Scribd
Upload
15 views15 pages

Note 18

The document covers the concepts of coordinate axes and planes in 3D, including octants and the distance formula between two points. It also explains direction cosines, their relation, and how to calculate the angle between two lines using direction cosines and ratios. Additionally, it provides examples to illustrate these mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

KamalSilvas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views15 pages

Note 18

The document covers the concepts of coordinate axes and planes in 3D, including octants and the distance formula between two points. It also explains direction cosines, their relation, and how to calculate the angle between two lines using direction cosines and ratios. Additionally, it provides examples to illustrate these mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

KamalSilvas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

PMAT 32332

UPEKSHA PERERA
8.1 Coordinate axes and planes in 3D
8.1.1 Coordinate Axes in 3D
8.1.2 Coordinate Planes in 3D

https://www.desmos.com/3d/br0tkw6oyn
8.1.3 Octants

Octant 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th


X + - - + + - - +
Y + + - - + + - -
Z + + + + - - - -
8.2 The distance between two points

• We can extend our technique for finding


the distance between points
to 3 dimensions by thinking of a line
between two points as the diagonal of a
cuboid.

𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2
In 3 dimensions, the distance between two
points A and B can be visualised as the
length of the long diagonal of a cuboid.
8.3 Section Ratio Formula
If 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 are two points and 𝑃 𝑥,ҧ 𝑦,
ത 𝑧ҧ divides the
segment 𝐴𝐵 in the ration 𝑚: 𝑛, i.e., 𝐴𝑃: 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑚: 𝑛, then

𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧2 + 𝑛𝑧1


𝑥,ҧ 𝑦,
ത 𝑧ҧ = , , .
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
8.4 Direction cosines
• If a directed line makes angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with the positive directions of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 axes respectively,
then cos 𝛼 , cos 𝛽 , cos 𝛾 are called the direction cosines of this line. These numbers are
generally denoted by 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛.
• Any three numbers, which are proportional to the direction cosines of
a line are called the direction ratios of the line.
• If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be three numbers proportional to the direction cosines 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛
𝑎
then 𝑙 = cos 𝛼 =
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑏
𝑚 = cos 𝛽 =
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑐
𝑛 = cos 𝛾 =
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
8.4.1 Relation between Direction Cosines of a Line

• The direction cosines are related by the equation 𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1.


8.4.2 Direction Cosines of a Line Passing Through Two
Points

• The direction cosines of the line segment joining the points 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 and 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
are
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
, ,
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄

where 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2 .
Example 01:

1 1 1
• Can numbers , , . be the direction cosines of any directed line?
2 2 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 3
• Since + + = ≠ 1 , the given numbers cannot be the direction cosines of
2 2 2 2

a line.
Example 02
Example 03
8.5 Angle between Two Lines
If the direction cosines of two lines are 𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 and
𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛2 then the angle between the two lines is
cos 𝜃 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 Lagrange’s Identity

𝑙12 + 𝑚12 + 𝑛12 𝑙22 + 𝑚22 + 𝑛22 − 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 2

= 𝑙1 𝑚2 − 𝑙2 𝑚1 2 + 𝑚1 𝑛2 − 𝑚2 𝑛1 2 + 𝑛1 𝑙2 − 𝑛2 𝑙1 2

• Angle with direction ratios: If 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 and 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are the direction ratios of two lines, then the angle
between them is
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos −1
𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎32 𝑏12 + 𝑏22 + 𝑏32

• Condition for perpendicularity: 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0.

• Condition for parallel lines: 𝑙1 = 𝑙2 , 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 , 𝑛1 = 𝑛2


Example 05

Solution:
𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 ___(1)
𝑙2 + 𝑚2 − 𝑛2 = 0 ___(2)
From (1), 𝑛 = − 𝑙 + 𝑚 . Putting in (2),
𝑙2 + 𝑚2 − 𝑙 + 𝑚 2 = 0 or 𝑙𝑚 = 0.
Either 𝑙 = 0 or 𝑚 = 0.
Taking 𝑙 = 0, 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 0 and 𝑚2 − 𝑛2 = 0.
Again, 𝑙2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 ___(3)
1 1
By (2) and (3), 2𝑛2 = 1 , 𝑛2 = , 𝑛 = ± .
2 2
1
But 𝑛 = −𝑚. ∴ 𝑚 = ∓ .
2
1 1
Considering only one sign, the direction cosines of one line are 0, ,− .
2 2
1 1
Taking 𝑚 = 0, the direction cosines of the other line are , 0, − .
2 2
If 𝜃 be the angle between the lines
1 1 1 1 1 𝜋
cos 𝜃 = 0 ∙ + ∙ 0 + − ∙ − = . ∴ 𝜃= .
2 2 2 2 2 3

You might also like