
Presence of Light Sources † Diffuse and Specular Reflection †
Edges and Faces of Polygons † Rotating 3D Shapes † Random
Rotations † Stacked Tubes † Text in 3D Graphics
2.1.3 Options for 3D Graphics
The 34 Options of 3D Graphics † Relative and Absolute Coordinate
Systems † Space Curves versus Space Tubes
2.1.4 The Structure of Three-Dimensional Graphics
Resolving Automatic Option Settings † Nested Primitives and
Directives † Converting 3D Graphics to 2D Graphics

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2.1.5 Discussion of Selected Options

Platonic Solids † Choosing the Viewpoint † Simple 3D Shapes † Light
Sources and Colored Polygons † Cluster of Dodecahedra † Views on
an Octant Filled with Cubes † Restricting the Plot Range † The 3D
Graphics Enclosing Box † View Direction † Sizing Identical Graphics
Independently of the Viewpoint † Rendering All versus Rendering
Only Visible Polygons † Intersecting Polygons † Colliding Platonic
Solids † A Scale with Platonic Solids † Diamond Faces † Rolled
Checkered Paper † Woven Tubes † Smooth Dodecahedron–
Icosahedron Transition † Platonic Solid Metamorphosis † Slicing a
Cube
2.2 Display of Functions
2.2.1 Functions Given Analytically
Graphing Functions of Two Variables † Special Plotting Options †
Wireframes † Showing Multiple Plots † Parametrized Vector
Functions † Cubed Torus † Klein Bottle † Parametrized Surfaces
Samples † Using Symmetries to Construct Graphics † Constructing a
Candelabra † Surfaces of Revolution † Emission of an Accelerated
Point Charge † Borromaen Rings † Spiraling Spiral † Constructing a
Birthday Bow
2.2.2 Functions Given at Data Points
Visualizing 2D Arrays of Data † Visualizing Computation Timings †
Time Evolution on a Torus † 3D Bar Charts † Randomized Geode
2.3 Some More Complicated Three-Dimensional Graphics
2.3.0 Remarks
2.3.1 3D Graphics of Iterative Mappings
Rauzy Fractal From a 3D Projection † 3D Sierpinski Sponge †
Exercising a Sierpinski Sponge † Kepler Tiling † 3D Iterated Function
System † Random Clusters of Tetrahedra † Quaquaversal Tiling †
3D Truchet Graphics † 3D Space Fillers
2.3.2 Tubular Curves
Frenet Frame † Tangents, Normals, and Binormals of Space
Curves † Tubes around Space Curves † Knots † Mapping Textures
to Knots † Tubes around Piecewise Straight Curves † Biased
Random Walk † Osculating Circles of Curves
2.3.3 Recursively Colored Easter Eggs
Recursively Subdividing Surfaces † Deformed Spheres † Mapping
Patterns to Spheres † Rough Surfaces
2.3.4 Klein Bottles
Making Surfaces by Gluing the Edges of a Square † Spine Curves †
Cross Sections of Klein Bottles † Slicing and Coloring Klein Bottles †
Deformed Klein Bottles † Cubistic Klein Bottles
2.3.5 A Hypocycloidal Torus
Triangulating Quadrilaterals † Rotating Curves to Sweep out
Surfaces † Triangulations † Surfaces with Holes
2.3.6 The Penrose Tribar
Constructing a Tribar † Coordinate System Transformations †
Choosing the Right View Point † Calculating the Optimal Viewpoint †
An Impossible Crate
2.3.7 Riemann Surfaces of Simple Functions
Plotting Multivalued Functions † Riemann Surfaces of Algebraic
Functions † Cutting Surfaces along Branch Cuts † Surfaces
Subdivided Using Tilings † A Family of Polynomial Riemann
Surfaces † Implicit Parametrizations † Riemann Surfaces of Nested
Logarithms † Riemann Surfaces over the Riemann Sphere

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2.3.8 Interwoven Polygonal Frames

Planes Intersecting Convex Bodies † Calculating All Intersections †
Creating Frames † Interweaving Frames † Examples of Interwoven
Frames
2.3.9 Selfintersecting Origami and 4D Hilbert Curves
Paper Folding Models † Goffinet Kite † Folding Animation † Hilbert
Curves in Higher Dimensions
2.3.10 The Cover Image: Hyperbolic Platonic Bodies
Triangulating Platonic Solids † Symmetry Considerations † Compact
Code † Evolution of the Cover Graphics from Version 2 to Version
5 † Nonplanar Contraction and Expansion of Polyhedra
2.4 Brillouin Zones of Cubic Lattices
Higher Degree Voronoi Regions † Simple Cubic Lattice † Bisector
Planes † Intersection of Planes † Symmetry of a Cube † Forming
Brillouin Zones from Polygons † Gluing Polygons Together † Body-
Centered Lattice † Face-Centered Lattice
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
3D Surface Sampler † Warped, Twisted, and Interlocked Tori †
Dodecahedra Iteratively Reflected on its Faces † Snail † Trinomial
Theorem Visualization † Ball Blending Method † Loop Subdivision †
3 -Subdivision Algorithm † Averaging Closed Curves † Projective
Plane Model † Counting Surfaces for a Given Genus † Lattice
Pyramids † Fractal Mountains † Random Walk on a Sphere †
Projecting onto Polyhedra † Alexander’s Horned Sphere † Polyhedral
Caustic † Sliced Möbius Strip † Perspective Modeling † Displaying
Hidden Edges † Generating Platonic Solid Clusters † A 4D Platonic
Solid—The 120-Cell † Folding a Dodecahedron † Continuously
Changing Polyhedra † Inscribing Five Cubes in a Dodecahedron †
Interwoven Bands around a Dodecahedron † Knot Made from
Knots † Knot with Escher Tiling † Gear Chain Animation † 3D Peano
Polygon † Tetraview Riemann Surface Animation † Riemann Surface
of Kepler Equation † Sierpinski Plant
@ @ Solutions
Cayley Cusp † Boy Surface † Möbius Strip † Steiner’s Cross Cap †
Henneberg Surface † Flying Saucer Construction † Random
Parametrized Surfaces † Dodecahedral Flowers † Extruded Platonic
Solids † Smoothing through Graph Plotting † Staggered Trefoil
Knots † Field Lines of Two Charged Spheres † Random Symmetric
Polyhedra † Graphics of a Screw † Arranging Worn Stones Tightly †
Random Cones † Broken Tube † Weaving a Torus † Constructing
Double and Triple Tori from Torus Pieces † Massive Wireframes of
Platonic Solids † Smoothing a Cube Wireframe † Smoothing a
Stellated Icosahedron † Pyramids on Lattices † Closed Random
Walks † Slicing and Coloring a Möbius Strip † Coordinate System
Transformations † Kochen–Specker Theorem † Smooth Random
Functions † Subdividing Concave Polygons

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@ @ References

CHAPTER 3

Contour and Density Plots

3.0 Remarks
3.1 Contour Plots
Contour Graphics † Converting Contour Graphics † Options of
Contour Graphics † Cassini Curve † Various Sample Contour Plots †
Functions Varying Strongly † Homogeneous Contour Line Density †
Coloring Contour Plots † Contour Graphics in Nonrectangular
Domains † Speckles and Scarlets from Superimposing 2D Waves †
Smoothing Contour Lines † Superimposed 2D Waves in Symmetric
Directions † Comparing Options and Option Settings of Plotting
Functions † Algebraic Description of Polygons † Blaschke Products †
Charged Goffinet Dragon † Square Well-Scattering Amplitude
3.2 Density Plots
Density Graphics † Converting Density Graphics † Arrays of Gray or
Color Values † Lifting Color Value Arrays to 3D † Earth Graphics †
Array Plots † Gauss Sums † Visualizing Difference Equation
Solutions † Visualizing Matrices † Saunders Pictures † Making
Photomosaics from Density Plots
3.3 Plots of Equipotential Surfaces
Visualizing Scalar Functions of Three Variables † Marching Cubes †
Plots of Implicitly Defined Algebraic Surfaces † Implicit Descriptions
of Riemann Surfaces † Gluing Implicitly Defined Surfaces Smoothly
Together † Using Reflection and Rotation Symmetries to Visualize
Algebraic Surfaces † Examples of Surfaces from Spheres, Tubes,
and Tori Glued Together † An Algebraic Candelabra † Joining Three
Cylinders Smoothly † Zero-Velocity Surfaces † Implicit Form of an
Oloid † Isosurfaces of Data
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Clusters of Irreducible Fractions † Chladny Tone Figures in
Rectangles and Triangles † Helmholtz Operator Eigenfunctions of a
Tetrahedron † Liénard–Wiechert Potential of a Rotating Point
Charge † Shallit–Stolfi–Barbé Plots † Random Fractals † Functions
with the Symmetry of Cubes and Icosahedra † Icosahedron
Equation † Belye Functions † Branch Cuts of Hyperelliptic Curves †
Equipotential Plots of Charged Letters † Charged Random Polygon †
Gauss–Bonnet Theorem † Interlocked Double and Triple Tori †
Inverse Elliptic Nome † Contour Plots of Functions with Boundaries
of Analyticity † Isophotes on a Supersphere † Structured Knots †
Textures on a Double Torus

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@ @ Solutions
Visualizing Saddle Points † Outer Products † Repeatedly Mirrored
Matrix † Halley Map † Generating Random Functions † Weierstrass
ƒ Function Based Fractal † Contour Plots in Non-Cartesian
Coordinate Systems † Spheres with Handles † Cmutov Surfaces †
Random Surfaces with Dodecahedral Symmetry † Polynomials over
the Riemann Sphere † Random Radial-Azimuthal Transition †
Contour Lines in 3D Plots † Lines on Polygons † Slicing Surfaces †
Euler–Poincaré Formula † Mapping Disks to Polygons †
Statistics of n-gons in 3D Contour Plots

@ @ References

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THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 21

N U M E R I C S

CHAPTER 1

Numerical Computations
1.0 Remarks
Summing Machine Numbers † Klein’s Modular Function and Chazy
Equation † Discretizing the Rössler System † Modeling the Ludwig–
Soret Effect
1.1 Approximate Numbers
1.1.0 Remarks
1.1.1 Numbers with an Arbitrary Number of Digits
Machine Arithmetic versus High-Precision Arithmetic † Modified
Logistic Map † Numerical Calculation of Weierstrass Functions †
High-Precision Arithmetic System Parameters † Fixed-Precision
Arithmetic † Random Fibonacci Recursion † Smart
Numericalization † Precision and Accuracy of Real Numbers †
Precision and Accuracy of Complex Numbers † Precision Loss and
Gain in Calculations † Error Propagation in Numerical Calculations †
Principles of Significance Arithmetic † Error Propagation for
Multivariate Functions † Collapsing Numeric Expressions † Setting
Precision and Accuracy of Numbers † Guard Digits in High-Precision
Numbers † The Bits of a Number † Sum-Based Methods of
Calculating p † Comparing High-Precision Numbers † Automatic
Switching to High-Precision Arithmetic
1.1.2 Interval Arithmetic
Rigorous Arithmetic † Notion of an Interval † Joining and Intersecting
Intervals † Modeling Error Propagation † Global Relative Attractor of
Rationals Maps
1.1.3 Converting Approximate Numbers to Exact Numbers
Rational Numbers from Approximate Numbers † Continued
Fractions † Liouville Constant † Periodic Continued Fractions †
Numbers with Interesting Continued Fraction Expansions †
Continued Fraction Convergents † Pseudoconvergents † Gauss–
Kusmin Distribution † Khinchin Constant † Khinchin–Lévy Theorem †
Lochs’ Theorem † Canonical Continued Fractions † Minkowski
Function † Generalized Expansions † Rounding Numbers † Frisch
Function † Egyptian Fractions
1.1.4 When N Does Not Succeed
Using Extra Precision † Undecidable Numerical Comparisons †
Caching High-Precision Results † Recursive Prime Number
Definition † Sylvester Expansion

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22 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

1.1.5 Packed Arrays

Machine Numbers, Tensors, and Packed Arrays † Developer
Functions for Packed Arrays † Invisibility of Packed Arrays †
Controlling Automatic Packed Array Generation † Counting Sums
and Products of Sets of Integers † Long-Range Correlations in
Natural Texts † Analyzing Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” † Zipf’s Law †
Mean Square Fluctuation of a Random Walk † Analyzing a Chapter
of This Book † Analyzing a PostScript Graphic
1.2 Fitting and Interpolating Functions
Fitting Data † Least Squares and Pseudoinverses † Approximate
Solution of the Helmholtz Equation by Plane Wave Expansion †
Nonlinear Fits † File Size Distribution † Polynomial Interpolation of
Data † Neville Algorithm † Convergence and Divergence of
Polynomial Interpolations † Runge Phenomena † Newton–Cotes
Weights † Interpolating Functions † Smoothness of Interpolating
Functions † Curvature Driven Evolution † Dissecting an Interpolating
Function † Splines
1.3 Compiled Programs
Compiling a Calculation † Compiled Functions † Julia Set of the
Quadratic Map † Timing Comparisons for Compiled Procedural and
Functional Programs † Randomized Fibonacci Iterations † Products
of partial Sums of Random Variables † Hansen–Patrick Root-Finding
Method † Distances in Truchet Images † Cycles in Iterated
Exponentiation † Ikeda Map † 3D Period-Doubling Animation †
Sandpiles † Identity Sandpile † Nonlocal Cellular Automata †
Caustics from Refraction
1.4 Linear Algebra
Finite Resistor Network † Exact versus Approximate Solutions †
Avoiding Numericalization of Indicies † Calculating Resistances
Through Eigenvalues † Tagaki Function † Numerical Solution of a
Functional Equation † Fixed-Precision Arithmetic in Linear Algebra †
Modular Equation for Klein’s Modular Function † Null Spaces of
Linear Systems † Bound State in a Waveguide Crossing † Sparse
Matrices † Square Network with Random Resistance Values †
Anderson Model
1.5 Fourier Transforms
Discretized Periodic Functions † Fourier Transform † Amplitude and
Frequency Modulation † Approximating a Function † Uncertainty
Relations † Strang’s Strange Figures † Timing Comparisons of
Numerical Fourier Transforms † Inverse Fourier Transforms †
Fourier Transforms of Arrays † Approximating the Gosper Curve †
Fourier Transforms of Aperiodic Tilings † Fractional Fourier
Transform † High-Precision Frequency Approximation of Data †
Approximating the Continuous Fourier transform † List Convolutions
and Correlations † Manipulating Bitmap Graphics † Visualizing
Trigonometric Identities
1.6 Numerical Functions and Their Options
Common Options of Numerical Functions † Precision To Be Used in
Calculations † Machine Precision versus High-Precision † Precision
Goal for a Numerical Calculation † Accuracy Goal for a Numerical
Calculation † Accuracy Goals for Independent and Dependent
Variables † Monitoring Numerical Calculations † Evaluation Order in
Numerical Function † Avoiding the Evaluation of the First Argument †
Using Vector-Valued Variables † Dummy Variable-Free Function
Calls

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THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 23

1.7 Sums and Products

Numerical Products † Options of Numerical Product Calculations †
Compensated Summation † Order Sensitivity in Floating Point
Summations † Numerical Sums † Options of Numerical Summation †
Verifying Convergence † Borel–Tanner Distribution † Sequence
Transformations † Numerically Summing Divergent Series †
Continuous Integer Spiral
1.8 Integration
Numerically Integrating a Function † Introductory Examples †
Integrable Singularities † Dealing with Singularities along the
Integration Path † Contour Integration † Constructing Integration
Path Iterators † Monitoring Numerical Integration † Matrix Functions
Defined through Integrals † Options of Numerical Integration †
Accuracy and Precision of Results † Termination Conditions †
Methods of Numerical Integration † Integrating Discontinuous
Functions † Comparison of Basic Integration Methods † Visualization
of the Sample Points † Gauss Linking Number † Area of a
Supersphere † Comparing Multidimensional Integration Methods †
Double Exponential Method † Monte-Carlo and Quasi Monte-Carlo
Integration † Distribution of Monte Carlo Sample Points † van Der
Corput Sequences † Integration of Piecewise Continuous
Functions † Using Symmetries of the Integrands † Picard–Lindelöf
Iteration
1.9 Solution of Equations
Numerical Solution of Polynomials, Polynomial Systems, and
Arbitrary Functions † Sensitivity of Polynomial Roots to Changes in a
Coefficient † Iterated Roots † Distances between Polynomial Roots †
Hofstadter’s Butterfly † Schrödinger Equation for Periodic Potential
and Applied Magnetic Field † Farey Sequences † Hofstadter Butterfly
on a Finite Lattice † Kohmoto Model † Bézout and Bernstein Bounds
for the Number of Roots of Polynomial Equations † Quadrature
Weights † Root Finding of General Functions † Monitoring the
Search Path † Adapative Precision Raising † Termination
Conditions † Root-Finding Methods † Methods of Numerical
Equation Solving † Calculating Jacobians † Multiple Roots and Roots
of Noninteger Order † Variable-Free Minimization † Voderberg
Spiral † Nested Touching Circles
1.10 Minimization
Finding the Minimum † Methods of Numerical Minimization †
Visualizing Search Paths † Method Option Choices for Numerical
Optimization † Minimizing Sums of Squares † Sliding Down a Spiral
Slide † Finding Global Minima †
Minimum Energy Configuration of n Electrons in a Disk † Iterative
Minimizations

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24 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

1.11 Solution of Differential Equations

1.11.1 Ordinary Differential Equations
Boundary and Initial Value Problems † Interpolating Functions as
Solutions † Differential-Algebraic Equations † Pendulum ODE †
Anharmonic Oscillator with Random Forcing † Squatting on a
Swing † Newton Vector Field † Spiral Waves † 4D Chaotic Attractor †
Energy Bands in a Random Complex Potential † Stiff and Nonstiff
Systems † Precision Control † Nonlinear Differential Equation with
Isochronous Solutions † Buchstab Function † Higher Order ODEs †
Ablowitz–Ladik Chain † Particle Motion in a Wave Field † Chazy
Equation † Boundaries of Analyticity † Generalized Airy Functions †
Monitoring Numerical Differential Equation Solving † Stepsize
Control † Coupled Pendulums † Restricting the Solutions † Stopping
the Solution Process † Calculating and Visualizing Pursuits † Finding
the Initial Slope for the Thomas–Fermi Equation † Forced Coupled
Oscillators † Chaotic Scattering on a Four-Hill Potential † Events in
Differential Equation Solving † Vector and Matrix Differential
Equations † Method Option Choices † Integrated Brownian Motion †
Modified Lorenz System † Calculating Contour Curves Through
Differential Equations † Geodesics on a Triple-Periodic Surface †
Using Homotopies to Solve Polynomial Systems † Modeling
Newton’s Cradle † Trajectories in Central Force Fields † Three-Body
Scattering † Interacting Vortices † Periodic Orbits of the Restricted
Three-Body Problem † Combining Numerical Functions † Periodic
Orbits of the Lorenz System † Bohm’s Quantum Trajectories †
Continuous Time Random Walks on Graphs † Sparse Arrays in
Differential Equations
1.11.2 Partial Differential Equations
Parabolic and Hyperbolic PDEs † 1D Schrödinger Equation with
Dirichlet Boundary Conditions † Scattering on a Potential Wall † 1D
Wave Equation † PDE-Specific Options † Singular Initial Conditions †
Wave Function Shredding in an Infinite Well of Time-Dependent
Width † Fokker–Planck Equation for a Damped Anharmonic
Oscillator † Liouville Equation for an Anharmonic Oscillator † Klein–
Gordon Equation † Differential Equations with Mixed Derivatives †
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation † Complex Ginzburg–Landau
Equation † Zakharov Equations † Prague Reaction-Diffusion Model
1.12 Two Applications
1.12.0 Remarks
1.12.1 Visualizing Electric and Magnetic Field Lines
Differential Equations for Field Lines † Field Lines of 2D Charge
Configurations † Reusing Programs † Stopping Criteria for Field
Lines † Field Lines for 3D Charge Configurations † Field Lines as
Tubes † Field Lines of Magnetic Fields † Biot–Savart Rule †
Magnetic Field Lines of a Peano Curve-Shaped Wire † Nonclosed
Magnetic Field Lines † Field Lines of a Ring Coil
1.12.2 Riemann Surfaces of Algebraic Functions
Algebraic Functions as Bivariate Polynomials † Faithful Riemann
Surfaces † Implicit Parametrizations † Branch Cuts and Branch
Points † Discriminant † First Order ODEs for Algebraic Functions †
Sheets of Riemann Surfaces † Samples of Riemann Surfaces

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THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 25

@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Logistic Map † Randomly Perturbed Iterative Maps † Functions with
Boundaries of Analyticity † q-Trigonometric Functions † Franel
Identity † Bloch Oscillations † Courtright Trick † Hannay Angle †
Harmonic Nonlinear Oscillators † Orbits Interpolating Between
Harmonic Oscillator and Kepler Potential † Shooting Method for
Quartic Oscillator † Eigenvalues of Symmetric Tridiagonal Matrices †
Optimized Harmonic Oscillator Expansion † Diagonalization in the
Schwinger Representation † Möbius Potential † Bound States in the
Continuum † Wynn’s Epsilon Algorithm † Aitken Transformation †
Numerical Regularization † Scherk’s Fifth Surface † Clebsch
Surface † Smoothed Dodecahedron Wireframe † Standard Map †
Stochastic Webs † Forced Logistic Map † Web Map † Strange
Attractors † Hénon Map † Triangle Map Basins † Trajectories in 2D
Periodic Potentials † Egg Crate Potential † Pearcey Integral †
Charged Square and Hexagonal Grids † Ruler on Two Fingers †
Branched Flows in Random Potentials † Maxwell Line † Iterated
Secant Method Steps † Unit Sphere Inside a Unit Cube † Ising-
Model Integral † Random Binary Trees † Random Matrices † Iterated
Polynomial Roots † Weierstrass Root Finding Method † Animation of
Newton Basins † Lagrange Remainder of Taylor Series † Nodal
Lines † Bloch Equations † Branch Cuts of Hyperelliptic Curves †
Strange 4D Attractors † Billiard with Gravity † Schwarz–Riemann
Minimal Surface † Jorge–Meeks Trinoid † Random Minimal
Surfaces † Precision Modeling † Infinite Resistor Networks † Auto-
Compiling Functions † Card Game Modeling † Charges With Cubical
Symmetry on a Sphere † Tricky Questions † Very High-Precision
Quartic Oscillator Ground State † 1D Ideal Gas † Odlyzko-Stanley
Sequences † Tangent Products † Thompson’s Lamp † Parking
Cars † Seceder Model † Avoided Patterns in Permutations † Cut
Sequences † Exchange Shuffles † Frog Model † Second Arcsine
Law † Average Brownian Excursion Shape † ABC-System † Vortices
on a Sphere † Oscillations of a Triangular Spring Network † Lorenz
System † Fourier Differentiation † Fourier Coefficients of Klein’s
Function † Singular Moduli † Curve Thickening † Random Textures †
Random Cluster Growth † First Digit Frequencies in Mandelbrot Set
Calculation † Interesting Jerk Functions † Initial Value Problems for
the Schrödinger Equation † Initial Value Problems for 1D, 2D, and
3D Wave Equation † Continued Inverse Square Root Expansion †
Lüroth Expansion † Lehner Expansion † Brjuno Function † Sum of
Continued Fraction Convergents Errors † Average Scaled Continued
Fraction Errors † Bolyai Expansion † Symmetric Continued Fraction
Expansion
@ @ Solutions
Solving Polynomials Using Differential Equations † Stabilizing
Chaotic Sequences † Oscillator Clustering † Transfer Matrices †
Avoided Eigenvalue Crossings † Hellmann–Feynman Theorem †
Scherk Surface Along a Knot † Time-Evolution of a Localized
Density Under a Discrete Map † Automatic Selection of “Interesting”
Graphic † Gradient Fields † Static and Kinematic Friction †
Smoothing Functions † Eigenvalues of Random Binary Trees †
Basins of Attraction Fractal Iterations † Calculating Contour Lines
Through Differential Equations † Manipulating Downvalues at
Runtime † Path of Steepest Descent † Fourier Series Arc Length †
Poincaré Sections † Random Stirring † Heegner Numbers †
Quantum Random Walk † Quantum Carpet † Coherent State in a
Quantum Well

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

26 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

@ @ References

CHAPTER 2

Computations with Exact Numbers

2.0 Remarks
Using Approximate Numerics in Exact Calculations † Integer Part
Map † Misleading Patterns † Primes in Quadratic Polynomials
2.1 Divisors and Multiples
Factoring Integers † Number of Prime Factors † Divisors † Sum of
Squares † Derivative of an Integer † mod Function † Rotate and
Mod † nth Digit of a Proper Fraction † Schönberg’s Peano Curve †
Greatest Common Divisors and Least Common Multiples †
Euclidean Algorithm † Classical and Generalized Maurer Roses † de
Bruijn Medallions and Friezes
2.2 Number Theory Functions
Prime Numbers † Prime Number Spiral † Prime Counting Function †
Euler’s Totient Function † Absolutely Abnormal Number † Möbius
Function † Redheffer Matrix † Möbius Inversion † Calculating Fourier
Transforms through Möbius Inversion † Jacobi Symbol † Reciprocity
Law
2.3 Combinatorial Functions
Factorials † Digits of Factorials † Stirling’s Formula † Binomials and
Multinomials † Nested Triangle Patterns † Stirling Numbers †
Counting Partitions † Generating Partitions † Partition Identities
2.4 Euler, Bernoulli, and Fibonacci Numbers
Akiyama–Tanigawa Algorithm † Euler–Maclaurin Formula † Lidstone
Approximations † Boole Summation Formula † Divide-and-Conquer
Algorithm for Calculating Large Fibonacci Numbers † Fibonacci-
Binomial Theorem † Discretized Cat Map
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Sum of Divisor Powers † Recurrence Relation for Primes † Arcsin
Law for Divisors † Average Length of Continued Fractions of
Rationals † Isenkrahe Algorithm † Prime Divisors † Kimberling
Sequence † Cantor Function Integral † Cattle Problem of
Archimedes † Mirror Charges in a Wedge † Periodic Decimal
Numbers † Digit Sequences in Numbers † Numbered Permutations †
Binomial Coefficient Values † Smith’s Sturmian Word Theorem †
Modeling a Galton Board † Ehrenfest Urn Model † Ring Shift
Modeling † Sandpile Model † Longest Common Subsequence † Riffle
Shuffles † Weekday from Date † Easter Dates † Lattice Points in
Disks † Binomial Digits † Average of Partitions † Partition Moments †
15 and 6174 † Selberg Identity † Kluyver Identities † Ford Circles †
Farey–Brocot Interval Coverings † Sum of Primes † Visualizing
Eisenstein Series † Magnus Expansion † Rademacher Identity †
Goldbach Conjecture † Zeckendorf Representation † Sylvester–
Fibonacci Expansion † Ramanujan t Function † Cross-Number
Puzzle † Cyclotomic Polynomials † Generalized Bell Polynomials †
Online Bin Packings † Composition Multiplicities † Subset Sums

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THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 27

@ @ Solutions
Nested Iterators † Being Prime Expressed Analytically † Legendre
Symbol † Pell Equation † Nested Radicals Identity † Recognizing
Algebraic Numbers † Iterated Digit Sum of Divisors † Guiasu Prime
Counting Formula † Divisor Sum Identities † Choquet
Approximation † Optical Factoring † Generalized Multinomial
Theorem † Sums with Constraints † Faà di Bruno Formula †
Symbolic Tables
@ @ References

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

28 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

S Y M B O L I C S

CHAPTER 1

Symbolic Computations
1.0 Remarks
1.1 Introduction
General Assumptions about Variables † Simplifying Expressions †
Type Declarations for Simplifications † Evaluating Expressions
Under Assumptions
1.2 Operations on Polynomials
1.2.0 Remarks
1.2.1 Structural Manipulations on Polynomials
Expanding and Factoring Polynomials † Factors of Random
Polynomials † Irreducible Polynomials † Constructing Irreducible
Polynomials from Primes † Factorization over Extension Fields †
Reordering Multivariate Polynomials † Indeterminates of
Polynomials † Extracting Coefficients from Polynomials †
Decomposing Polynomials
1.2.2 Polynomials in Equations
Polynomial Division † Resultants † Sylvester Matrix † Differential
Equation for the Elliptic Nome † Gröbner Bases † Applications of
Gröbner Bases † Equation Solving Using Gröbner Basis †
Approximative Gröbner Bases † Monomial Orders † Showing
Inconsistency of Equations Using Gröbner Bases † Finite-
Dimensional Representation of the Canonical Commutation
Relations † Eliminating Variables Using Gröbner Bases † Geometric
Theorem Proving † All Square Roots of Square Matrices † Bound
States in Spherical Symmetric Potentials † Gröbner Walks †
Reducing Polynomials
1.2.3 Polynomials in Inequalities
Cylindrical Algebraic Decompositions † Solving Inequalities † Locally
Parametrizing a Squeezed Torus † Arnold Cat Map † Generic
Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition † Quantifier Elimination †
Generally Proving Inequalities † Proving Triangle Inequalities †
Deriving New Geometry Theorems † Restricting Polynomial Roots †
Proving the Sendov–Iliev Conjecture for Quadratic Polynomials †
Deriving Clauser–Horn Inequalities † Algebraic Blending † Minkowski
Sums
1.3 Operations on Rational Functions
Numerators and Denominators † Expanding Parts of Nested
Fractions † Partial Fraction Decomposition † Writing Rational
Functions over Common Denominators † Gale–Robinson
Sequence † The Power of “Togethering” † Mapping of the
Fundamental Domain

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THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 29

1.4 Operations on Trigonometric Expressions

Expansion and Factorization of Trigonometric Expressions †
Addition Theorems for Trigonometric Functions † Converting
Trigonometric Functions to Exponential Form † Real and Imaginary
Parts of Symbolic Expressions
1.5 Solution of Equations
The Notion of Generic Solutions † Solving Univariate Polynomials in
Radicals † Cubic Polynomials with Three Real Roots † Symbolic
Roots as Solutions of Univariate Polynomials of Any Degree † Exact
Operations on Polynomial Roots † Matrix Eigenvalues †
Canonicalization of Symbol-Free Algebraic Expression † Hölder’s
Theorem about Real Roots of Cubics † Solving Systems of
Polynomials † Vieta Relations † Solving Systems of Algebraic
Equations † Solving Nonpolynomial Equations † Using Inverse
Functions † Solving Trigonometric Equations † Solving
Transcendental Equations † Verifying Parametric Solutions †
Superposition of Damped Oscillations † Finding Degenerate
Solutions † Elimination of Variables † Universal Differential
Equation † Guidelines for Solving Equations and Systems of
Equations
1.6 Classical Analysis
1.6.1 Differentiation
Multivariate Differentiation † Numericalization of Unevaluated
Derivatives † Numerical Differentiation † Differentiating in the
Complex Plane † Schwarz Theorem † Differential Algebraic
Constants † High-Order Derivatives † Derivatives of Inverse
Functions † Differentiation With Respect to Vectors † Derivatives of
Pure Functions † Adding New Differentiation Rules †
Differential Equations for n -Nomials † Generalized Taylor
Expansion † Differentials † Metric Tensors, Christoffel Symbols, and
Geodesics † Iterated Evolutes † Phase Integral Approximation
1.6.2 Integration
Algorithms for Symbolic Integration † Assumptions on Variables
Having Generic Values † Integrating Abstract Functions † Korteweg–
deVries Equation Hierarchy † Indefinite Integration Samples †
Integrals and Special Functions † Integrating Rational Functions †
Integrating Algebraic Functions † Assumptions of Parameter
Variables † Assumptions in Indefinite Integrals † Generating
Conditions for Convergence † Divergent and Hadamard-Regularized
Integrals † Cauchy Principal Value Integrals † Multidimensional
Integrals † Robbin’s Integral Identity † Definite Integrals from
Indefinite Integrals † Piecewise Continuous Antiderivatives †
Continuity of Indefinite Integrals † Weierstrass Parametrization of
Minimal Surfaces † Infinite Resistor Network † Timings of Indefinite
versus Definite Integration † d’Alembert Solution of the One-
Dimensional Wave Equation † Schrödinger Equation with a Time-
dependent Linear Potential † Definite Integrals and Branch Cuts
1.6.3 Limits
Indeterminate Expressions and Limits † Limit Samples † Direction
Dependence of Limits † Evaluating Limits Under Assumptions †
Limits of Analytic Functions † Schwarz Derivative † Extracting
Leading Terms † Limits of Iterative Function Applications † Multiple
Limits

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

30 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

1.6.4 Series Expansions

Internal Structure of a Series-Object † Taylor Series † Continued
Fraction with Three Limit Points † Laurent Series † Puiseux Series †
Series Expansions at Branch Points and Branch Cuts † Series of
Special Functions † Essential Singularities † Numerov–Mickens
Scheme † Multivariate Series † Roots of Truncated Series †
q -Taylor Series † Arithmetic of Series † Change for $1 † Iterated
Constant Terms † Inverse Series † Higher-Order Newton and
Chebyshev Methods † Fractional Iterations † Cumulant Expansions †
Laurent Series for Mandelbrot Set † Approximating Linear
Functionals
1.6.5 Residues
Symbolic Residues at Poles † Generalized Residues † Residues of
Special Functions
1.6.6 Sums
Sum of Powers † Numericalization of Symbolic Expressions †
Procedural versus Symbolic Finite Summations † Riemann Surface
of the Square Root Function † Weierstrass’s Method of Analytic
Continuation
1.7 Differential Equations
1.7.0 Remarks
1.7.1 Ordinary Differential Equations
Solutions as Rules † Pure Functions as Solutions † Degenerate
Solutions † Differential Equation for Free Fall Including the Coriolis
Force † Integration Constants † Linear Inhomogeneous ODE with
Constant Coefficients † ODEs with Separated Variables †
Homogeneous ODEs † Exact ODEs † Bernoulli ODE † Jacobi
ODEs † Special Riccati ODEs † Abel ODEs of the First Kind † Abel
ODEs of the Second Kind † Chini ODEs † Lagrange ODEs † Clairaut
ODEs † ODEs with Shifted Argument † Cayley ODE † Second Order
ODEs † Differential Equations of Special Functions † Schrödinger
Equations for Various Smooth Potentials † Schrödinger Equations
for Piecewise-Defined Potentials † Higher-Order Differential
Equations † Implicit Solutions † Monitoring Differential Equation
Solving † d-Expansion
1.7.2 Partial Differential Equations
Hamilton–Jacobi Equation † Szebehely’s Equation † Solutions with
Arbitrary Functions
1.7.3 Difference Equations
Linear Difference Equations † Calculating Casoratians † Linear
Difference Equations with Nonconstant Coefficients † Some
Nonlinear Difference Equations † Difference Equations
Corresponding to Differential Equations † Systems of Difference
Equations
1.8 Integral Transforms and Generalized Functions
Generalized Functions and Linear Functionals † Heaviside Theta
Function and Dirac Delta Function † Integrals Containing
Generalized Functions † Multivariate Heaviside Theta and Dirac
Delta Function † Time Dilation † Derivatives of the Dirac Delta
Function † Simplifying Generalized Functions † Sequence
Representations of Generalized Functions † Green’s Function of
Linear Differential Operators † Generalized Solutions of Differential
Equations † Compactons † Fourier Transforms † Self-Fourier
Transform † Principle Value Distribution † Sokhotsky–Plemelj
Formula † Poincaré–Bertrand Identity † Laplace Transforms † Borel
Summation of Divergent Sums † Adomian Decomposition

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THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 31

1.9 Additional Symbolics Functions

Variational Calculus † Symbolic Series Terms † Ramanujan’s Master
Theorem
1.10 Three Applications
1.10.0 Remarks
1.10.1 Area of a Random Triangle in a Square
A Quote from M. W. Crofton † Generalizations † Generic Cylindrical
Algebraic Decompositions † Six-Dimensional Definite Integrals from
Indefinite Integrals † Monte Carlo Modeling † Calculating the
Probability Distribution of the Area
cosI 257 M à la Gauss
2p
1.10.2
The Morning of March 29 in 1796 † Gauss Periods † Primitive
Roots † Splitting and Combining Periods † Thousands of Square
N
2p
Roots † cosJ † Fermat Primes
65 537

1.10.3 Implicitization of a Trefoil Knot

Parametric versus Implicit Description of Surfaces † Envelope
Surface of a Moving Ball † Polynomialization of Trigonometric
Expressions † Calculating a Large Resultant † Smoothing the Trefoil
Knot † Inflating a Trefoil Knot † Implicit Klein Bottle

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

32 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Heron’s formula † Tetrahedron Volume † Apollonius Circles †
Proving Trigonometric Identities † Icosahedron Inequalities † Two-
Point Taylor Expansion † Horner Form † Nested Exponentials and
Logarithms † Minimal Distance between Polynomial Roots †
Dynamical Determimants † Appell–Nielsen Polynomials † Scoping in
Iterated Integrals † Rational Solution of Painlevé II † Differential
Equation for Products and Quotients of Linear Second Order
ODEs † Singular Points of First-Order ODEs † Fredholm Integral
Equation † Inverse Sturm–Liouville Problem † Graeffe Method †
Lagrange Interpolation in 2D Triangles † Finite Element Matrices †
Hermite Interpolation-Based Finite Element Calculations † Hylleraas–
Undheim Helium Ground State Calculation † Variational
Calculations † Hyperspherical Coordinates † Constant Negative
Curvature Surfaces † Optimal Throw Angle † Jumping from a
Swing † Normal Form of Sturm–Liouville Problems † Noncentral
Collisions † Envelope of the Bernstein Polynomials † Eigensystem of
the Bernstein Operator † A Sensitive Linear System † Bisector
Surfaces † Smoothly Connecting Three Half-Infinite Cylinders †
Nested Double Tori † Changing Variables in PDEs † Proving Matrix
Identities † A Divergent Sum † Casimir Effect Limit † Generating
Random Functions † Numerical Techniques Used in Symbolic
Calculations † Series Solution of the Thomas–Fermi Equation †
Majorana Form of the Thomas–Fermi Equation † Yoccoz Function †
Lagrange–Bürmann Formula † Divisor Sum Identities † Eisenstein
Series † Product Representation of exp † Multiple Differentiation of
Vector Functions † Expressing Trigonometric Values in Radicals †
First Order Modular Transformations † Forced Damped
Oscillations † Series for Euler’s Constant † q-Logarithm †
Symmetrized Determinant † High Order WKB Approximation †
Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger State † Entangled Four Particle
State † Integrating Polynomial Roots † Riemann Surface of a Cubic †
Series Solution of the Kepler Equation † Short Time-Series Solution
of Newton’s Equation † Lagrange Points of the Three-Body
Problem † Implicitization of Lissajou Curves † Evolutes † Orthopodic
Locus of Lissajous Curves † Cissoid of Lisssajou Curves † Multiple
Light Ray Reflections † Hedgehog Envelope † Supercircle Normal
Superpositions † Discriminant Surface † Periodic Surface † 27 Lines
on the Clebsch Surface † 28 Bitangents of a Plane Quartic †
Pentaellipse † Galilean Invariance of Maxwell Equations †
Relativistic Field Transformations † X-Waves † Thomas Precession †
Liénard–Wiechert Potential Expansion † Spherical Standing Wave †
Ramanujan’s Factorial Expansion † q-Series to q-Products †
q-Binomial † Multiplicative Series † gcd-Free Partitions † Single
Differential Equations for Nonlinear Systems † Lattice Green’s
Function Differential Equation † Puzzles † Newton–Leibniz Theorem
in 2D † Square Root of Differential Operator † Polynomials with
Identical Coefficients and Roots † Amoebas † Cartesian Leaf Area †
Average Distance between Random Points † Series Solution for
Duffing Equation † Secular Terms † Implicitization of Various
Surfaces † Kronig–Penney Model Riemann Surface † Ellipse
Secants Envelope † Lines Intersecting Four Lines † Shortest
Triangle Billiard Path † Weak Measurement Identity † Logarithmic
Residue † Geometry Puzzle † Differential Equations of Bivariate
Polynomials † Graph Eigenvalues † Change of Variables in the Dirac
Delta Function † Probability Distributions for Sums † Random
Determinants † Integral Representation of Divided Differences †
Fourier Transform and Fourier Series † Functional Differentiation †
Operator Splitting Formula † Tetrahedron of Maximal Volume

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 33

@ @ Solutions
ODE for Circles † Modular Equations † Converting Trigonometric
Expressions into Algebraic Expressions † Matrix Sign Function †
Integration with Scoping † Collecting Powers and Logarithms †
Bound State in Continuum † Element Vectors, Mass Matrices, and
Stiffness Matrices † Multivariate Minimization † Envelopes of Throw
Trajectories † Helpful Warning Messages † Using Ansätze †
Schanuel’s Conjecture † Matrix Derivatives † Lewis–Carroll
Identities † Abel and Hölder Summation † Extended Poisson
Summation Formula † Integration Testing † Detecting the Hidden
Use of Approximate Numbers † Functions with Nontrivial
Derivatives † Expressing ODEs as Integral Equations † Finding
Modular Null Spaces † Canonicalizing Tensor Expressions †
Nonsorting “Unioning” † Linear Diophantine Equations † Ramanujan
Trigonometric Identities † Cot Identities † Solving the Fokker–Planck
Equation for the Forced Damped Oscillator † Implementing
Specialized Integrations † Bras and Kets † Density Matrices †
Recognizing Algebraic Numbers † Differentiation of Symbolic
Vectors † Visualizing the Lagrange Points † Gröbner Walk †
Piecewise Parametrizations of Implicit Surfaces † Generalized
Clebsch Surfaces † Algorithmic Rewriting of Covariant Equations in
3D Vectors † Darboux–Halphen System † Cubed Sphere Equation †
Numerically Checking Integrals Containing Derivatives of Dirac
Delta Functions † Lagrange Multipliers † Elementary Symmetric
Polynomials
@ @ References

CHAPTER 2

Classical Orthogonal Polynomials

2.0 Remarks
2.1 General Properties of Orthogonal Polynomials
Orthogonal Polynomials as Solutions of Sturm–Liouville Eigenvalue
Problems † General Properties of Orthogonal Polynomials †
Expansion of Arbitrary Functions in Orthogonal Polynomials
2.2 Hermite Polynomials
Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Harmonic Oscillator Eigenfunctions † Density of States † Shifted
Harmonic Oscillator
2.3 Jacobi Polynomials
Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Electrostatic Interpretation of the Zeros † Pöschl–Teller Potential
2.4 Gegenbauer Polynomials
Laplace Equation in n D † Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality
and Normalization † Smoothing the Gibbs Phenomenon
2.5 Laguerre Polynomials
Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Expanding Riemann Spheres † Summed Atomic Orbitals

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34 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

2.6 Legendre Polynomials

Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Associated Legendre Polynomials † Modified Pöschl–Teller Potential
2.7 Chebyshev Polynomials of the First Kind
Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Trigonometric Form † Special Properties
2.8 Chebyshev Polynomials of the Second Kind
Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Trigonometric Form
2.9 Relationships Among the Orthogonal Polynomials
Gegenbauer Polynomials as Special Cases of Jacobi Polynomials †
Hermite Polynomials as Special Cases of Associated Laguerre
Polynomials † Relations between the Chebyshev Polynomials †
Calogero–Sutherland Model † Schmeisser Companion Matrix †
Iterated Roots of Orthogonal Polynomials
2.10 Ground-State of the Quartic Oscillator
Harmonic and Anharmonic Oscillators † Matrix Elements in the
Harmonic Oscillator Basis † High-Precision Eigenvalues from
Diagonalizing the Hill Matrix † Lagrange Interpolation-Based
Diagonalization † Complex Energy Surfaces † Time-Dependent
Schrödinger Equation † 7;-Invariant Oscillators
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Mehler’s Formula † Addition Theorem for Hermite Polynomials †
Sums of Zeros of Hermite Polynomials † Spherical Harmonics †
Sums of Zeros † General Orthogonal Polynomials † Gram-Schmidt
Orthogonalization † Power Sums † Elementary Symmetric
Polynomials † Newton Relations † Waring Formula † Generalized
Lissajous Figures † Hyperspherical Harmonics † Hydrogen Orbitals †
Zeros of Hermite Functions for Varying Order † Ground State Energy
of Relativistic Pseudodifferential Operator † Moments of Hermite
Polynomial Zeros † Coherent States † Smoothed Harmonic
Oscillator States † Darboux Isospectral Transformation † Forming
Wave Packets from Superpositions † Multidimensional Harmonic
Oscillator † High-Order Perturbation Theory † Differential Equation
System for Eigenvalues † Time-Dependent Sextic Oscillator † Time
Dependent Schrödinger Equation with Calogera Potential
@ @ Solutions
Bauer–Rayleigh Identity † Parseval Identity † Transmission through
Periodic Structures † Freud’s Weight Function † Wronski
Polynomials † Root-Finding Using Differential Equations † Finding
Ramification Indices Numerically † Classical and Quantum
Mechanical Probabilities for the Harmonic Oscillator † Root
Approximant † Using Recursion Relations to Calculate Orthogonal
Polynomials

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS to PROGRAMMING—GRAPHICS—NUMERICS—SYMBOLICS 35

@ @ References

CHAPTER 3

Classical Special Functions

3.0 Remarks
Information Sources about Special Functions † Experimental
Mathematics † Generalized Harmonic Numbers † Position and
Momentum Eigenfunctions and Wigner Function of the Liouville
Potential † Ramanujan Theta Functions † Modular Identities
3.1 Introduction
Simplifying Expressions Containing Special Functions † Expressing
Special Functions through Simpler Ones † Indefinite Integrals of
Compositions of Elementary Functions † Volume of a Supersphere †
7;-Symmetric Oscillator † Monitoring Simplifying Transformations
3.2 Gamma, Beta, and Polygamma Functions
Definitions † Exact Values † Graphs † Riemann Surface of the
Incomplete Gamma Function † Pochhammer Symbol
3.3 Error Functions and Fresnel Integrals
Definitions † Error Function in the Complex Plane † Iterated Integrals
of Error Functions † Free Particle Schrödinger Equation with
Piecewise Constant Initial Conditions † Moshinsky Function †
Harmonic Oscillator Green’s Function † Fresnel Diffraction on a Half-
Plane
3.4 Exponential Integral and Related Functions
Definitions † Graphs † Logarithmic Integral and Prime Counting
Function
3.5 Bessel and Airy Functions
Definitions † Random Walk on a 2D Square Lattice † Fractal Based
on Bessel Function † Weber–Schafheitlin Integrals † Bessel Zeros
as a Function of the Index † Oscillation of a Circular Drum †
Oscillation of a Drum of General Shape † 2D Helmholtz Equation †
Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of the Stadium Billiard † Free
Nonspreading Wave “Packet” † Airy Functions in the Uniform
Approximation of Linear Turning Point Problem † Harmonic
Oscillator Approximations
3.6 Legendre Functions
Definitions † Graphs † Electrostatic Potential in a Conducting Cone
3.7 Hypergeometric Functions
Gauss Hypergeometric Function and Generalized Hypergeometric
Functions † Some Special Cases † Closed Form of Partial Sums of
Taylor Series for Trigonometric Functions † Closed Form Padé
Approximations of exp and sign † Generalized Fresnel Integrals †
Generalized Exponential Functions † Point Charge Outside a
Dielectric Sphere † Finding Contiguous Relations † Regularized
Hypergeometric Functions † Solutions of the Hypergeometric
Differential Equation † Meijer G Function † Eigenfunctions of the
Inverse Harmonic Oscillator † Bivariate Hypergeometric Functions

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36 Printed from THE MATHEMATICA GUIDEBOOKS

3.8 Elliptic Integrals

Integrals Containing Square Roots of Cubics and Quartics †
Definitions † Complete and Incomplete Elliptic Integrals † Graphs †
Deriving Differential Equations for Incomplete Elliptic Integrals †
Green’s Function of the Zeilon Operator † Finding Modular
Equations for Ratios of Elliptic Integrals
3.9 Elliptic Functions
Inverting Elliptic Integrals † Definitions † Jacobi’s Amplitude
Function † Minimal Surface in a Cube Wireframe † Applications of
Elliptic Functions † Pendulum Oscillations † Current Flow through a
Rectangular Conducting Plate † Arithmetic–Geometric Mean
3.10 Product Log Function
Definition † Solving Transcendental Equations † Riemann Surface of
the Product Log Function
3.11 Mathieu Functions
Differential Equation with Periodic Coefficients † Definition †
Characteristic Values † Resonance Tongues † Branch Cuts and
Branch Points † Oscillation of an Ellipsoidal Drum † Degenerate
Eigenfunctions † Wannier Functions
3.12 Additional Special Functions
Expressing Other Special Functions through Built-in Special
Functions † More Elliptic Functions † Zeta Functions and Lerch
Transcendents
3.13 Solution of Quintic Polynomials
Solving Polynomials in Radicals † Klein’s Solution of the Quintic †
Tschirnhaus Transformation † Principal Quintic † Belyi Function and
Stereographic Projection of an Icosahedron Projection † Solving a
Polynomial of Degree 60 through Hypergeometric Functions †
Numerical Root Calculation Based on Klein’s Formula

© 2004, 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
three figures who were watching the road, and who consequently had their
backs to the old building. Having succeeded in accomplishing this, John
was stealing slowly and silently along the wall, with the hope of passing by
them, altogether unnoticed, when, as ill luck would have it, one of them
chanced to turn round, so as dimly to descry his figure.

“What the devil is that gliding along yonder?” cried the man, in Gaelic, and
in a voice that betrayed considerable fear.

“Halt you there!” cried another, who was somewhat bolder. “Halt, I say, and
give an account of yourself.”

John saw that there was now no mode of escaping the danger but by boldly
bearding it. He halted therefore, but still keeping deep within the shade, he
drew out his claymore, and placed his back to the church wall to prepare for
defence.

“Ha! steel!” cried the third fellow; “I heard it clash on the stones of the
wall, and I saw it bring a flash of fire out of them too. Come, come,
goodman, whoever you are—come out here, and give us your claymore.”

“He that will have it, must come and take it by the point,” said John, in
Gaelic, and in a stern, hoarse, hollow voice; “and he had better have iron
gloves on, or he will find it too hot for his palms.”

“What the devil does he mean?” said the first.

“We’ll detain you as a runaway rebel,” said the third.

“The boldest of men could not detain me,” replied John, now recognising
the last speaker, by the moonlight on his face, as well as by his voice. “But
for a base traitor like you, Neil MacCallum, better were it for you to be
lying dead, like your brave brother, among the slain on Drummosie Moor,
than to encounter me here in this churchyard, at such an hour as this!”

“In the name of wonder, how knows he my name?” exclaimed MacCallum

in a voice that quavered considerably.
“Oh, Neil! Neil!” cried the first speaker, in great dismay, “it is no man! it is
something most uncanny: For the love of God, parley with it no farther!”

“Pshaw—nonsense!” exclaimed the second speaker. “Its a man, and nothing

else. Let us all rush upon him at once. Surely, if he were the devil himself,
three of us ought to be a match for him.”

“I am the devil himself!” cried John Smith in a terrible voice, and at the
same time stalking slowly forth from the shadow, with the bloody blade of
his claymore before him, he strode into the moonlight, which at once fully
disclosed his hideous head-gear and ghastly features, to which at the same
time it gave a tenfold effect of horror.

“Oh, the devil!—the devil!—the devil!” cried the fellows, the moment they
thus beheld him; and, overpowered by their terror, they rushed forward
towards the churchyard wall, and threw themselves over it pell-mell,
tumbling higgledy-piggledy into the road, and scampering out of sight and
out of hearing in a moment, leaving John Smith sole master of the field.

In the midst of all his miseries, John could not help laughing heartily at the
suddenness of their retreat. But gravity of mood came quickly over him
again, when he heard his laugh re-echoed—he knew not how, as it were in a
tone of mockery, from the old church walls. He began to recollect where he
was, and he half repented that he had so indiscreetly used the name of Satan
in the manner he had done.

“The Lord be about us!” ejaculated John most fervently, whilst his knees
smote against each other violently, and his jaws were stretched to a fearful
extent.

He felt that the shorter time he tarried in that uncanny place the better it
would be for his comfort; and, accordingly, he began to move forward as
quickly as he could towards a wicket gate, which he well knew gave exit to
the footpath at the other end of the churchyard.

John, now proceeding at what might rather be called an anxious pace than a
quick one, had very nearly reached the wicket, when his eye caught a tall
white figure, standing within a few yards of it, and posted close by the path
which he must necessarily pursue. The moonshine enabled him to see a
terrible face, with a huge mouth; and, so far as his recollection of his own
natural physiognomy went, derived as it was from his shavings on Saturday
nights ever since his chin had required a razor, he felt persuaded that the
countenance before him was a fac-simile of his own. It was, moreover, very
ghastly, and very bloody. His eyes fixed themselves upon it with
unconquerable dismay, and he shook throughout every nerve, like the
trembling poplar. But that which most astonished and terrified him, as he
gazed on this apparition, was, the strange circumstance, that he could
distinctly perceive, that it had already assumed a head-gear precisely similar
to the very remarkable one which he had been so recently compelled from
necessity to adopt. On the summit of its crown appeared a huge sod, with
all its native plants upon it, and these waved to and fro before him with
something like portentous omen. John felt as if he had only fled from the
battle-field of Culloden to meet both death and burial in this most unchancy
churchyard, and if his knees smote each other before, they now increased
their reciprocal antagonist action in a degree that was tenfold more striking.
John felt persuaded beyond a doubt, that the devil had been permitted thus
to assume his own appearance, and to come thus personally to reprove him
for the indiscreet use which he had made of his name. Sudden death seemed
to be about to fall on him. The grave appeared to be about to open to
receive his wounded and worn-out body. But these were evils which, at that
dreadful moment, John hardly recognized, for the jaws of the Evil Spirit
himself seemed to him to be slowly and terribly expanding themselves to
swallow up his sinful soul. Fain would John have fled, but he was rivetted
to the spot. No way suggested itself to his distracted mind by which he
could escape, and he well knew that he had no way that led homewards to
that spot where he looked for concealment and safety, save that which went
directly by the dreaded object before him. For some time he stood trembling
and staring, in a cold sweat, until at length, overpowered by his feelings, he
dropped upon his knees, and began putting up such snatches of prayer to
Heaven, for help against the powers of darkness, as his fears allowed him to
utter.
 For some time he stood trembling and staring, in a cold sweat.

As John thus sat on his knees, praying and quaking, his animal courage so
far returned to him as to permit him to observe that the object of his terror
remained unchanged and immovable. At length his mind recovered itself to
such an extent, as to enable him to revert to that night of misery which he
had so recently experienced, in beholding that which he had believed to be
the spirit of Dallas the packman, and remembering how that matter had
been cleared up by the appearance of daylight, he began to reason with
himself as to the possibility of this being a somewhat similar case. Having
thus so far reduced his fears within the control of his reason, he summoned
up resolution to raise himself from his knees, and to advance one step
nearer to the phantom which had so long triumphed over the courage that
was within him. And, seeing that, notwithstanding this movement of his, it
still maintained its position, and uttered no sound, he ventured to take a
second step—and then a third step, until the truth, and the whole truth,
began gradually to dawn upon his eyes and his mind, and then, at last, he
discovered, to his very great relief, that the horrible and much-dreaded
demon whose appearance had so disturbed and discomposed his nervous
system, was no other than a tall old tombstone, with a head so fearfully
chisselled on the top of it, as might have left it a very doubtful matter, even
in the day-time, for any one, however learned in such pieces of art, to have
determined whether the rustic sculptor had intended it for a death’s-head or
a cherubim. Some idle artist of the brush, in passing by that way with a pot
full of red paint, prepared for giving a temporary glory to a new cart about
to be turned out from a neighbouring wright’s shop, had paused as he
passed by, and exhausted the full extent of his small talents in
communicating to the countenance that bloody appearance, the effect of
which had so much appalled John Smith, and some waggish schoolboy had
finished the figure, by tearing up a sod covered with plants of various kinds,
and clapping it on its top, so as thereby very much to augment its artificial
terrors. John Smith drew a long breath of inconceivable relief on making
this discovery, and then darting through the wicket, he pursued his journey
with as much expedition as his weakness and fatigue permitted him to use.

John walked on for some hour or twain with very determined resolution, but
at length the great loss of blood he had experienced, brought on so
unconquerable a drowsiness, that he felt he must have a little rest, were it
but for a few minutes, even if his taking it should be at the risk of his life.
John was never wont to be very particular as to the place where he made his
bed, but on the present occasion it happened, probably from the blood-
vessels of his body having been so much drained, that he had a most
unpleasant chill upon him. He felt as if ice itself was shooting and
crystallizing through every vein and artery within him. Then the night had
become somewhat raw, and he had left his plaid, which is a Highlander’s
second house, on the fatal field of battle. Under all these circumstances,
John was seized with a resistless desire to enjoy the luxury of sleep for a
short time, under the shelter of a roof, and in the vicinity of a good peat fire.
Calling to mind that there was an humble turf-built cottage in a hollow a
little way farther on, by the side of a small rushy, mossy stream, he made
the best of his way towards it.

The house consisted of three small apartments, one in the middle of it,
opposite to the outer door, and one at either end, which had their entrances
from that in the centre. When John came to the brow of the bank that looked
down upon this humble dwelling, he was by no means sorry to perceive that
the middle apartment had a good blazing fire in it, as he could easily see
through the window and outer door, which last chanced to be invitingly
open. John, altogether forgetful of his uncouth and terrific appearance, lost
not a moment in availing himself of this lucky circumstance. But he had no
sooner presented his awful spectral form and visage within the threshold,
than he spread instantaneous terror over the group assembled within.

“Oh, a ghost! a ghost!” cried out in Gaelic a pale-faced girl of some eight or
nine years of age, as she dropped on her knees, shaken by terror in every
limb and feature.

“Oh, the devil! the devil!” roared an old man and woman, who also sank
down before John, bellowing out like frightened cattle. “Och, och! we shall
all be swallowed up quick by the Evil One!”

“Fear nothing,” said John Smith, in a mild tone, and in the same tongue. “I
am but a poor wounded and wearied man. I only want to lie down and rest
me a little, if you will be so charitable as to grant me leave.”

“Wounded!” said the old man, rising from his knees, somewhat reassured;
“where were you wounded?”

“In the head here,” said John, with a stare that again somewhat disconcerted
the old man; “and if it had not been for this peat that I clapped on my skull,
I believe my very brains would have been all out of me.”
“Mercy on us, where got ye such a mischance as that?” exclaimed the old
woman.

“At Culloden, I’ll be sworn,” said the old man.

“Aye, aye, it was at Culloden,” replied John. “But, if ye be Christians, give

me a drink of warm milk and water, to put away this shivering thirst that is
on me, and let me lie down in a warm bed for half an hour.”

“Och aye, poor man, ye shall not want a drop of warm milk and water, and
such a bed as we can give you,” said the old woman, moving about to
prepare the drink for him.

“Thank ye—thank ye!” said John, much refreshed and comforted by

swallowing the thin but hot potation. And then following the old man into
the inner apartment on the right hand, he sank down in a darksome nook of
it, on a pallet among straw, and covering himself up, turf, nightcap and all,
under a coarse blanket, he was sound asleep before the old man had
withdrawn the light, and shut the door of his clay chamber.

“Oh that our boys were back again safe and sound!” cried the old woman,
wringing her hands.

“Safe and sound I fear we cannot expect them to be, Janet,” replied the old
man. “But oh that we had them back again, though it was to see them
wounded as badly as that poor fellow! Much do I fear that they are both
corpses on Drummossie Moor.”

“What will become of us!” cried the old woman, weeping bitterly; “what
will become of this poor motherless lassie now, if her father be gone?”

But, leaving this aged couple to complain, and John Smith to enjoy his
repose, we must now return to poor Morag, whom, as you may recollect,
gentlemen, we left hunted into covert by the two dragoons who had so
closely pursued her. The patch of natural wood into which she dived was
not large. It chiefly consisted of oaks and birches, which, though they had
grown to a considerable size in certain parts, so that their wide-spreading
heads had kept the knolls on which their stems stood, altogether free from
the incumbrance of any kind of brushwood,—had yet in most places risen
up thinner and smaller, leaving ample room and air around them to support
thickets of the tallest broom and juniper bushes.

It chanced that Morag was not altogether unacquainted with the nature of
the place, having at one time, in earlier life, been hired to tend the cows of a
farmer at no great distance from it. She was well aware that a rill, which
had its origin in the higher grounds at some distance, came wimpling into
the upper part of the wood, and thence, during its descent over the sloping
surface of the ground, from its having met with certain obstructions, or
from some other cause, it had worn itself a channel through the soft soil, to
the depth of some six feet or so, but which was yet so narrow, that the ferns
and bushes growing out of the undermined sods that fringed the edges of it,
almost entirely covered it with one continued tangled and matted arch.
Towards this rill Morag endeavoured to make her way through the tall
broom, and, as she was doing so, she heard the dismounted trooper, who
had by this time entered the wood after her, calling to his comrade, who sat
mounted outside:

“Bill! do you padderowl round the wood, and keep a sharp look out that she
don’t bolt without your seeing her. I’ll follow arter her here, and try if I
can’t lay my hands on her; and if I do but chance to light on her, be she
witch or devil, I’ll drag her out of her covert by the scruff of the neck.”

Morag heard no more than this.—She pressed forward towards the bed of
the rill, and having reached it, she stopped, like a chased doe, one moment
to listen, and hearing that the curses, as well as the crashing of the jack-
boots of her pursuer, as yet indicated that he was still at some distance
behind her, and evidently much entangled in his progress, she carefully shed
the pendulous plants of the ferns asunder, and then slid herself gently down
into the hollow channel. There finding her feet safely planted on the bottom,
she cautiously and silently groped her way along the downward course of
the rill, through the dark and confined passage which it had worn out for its
tiny stream. In this way she soon came to the lower edge of the wood,
where the hollow channel became deeper, and where it assumed more of the
character of a ravine, but where it was still skirted with occasional oaks,
mingled with thickets of birches, hazels, and furze bushes.

Morag was about to emerge from the obscurity of this subterranean arch,
into the more open light, when, as she looked out, she beheld the mounted
trooper standing on his stirrups on the top of the bank, eagerly gazing
around him in all directions. The furze there grew too thick and high for
him to be able to force his way down to the bottom of the ravine, even if he
had accidently observed her. But his eyes were directed to higher and more
distant objects, and seeing that she had been as yet unperceived, she
instantly drew so far back, as to be beyond all reach of his observation,—
whilst she could perfectly well watch him, so long as he maintained his
present position. She listened for the crashing strides of him who was
engaged in searching the wood for her. For a time they came faint and
distant to her ear, but, by degrees, they began to come nearer,—and then
again the sound would alternately diminish and increase, as he turned away
in some other direction, fighting through the opposing boughs, and then
came beating his way back again, in the same manner, with many a round
oath. At length she heard him raging forward in the direction of the rill, at
some forty yards above the place where she was, blaspheming as he went.

“Ten thousand devils!” cried he; “such a place as this I never se’ed in all my
life afore. If my heyes beant nearly whipt out of my head with them ’ere
blasted broom shafts, my name aint Tom Wetherby! Dang it, there again!
that whip has peeled the very skin off my cheek, and made both my heyes
run over with water like mill-sluices—I wonder at all where this she-devil
can be hidden? Curse her! Do you think, Bill, that she can raaly have ridden
off through the hair, as they do say they do? But for a matter of that, she
may be here somewhere after all, for my heyes be so dimmed, that, dang me
an’ I could see her if she were to rise up afore my very face. How they do
smart with pain! Oh! Lord, where am I going?” cried he, as he went smack
down through the ferns and brush into the concealed bed of the rill, and was
laid prostrate on his back in the narrow clayey bottom of it, in such a
position that it defied him to rise.
“Hollo Bill!” cried he, from the bowels of the earth, in a voice which
reached his comrade as if he had spoken with a pillow on his mouth, but
which rang with terrible distinctness down the hollow natural tube to the
spot where Morag was concealed. “Hollo!—help!—help!”

“What a murrain is the matter with ye?” cried Bill, very much astonished.

“I’ve fallen plump into the witches’ den!—into the very bottomless pit!—
Hollo!—hollo! Help!—help!” cried the fallen trooper from the abyss.

“How the plague am I to get to ye if so be the pit be bottomless?” cried Bill,

in a drawling tone, that did not argue much promise of any zealous exertion
of effective aid on the part of the speaker.

“Curse ye, come along quickly, or I shall be smothered in this here infernal,
dark, outlandish place,” cried Tom Wetherby.

“Well,—well,” replied Bill, with the same long-drawn tone of philosophic

indifference, “I’m a coming—I’m a coming. But you must keep chaunting
out from the bottom of that bottomless pit of yours, do you hear, Tom, else I
shall never find you in that ’ere wilderness. And how the devil I am to get
into it is more than I know.”

The dragoon turned his horse very leisurely away, to look for some place
where he could best quit his saddle, in order to make good his entrance on
foot into the thicket. The moment the quick eyes of Morag perceived that he
had disappeared from his station on the brow of the bank, she crept forth
from her concealment, and keeping her way down through the shallow
stream, that her footsteps might leave no prints behind them, she stole off,
until she was beyond all hearing of the two dragoons. Then it was that
Morag began to ply her utmost speed, and, after following the ravine until it
expanded into a small and partially wooded glen, she hurried on through it,
until at length she found herself emerging on the lower and more open
country. Afraid of being seen, she made a long circuitous sweep through
some rough broomy waste ground of considerable extent, towards a distant
hummock, with the shape of which she was familiar, and having thus
gained a part of the country with which she was acquainted, though it was
still very distant from her present home, she hailed the descent of the shades
of night with great satisfaction.

Under their protection she proceeded on her way with great alacrity, and
without apprehension, though with a torn heart, that made her every now
and then stop to give full vent to her grief for John Smith, of whose death
she had so little reason to doubt, from all the circumstances she had heard.
At length, fatigue came so powerfully upon her, that she was not sorry to
perceive, as she was about to descend into a hollow, the light of a cheerful
fire, that blazed through the window of a turf-built cottage, and was
reflected on the surface of a rushy stream, that ran lazily through the bottom
near to it. The door was shut, but Morag descended the path that led
towards it, and knocked without scruple.

An old man and woman came immediately to open it, and looked out
eagerly, as if for some one whose coming they had expected, and
disappointment seemed to cloud their brows, when they found only her who
was a stranger to them. Morag, addressing them in Gaelic, entreated for
leave to rest herself for half an hour by their fireside. She was admitted,
after some hesitation and whispering between them, after which she craved
a morsel of oaten cake, and a draught of water. A little girl, of some eight or
nine years old, waited not to know her granny’s will, but ran to a cupboard
for the cake; and brought it to her, and then hastened to fill a bowl with
water from a pitcher that stood in a corner. The old couple would have fain
pumped out of Morag something of her history, and they put many
questions to her for that purpose. But she was too shrewd for them, and all
they could gather from her was, that she had been away seeing her friends a
long way off, and that she had first rode, and then walked so far, that she
was glad of a little rest, and a morsel to allay her hunger, after which she
would be enabled to continue her journey, with many thanks to them for
their hospitality.

Morag had not sat there for many minutes, when there came a rap to the
door. The old man sprang up to open it, and immediately three Highlanders
appeared, full armed with claymores and dirks, but very much jaded and
soiled with travel. Morag retired into a corner.
“Och, Ian! Ian!”—“Och, Hamish! Hamish!” cried the old couple,
embracing two of them, who appeared to be their sons; and, “Oh, father!
father!” cried the little girl, springing into Ian’s arms.

“Tuts, don’t be foolish, Kirstock!” cried Ian, in a surly tone, as he shook off
the little girl; “What’s the use of all this nonsense, father?—Better for you
to be getting something for us and our comrade MacCallum here to drink.
We are almost famished for want;” and with that he threw himself into the
old man’s wooden arm-chair.

“Aye, aye, father,” said Hamish, occupying the seat where his mother had
sat, and motioning to MacCallum to take that which Morag had just left;
“we have had a sad tramp away from the battle. Would we had never gone
near it! Aye, and we got such a fright into the bargain.”

“Fright!” cried the old man much excited; “Surely, surely, my sons are not
cowards!—Much as I love you, boys, I would rather that you had both died
than run away.”

“Oh!” said MacCallum, now joining in the conversation, “we all three
fought like lions in the battle. But it requires nerves harder than steel to look
upon the Devil, and if ever he was seen on earth, we saw him this precious
night.”

“Preserve us all!” said the old woman; “what was he like?”

“Never mind what he was like, mother,” said Ian gruffly; “let us have some
of your bread and cheese, and a drop of Uisge-beatha to put some heart in
us.”

“You shall have all that I have to give you, boys,” said the old man; “but
that is not much. I would have fain given a sup out of the bottle to the poor
wounded man that came in here, a little time ago; but I bethought me that
you might want it all, and so we sent him to his bed with a cup of warm
milk and water.”

“Bed, did you say?” cried Ian. “What! one of Prince Charley’s men?”
“Surely, surely!” said the old man. “Troth, I should have been any thing but
fond of letting in any one else but a man who had fought on the same side
with yourselves.”

“Don’t speak of our having fought on Charley’s side, father,” said Ian;
“that’s not to be boasted of now. The fruits of fighting for him have been
nothing but danger and starvation, so far as we have gathered them; and
now we have no prospect before us but the risk of hanging. Methinks you
would have shewn more wisdom if you had sent this fellow away from your
door. To have us three hunted men here, is enough to make the place too
hot, without bringing in another to add to the fire.”

“Never mind, Ian,” said MacCallum; “why may we not make our own of
him? You know very well that John MacAllister told us that he could make
our peace, and save our lives, if we could only prove our loyalty to the
King, by bringing in a rebel or two.”

“Very true,” said Hamish; “and an excellent advice it was.”

“Most excellent,” said Ian; “and if we act wisely, and as I advise, this fellow
shall be our first peace-offering.”

“Oh, boys, boys!” cried the old man; “would you buy your own lives by
treachery of so black a die?”

“Oh, life is sweet!” cried the old woman—“and the lives of my bairns——”

“Hold your foolish tongue, woman!” interrupted the old man. “No, no,
boys! I’ll never consent to it.”

“Oh life is sweet! life is sweet!” cried the old woman again; “and the lives
of both my bonny boys—the life of Ian, the father of this poor lassie!——”

“Oh, my father’s life!” whimpered the little girl.

“This is no place to talk of such things,” said the old man, leading the way
into the apartment at the opposite end of the house, to that where John
Smith was sleeping, and followed by all but Morag, who, having slipped
towards the door, to listen after he had closed it, heard him say, “What made
you speak that way before the stranger lass?”

“Who and what is she at all?” demanded Ian.

“A poor tired lass, weary with the long way she has been to see her friends,”
said the old woman; “but she’ll be gone very soon.”

“If she does not go of her own accord, we must take strong measures with
her too,” said Ian.

“God forgive you, boys, what would you do?” said the old man. “Let not
the Devil tempt you thus. Would you bring foul treason upon this humble,
but hitherto spotless shed of mine, by violating the sacred rights of
hospitality to a woman, and by giving up a man to an ignominious death,
who, upon the faith of it, is now soundly sleeping under my roof, in the
other end of the house? Fye, fye, boys! I tell you plainly I will be a party to
no such wickedness.”

“So you would rather be a party to assist in hanging Hamish and me, your
own flesh and blood?” said Ian. “But you need be no party to either; for we
shall take all the guilt of this fellow’s death upon ourselves.”

“You shall never do this foul treason, if I can prevent it,” said the old man,
with determination.

“Poof!” said Ian, “how could you prevent us?”

“By rousing the man to defend himself,” said the father rather unguardedly.

“Ha! say you so?” cried Ian. “What! would you rouse up an armed man to
fight against your own children? Then must we take means to prevent your
so doing.”

“Oh, Ian!” cried the old woman. “Oh, Hamish! Oh, boys! boys!”
“What! what! what boys!” cried the old man with great excitement, whilst
there was a sound of feet as of a struggle. “Would you lay your impious
hands upon your own father?”

“Oh, don’t hurt poor granny!” cried the little girl, in the bitterest tone of
grief.

“Be quiet, I tell you, Kirstock!” cried Ian, in an angry tone. “Hold out of my
way, mother! We’ll do him no harm! we are only going to bind him that he
may not interfere.”

“Boys, boys!” cried the old man; “you have been tempted by the Devil!
There is no wonder that you should have seen him once to-night; and I
should not wonder if he was to appear to you again, for you seem resolved
to be his children, and not mine.”

“Sit down—sit down quietly in this chair,” said Ian; “sit down, I say quietly,
and let MacCallum put the rope about you. By the great oath you had
better!”

“Oh, boys!” cried the old woman; “Och, Hamish! Och, Ian.”

Morag hardly waited to hear so much of this dialogue as I have given, when
she resolved to be the means, if possible, of saving the life of the poor
wounded man, whom the wretches had thus determined so traitorously to
give up to the tender mercies of the Duke of Cumberland. She had her hand
upon the door of the chamber where he slept, in order to go in and rouse
him, when she remembered that, in this way, her own safety was almost
certain to be compromised. She therefore immediately adopted a plan,
which she considered might be equally effectual for her purpose as regarded
the stranger, whilst it would leave to herself some chance of escape.
Slipping on tiptoe to the outer door, she quietly opened it, and, letting
herself out, she moved quickly round the house, towards a little window
belonging to the room at that end of it, where she knew the wounded man
was lying. It consisted of two small panes of glass, placed in a frame that
moved inwards upon hinges. She put her ear to it, but no sound reached her
save that of deep snoring. Morag pushed gently against the frame, and it
yielded to the pressure. Having inserted her head, and looked eagerly about,
in the hope of descrying the sleeper, by the partial stream of moonlight that
was admitted into the place, she could discover nothing but the heap of
straw in the bedstead in a dark corner, where, wrapped in a blanket, he lay
so buried as to be altogether invisible. She called to him, at first in a low
voice, and afterwards in a somewhat louder tone, till at length she awaked
him.

“Who is there?” demanded he in Gaelic.

“Rise! rise, and escape!” said she, in a low but distinct voice, and in the
same language; “Your liberty! your life is in danger! Up, up, and fly from
this house!” Having said this, she retreated her head a little from the
window, to watch the effect of her warning, so that the moon shone brightly
upon her countenance, and completely illuminated every feature of it.

There was a quick rustling noise among the straw, and then she heard the
slow heavy step of the man within. Suddenly a head was thrust out of the
window, and the moonbeam falling fully upon it, disclosed to the terrified
eyes of Morag, the features of John Smith—pale, bloody, and death-like,
with all the fearful appendages which he bore, the whole combination being
such as to leave not a doubt in her mind that she beheld his ghost. With one
shrill scream, which she could not control, she vanished in a moment from
before the window. John Smith, filled in his turn with superstitious awe, as
well as with the strangeness of the manner in which he had been roused
from the deep sleep into which he had been plunged,—and struck by the
well known though hollow voice in which he had been addressed—the
solemn warning which he had received, and, above all, the distinct, though
most unaccountable appearance of Morag, with whose features he was so
perfectly acquainted—together with the wild and sudden manner in which
the vision had departed—all tended to convince him that the whole was a
supernatural visitation. For some moments his powers of action were
suspended; but steps and voices in the outer apartment speedily recalled his
presence of mind. He drew his claymore, summoned up his resolution, and
banging up the door with one kick of his foot, he took a single stride into
the middle of the floor. The fire was still blazing, and it threw on his terrible
figure the full benefit of its light. The three villains having tied the old man
into his chair, and locked him and his wife and grandchild into the place
where their conference was held, had been at that moment preparing to steal
in upon the sleeping stranger. Suddenly they beheld the same apparition
which they had seen in the churchyard, burst from the very room which
they were about to enter. The threatening words of the old man recurred to
them all.

“Oh, the devil! the devil! the devil!” cried the terrified group, and bearing
back upon one another, they tripped, and, in one moment, all their heels
were dancing the strangest possible figures in the air, to the music of their
own mingled screams and yells. You will easily believe, gentlemen, that
John Smith tarried not a moment to inquire after their bruises, but pushing
up the outer door, and slapping it to after him, he again pursued his way
towards the farm of the Pensassenach.

Winged by her fears, and in dreadful apprehension that the ghost of John
Smith was still following her, Morag flew with an unnatural swiftness and
impetus. She was quite unconscious of noticing any of the familiar objects
by the way; yet, by a species of instinct, she reached home, in so short a
time, that she could hardly believe her own senses. But still in dreadful fear
of the ghost, she thundered at the door, and roared out to her mistress for
admittance. The kind-hearted Pensassenach had been sitting up in a state of
the cruellest anxiety regarding Morag, of whose intended expedition she
had received no inkling, nor had she been informed of her departure, until
long after she was gone. She no sooner heard her voice, and her knock, than
she hastened to admit her.

“Foolish girl that you are!” said she, “I am thankful to see you alive. My
stars and garters, what a draggled figure you are!—But come away into this
room here, and let me hear all you have to tell me about the battle. The
rebels were defeated, were they not?—eh?—Why, what is the matter with
the girl? she pants as if she was dying. Sit down, sit down, child, and
compose yourself; you look for all the world as if you had seen a ghost.”
“Och, och, memm!—och, hoch!” replied the girl very much appalled, that
her mistress should thus, as she thought, so immediately see the truth
written in her very face. “Och, hoch! an’ a ghaist Morag has surely seen.
Has ta ghaist put her mark upon her face?—Och, hoch! she’ll ne’er won
ower wi’t!”

“The poor girl’s head has been turned by the horrible scenes of carnage she
has witnessed,” said the Pensassenach.

“Och, hoch!” said Morag, with her hands on her knees, and rocking to and
fro with nervous agitation; “terrible sights! terrible sights, surely, surely!”

“Here, my poor Morag,” said the Pensassenach, after she had dropped into a
cup a small quantity of some liquid nostrum of her own, from a phial,
hastily taken from a little medicine chest, and added some water to it,
“drink this, my good girl!”

“Och, hoch!” said Morag, after she had swallowed it; “she thinks she sees ta
ghaist yet.”

“What ghost did you see?” demanded the Pensassenach.

“Och, hoch! Och, hoch, memm!” replied Morag, trembling more than ever;
“Shon Smiss ghaist; Shon Smiss, as sure as Morag is in life, an’ ta leddy
stannin’ in ta body tare afore her e’en.”

“John Smith’s ghost!” cried the Pensassenach. “Pooh, nonsense! But again I
ask you, how went the battle? The rumour is, that the rebels have been
signally defeated, and all cut to pieces.”

“Och, hoch! is tat true?” said Morag, weeping. “Och, hoch, poor Shon
Smiss!”

“Did you not see the rout?” demanded the Pensassenach. “Did you not
witness the battle, and behold the glorious triumph of the royal army?”
“Och, hoch, no!” replied the girl. “Morag saw nae pattals, nor naesin’ but
hearin’ terrible shots o’ guns, an’ twa or sree red cotted sodgers tat pursued
her for her life.”

“Well, well!” replied the Pensassenach; “Come now! tell me your whole
history.”

Morag’s nerves being now somewhat composed, she gave her mistress as
clear an outline as she could, of all that had befallen her. The Pensassenach
dropped some tears, to mingle with those which Morag shed, when she
recounted the evidence of John Smith’s death, which she felt to be but too
probably true. But when she came to talk of the ghost, she did all she could
to laugh the girl out of her fears, insisting with her that she had been
deceived by terror and weakness, and seeing how much the poor girl was
worn out, she desired her to take some refreshment, and to go to bed
directly; and she had no sooner retired, than the Pensassenach prepared to
follow her example.

Morag, overcome with the immense fatigue she had undergone, had not
strength left to undo much more than half her dress, when she dropped
down on her bed, and fell over into a slumber. She had been lying in this
state for fully half an hour or more, during part of which she had been
dreaming of John Smith, mixed up with many a strange incident, with all of
which his slaughter, and his pale countenance and bloody figure were
invariably connected, when she was awaked by a tapping at the window of
her apartment, which was upon the ground floor. She looked up and stared,
but the moon was by this time gone down, and all without was dark as
pitch.

“Morag! Morag!” cried John Smith, who knowing well where she slept,
went naturally to her window to get her to come round and give him
admission to the house, and yet at the same time half doubting, after the
strange visitation which he had had, from what he believed to be her wraith,
that he could hardly expect to find her alive. “Morag! Morag!” cried he
again in his faint hollow voice.
“Och, Lord have mercy upon me, there it is!” cried Morag, in her native
tongue, and shaking from head to foot with terror. “Who is there?”

“Its me, your own Ian,” cried John, in a tender tone. “Let me in, Morag, for
the love of God!”

“Och, Ian, Ian!” cried Morag. “Och, Ian, my darling dear Ian! are you sure
that it is really yourself in real flesh and blood?—for I have got such a
fright already this night. But if it really and truly be you, go round to the
door and I’ll be with you in a minute. Och, och, the Lord be praised, if it
really be him after all!”

Trembling, and agitated with the numerous contrary emotions of hope, fear,
and joy, by which she was assailed, Morag sprang out of bed, lighted her
lamp, hurried on just enough of her clothes as might make her decent in the
eyes of her lover, and with her bosom heaving, and her heart beating, as if it
would have burst through her side, she ran to unlock the outer door. Her
lamp flashed on the fearful figure without. She again beheld the horrible
spectre which had so recently terrified her, and believing that it was John
Smith’s ghost which she saw, and that it had followed her home to
corroborate the fatal tidings she had heard regarding his death, which had
been already so much strengthened by her dreams, she uttered a piercing
shriek, and fainted away on the floor. The shriek alarmed the Pensassenach,
who was not yet in bed. Hastily throwing a wrapper over her deshabille, she
seized her candle, and proceeded down stairs with all speed, and was led by
John’s voice of lamentation to the kitchen, whither he had carried Morag in
his arms, and where the lady found him tearing his hair, or rather the
heathery turf which then appeared to be doing duty for it, in the very
extremity of mental agony. It is strange how the same things, seen under
different aspects and circumstances, will produce the most opposite effects.
There being nothing now about John Smith, or his actions, that did not
savour of humanity, but his extraordinary head-dress, the Pensassenach had
no doubt that it was the real bodily man that she saw before her, she
perceived nothing but what was powerfully ludicrous in his strange
costume, the absurdity of which was heightened by his agonizing motions
and attitudes, and exclamations of intense anxiety about Morag, whose
fainting-fit gave no uneasiness to a woman of her experience. The
Pensassenach laughed heartily, and then hurried away for a bunch of
feathers to burn under Morag’s nose, by which means she quickly brought
her out of her swoon, and by a little explanation she speedily restored her to
the full possession of her reason. This accomplished, the Pensassenach
entirely forgot John Smith’s wretched appearance, in the eagerness of her
inquiries regarding the result of the engagement.

“How went the battle, John?” demanded she. “We heard the guns, but the
cannonade did not last long. The victory was soon gained, and it was with
the right cause, was it not?”

“Woe, woe! Oich, oich!” cried John, in a melancholy tone, and shaking his
head in utter despair. “Oich, oich, her head is sore, sore.”

“Very true, very true!” cried the compassionate Pensassenach. “I had

forgotten you altogether, shame on me! Ah! poor fellow, how bloody you
are about the face! You must be grievously wounded.”

“Troth she be tat,” said John Smith. “She has gotten a wicked slash on ta
croon, tat maist spleeted her skull. An’ she wad hae peen dead lang or noo
an it had na peen for tiss ponny peat plaister tat she putten tilt. Morag tak’
her awa’ noo, for she has toon her turn, and somesing lighter may serve.”

“Och, hoch, hoch, tat is fearsome,” said Morag, after she had removed the
clod from John’s head. “She mak’s Morag sick ta vera sight o’t.”

“Oich, but tat be easy noo,” said John. “Hech, she was joost like an if she
had been carryin’ a’ ta hill o’ Lethen Bar on her head.”

“Poor fellow, poor fellow!” cried the Pensassenach, “that is a fearful cut
indeed. But I don’t think the skull is fractured. How and where did you get
this fearful wound?”

“Fare mony a petter man’s got more,” replied John, yielding up his head
into the affectionate hands of Morag, who was now so far recovered as to
be able to look more narrowly at it.
“Oich, oich, fat a head!” cried the affectionate and feeling girl, shuddering
and growing pale, and then bursting into an agony of tears, as she looked
upon his gaping wound. “Oich, oich, she’ll never do good more! She canna
leeve ava, ava!”

“Tut, tut!” cried John, with a ghastly smile, that was meant to reassure
Morag. “Fat nonsense, tat Morag pe speak! An’ she pe traivel a’ ta way
hame so far, fat for wad she pe deein’ noo tat she is at hame?”

“Alas, poor fellow!” said the Pensassenach, as she was directing Morag to
bind up his head, “I wish I may be able to make this your home. After all
our losses and sufferings for our loyalty by those marauding rascals, three
days ago, we shall next run the risk of being punished for harbouring a
rebel. But no matter. Happen what may, you have large claims upon me,
John, and as long as Morag can conceal you here you shall be safe. You
have been so short a time away that few people can be aware of it, and still
fewer can know the cause of your absence.”

What the Pensassenach said was true, for as most of her people had run
away when the Highland party appeared, there were few who certainly
knew the cause of John Smith’s absence, and those few who did know were
not very likely to tell any thing about it. Trusting to this, she gave out that
she had sent him after the rebels, to keep an eye on her husband’s horses,
and to endeavour to recover them if he could, and that, in making this
attempt, he had received his wound. To give the better colour to this story,
she called her people together, and offered a handsome reward to such of
them as would go immediately and try to find and bring back the horses,
telling them that John Smith could describe to them whereabouts they were
most likely to fall in with them, he having, at one time, actually got
possession of most of them, but that they had escaped from him, having
been scared away by the thundering of the artillery. But not a man of them
would venture upon such a search among the gibbets, where, as they were
told, so many of their murdered countrymen were still hanging, and where,
without much inquiry or ceremony, any one who might go on such an
errand might be tucked up to swing in company with them. Every hour
increased this terror, by bringing accounts of fresh executions, and indeed
the fears of the Pensassenach’s men turned out to be by no means
groundless, for it is a truth but too well known, that many innocent servants
who were sent to seek their master’s horses never returned.

The Pensassenach did not suffer for her kindness in thus protecting John
Smith; and she and her husband were ultimately no losers from the havoc
which the Highlanders committed on their farm. Their damage was reported
to the Duke of Cumberland, and the lady’s conduct having been highly
extolled, as that of a very loyal Englishwoman, who had been thus
persecuted for the open expression of her sentiments, the most ample
remuneration was assigned to her by the government.

John Smith, nursed as he was by Morag, soon recovered. After he was quite
restored to health, he only waited until he could scrape a little money
together to enable him to furnish a cottage, ere he should make her his wife.
The penetration of the Pensassenach soon enabled her to discover how
matters stood between them, and she found means to make all smooth for
them in the manner which was most flattering to John, that is, by presenting
him with a very handsome purse of money, as a reward for the eminent
services he had rendered her. John was so proud of the purse that he did not
know whether most to value it or the gold pieces it contained, and much as
he loved Morag, and eager as he was for their union, he had some doubt
whether he could ever bring himself to part, even with one of those pretty
pieces which he so respected for the Pensassenach’s sake. And, alas, as it so
happened, he was never called upon to spend them as it was intended they
should have been spent. Fain would I have made my story end happily,
gentlemen; but, as I am narrating a piece of actual history, I must be
verawcious. John had made all preparation for their marriage, when, alas,
Morag was seized with some acute complaint about the region of the heart
and lungs, which all the medical attendants that the Pensassenach could
command could not fathom or relieve. John watched her with the tenderest
and most unremitting solicitude. But it pleased God that his unwearied care
of her, should not be blessed with the same happy result, which hers had
been with regard to him, for after a long and lingering illness, poor Morag
died on the very day she should have been his bride. The probability was,
that the unheard of fatigue of body, and agitation of mind, which she
underwent during her heroic expedition in search of her lover, had produced
some fatal organic change within her.

John Smith was inconsolable for the loss of Morag. For some time he was
more like a walking clod than a man. Even the kind attempts of his master
and mistress to rouse him were unavailing. When at length he was able to
go about his usual duties on the farm, to do which his honest regard for his
employer’s interest stimulated him, he suffered so much mental agony from
the painful recollections which every object around him suggested to his
mind, that he felt he could no longer go rationally about his master’s affairs.
Being at last convinced that he was in danger of falling into utter and
hopeless despair, he came to the resolution of enlisting in the army, and
having once formed this determination, he went through a very touching
scene of parting with the kind Pensassenach and her husband, and
shouldering his small kitt, he went and joined the gallant Forty-Second,
then the Black Watch. He served with distinguished approbation in all the
actions in which that brave corps was in his time engaged. He was made a
serjeant at Bunker’s Hill; and after time had in some degree assuaged his
affliction, he married a very active, intelligent, and economical woman,
with whose aid he undertook to keep the regimental mess. John could
neither read nor write, and he always spoke English imperfectly. But his
clever wife enabled him to carry on the business for so many years, with so
much credit to himself, and so successfully, that he ultimately retired with
her at an advanced period of life, with the enjoyment of his pension, and
such an accumulation of fortune as made him perfectly comfortable.

I knew John well. He was a warm-hearted man, and always remarkable for
his uprightness and integrity, and especially for a strict determination to
keep his word, whatever it might cost him so to do. As an instance of this, I
may mention, that having on one occasion had a serious illness, in which he
was given up by the doctor, he made a will, in which he left many small
legacies to poor people. John recovered, but he thought it his duty to keep
his word, and he paid the legacies. To me, and to my brother, who lived in
one of his houses while we were at the school of Nairn, he acted the part of
a kind friend and guardian. He was perhaps too kind and indulgent to us,
indeed. No one dared to him to impute a fault to us, even when we were
guilty. I remember that he had a large garden, well stocked with fruit trees,
and gooseberry bushes. Often has the good old man sent me into it, to steal
fruit for myself and brother, whilst he watched at the door, lest his wife
might surprise and detect me. Many is the time that I have listened to him,
with boyish wonder, as, with lightning in his eye, he fought over again his
battles of Culloden, Bunker’s Hill, and Ticonderoga.

As John had no children, his intended heir was a nephew. His greatest
desire in life was to marry him to a grand-daughter of his old departed
benefactress, the Pensassenach. He offered to settle his whole fortune,
which was not small, on the young lady, if she would only marry his
nephew; and John’s wife did all in her power to back up the proposal. But
although the nephew was a good, well-doing lad, he was not the man to
take the young woman’s fancy; and so the match never took place.
CRUELTY OF THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND AFTER
THE BATTLE OF CULLODEN.

Clifford.—Is it possible that the Duke of Cumberland could have

authorized such atrocities, as the hanging up innocent servants in the way
you describe, Mr. Macpherson?

Dominie.—I am afraid that what I have asserted is but too true, sir.

Author.—I am sorry to say, that I am in possession of a document which

but too satisfactorily proves, that he did give most cruel orders. It is an
orderly book of the thirty-seventh regiment, which was called
Cholmondeley’s Regiment; and in that I find, in the general orders, dated
“The Camp at Enwerness, Aprill 17th, 1746,” the following entry:—“A
captain and fifty foot to march directly, and vizt all the cothidges in the
naberhod of the field of batall, and to search for rebbels, the officers and
men will take notiss, that the pubilick orders of the rabells yesterday was to
give us no quarters.” This, I think, was a pretty broad hint to the men and
the officer commanding them, what it was that the Duke expected of them.

Grant.—Very distinct, indeed.

Author.—Not to be mistaken, I think.

Clifford.—Is there anything existing to establish that any such order was
given by the Prince, previous to the battle, as that to which the Duke here
alludes?

Author.—Not a vestige of any thing that I am aware of. But if such orders
had been given by the Prince, that circumstance would have afforded no
apology for him to have issued the order I have now repeated to you, after
the battle was over, and the enemy so effectually cut to pieces in the field.
Nothing, I think, could more mark a sanguinary temper than his thus letting
loose a body of men, to visit all the neighbouring cottages, and to put to
death, in cold blood, all whom his ignorant and bloodthirsty myrmidons
might choose to consider as rebels. The slaughter in this way, of the
innocent as well as of the guilty, was said to have been immense.

Clifford.—The picture is horrible!

Grant.—It is horrible to think of it, even at this great distance of time,

seated comfortably, as I am at this moment, in this great oaken arm-chair.

Serjeant.—And a comfortable arm-chair that is, sir; and many a good day
and queer night has it seen. If I am not mistaken, that was old Alister Shaw
of Inchrory’s very chair.

Author.—Ay—who was Alister Shaw, Archy?

Serjeant.—Faith, sir, he was a queer tough little fellow, Inchrory—for by

that name he was always best known in the country—as proud as a bantam
cock on his own midden-head. The body cared not for the King. I have two
or three curious little anecdotes about him, which I can tell you and the
gentlemen, if you have no objections.

Clifford.—Objections, Mr Serjeant! I, the secretary, desire that you shall

tell them, without another moment’s delay.

Serjeant.—Aweel, aweel, sir! I’ll do that at your bidding. I’m not

accustomed to disobey the adjutant.