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STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

COURSE MATERIAL NO. 4

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WHAT WILL YOU

LEARN?
Normal
This module has been designed to Distribution
help students…

• Understand the concept of

normal distribution.
• Convert the given values to
standardized z-scores.
• Compute for the areas
under the normal curve.
• Solve problems involving
areas under the normal
curve.

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/599823244092787341/

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Pre-Activity – Data Presentation

WHAT’S INSIDE
Materials: THIS MODULE?
Pen
Paper

Directions:
2
Each group should have 5 members. Read and analyze the
situation carefully, then answer the questions that follow. 3
Situation:
A Mathematics teacher from NU-Fairview evaluated the 4
readiness of 15 students in the subject. She gave a diagnostic
test containing 100 items and recorded the scores as follows:
8
45 55 55 55 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 75 75 85 90

Questions: 10
1. How can you present the data in a more organized manner?
2. How well did the students do on their test? Explain.
15
Presentation and interpretation of data is essential in problem solving. Applications of Areas
It helps in improving and addressing the problems in a certain 18 under the Normal Curve
situation. During this pandemic, experts look and analyze the data to
help the in dealing with the spread of the virus.
22

24

26

27

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Normal Distribution
The probability distribution discussed in Course Material
FOCUS
3 is about discrete probability distributions. In this course
QUESTIONS
material, our focus is on a continuous probability distribution.
There are many ways in describing a continuous probability
➢ What are the main distribution, but the most common and most important of them
components that is the normal probability distribution or simply normal
differentiate the entire distribution.
family of normal
distributions? The mathematical equation of a normal distribution is
➢ What is the relationship dependent on the mean 𝜇 and the standard deviation 𝜎.
of the probability of an
event in a normally
NORMAL PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION
distributed population 𝟏 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
𝟏
𝒆 𝟐 𝝈 )
− (
and the area under the 𝒇 (𝒙 ) =
𝝈√𝟐𝝅
normal curve?
where
𝜇 ≡ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝜎 ≡ 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜋 = 3.14159 …
𝑒 = 2.71828 …

PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

a. The graph of a normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve that
is asymptotic to the horizontal axis that extends indefinitely in
both directions. It is called the normal curve.

b. The highest point on the normal curve is the mean of the

distribution.

c. The normal curve is symmetric with respect to the vertical line

passing through the mean.

Since the normal curve is symmetric d. The mean, median and mode of a normal distribution are
with respect to the horizontal line equal.
passing through the mean, what is
the area under the curve to the left of e. The area under the normal curve and above the horizontal axis
the mean? How about the area under is equal to 1.
the curve to the right of the mean?
f. The standard deviation determines how flat and wide the
normal curve is. The higher the standard deviation, the higher
the variability of the data that gives a wider and flatter normal
curves.

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g. The horizontal axis represents a real-number line where the

middle value is the mean, numbers lower than the mean are on the
left of the mean, and the higher numbers are on the right. This is
usually denoted as 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒.

Normal Curve

Mean, Median, and Mode

Standard Normal Distribution

A normal distribution where 𝜇 = 0 and 𝜎 = 1 is called a
standard normal distribution. Any normal distribution can be
represented by a standard normal distribution by changing the
units of measurement used in the distribution. It is converting the
original 𝑥-scale into z-scores using the formula below

𝒙−𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
Examples:
1. For a normally distributed population with mean equal to 200
and standard deviation equal to 20, find the standardized 𝑧-
value of each of the following.
a. 𝑥 = 190 b. 𝑥 = 240
c. 𝑥 = 200 d. 𝑥 = 22

Solutions:
a. 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎
190 − 200
𝑧=
20
−10
𝑧=
20
𝟏
𝒛 = − 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟐

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b. 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎
240 − 200
𝑧=
20
40
𝑧=
20
𝒛=𝟐

c. 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
200 − 200
𝑧=
20
0
𝑧=
20
𝒛=𝟎

d. 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓
225 − 200
𝑧=
20
25
𝑧=
20
𝟓
𝒛 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
𝟒

2. The scores on the Statistics exam of a class were normally

distributed, and the z-scores for some students are shown
below:

Students 𝒛-scores
Sam −1.3
Xia 0.45
Riel 1.5
Benedict 0
Rachel −0.65
Hanna 1.25

a. Which of the students scored above the mean score?

b. Which of the students scored below the mean score?
c. Which of the students scored on the mean?
d. If the mean score was 𝜇 = 85, with a standard
deviation of 𝜎 = 5, what was the final score of each
student?

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Solutions:
Note that in a standard normal distribution, the mean score is equal
to 0. So, their actual scores depend on the position of their
respective 𝑧-scores with respect to 0.

a. Students who got a 𝑧-score greater than zero (or positive 𝑧-

scores) are those who scored above the mean score. They are Xia
(0.45), Riel (1.5), and Hanna (1.25).

b. Students who got a negative 𝑧-scores are those who got a score
less than the mean score. They are Sam (-1.3), and Rachel (-0.65).

c. Students who got a 𝑧-score equal to 0 means he/she got a score

equal to the mean score. That student is Benedict.

d. To solve for the original scores of each student, or the 𝑥-value,

we need to derive first the formula to convert 𝑧-scores to 𝑥-values.

Given the formula for 𝑧-score,

𝒙−𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
we will solve for 𝑥.

First, multiply both sides by 𝜎.

𝒛𝝈 = 𝒙 − 𝝁
Then, transfer 𝜇 to the left side.
𝒛𝝈 + 𝝁 = 𝒙
Hence, to convert a 𝑧-score to the 𝑥-value, we use the formula
𝒙 = 𝒛𝝈 + 𝝁

Convert the following 𝑧-scores to their original scores (𝑥-values)

Students z-scores 𝒙-values

Sam −1.3 𝑥 = (-1.3)5+85 = 78.5
Xia 0.45 𝑥 = (0.45)5+85 = 87.25
Riel 1.5 𝑥 = (1.5)5+85 = 92.5
Benedict 0 𝑥 = (0)5+85 = 85
Rachel −0.65 𝑥 = (-0.65)5+85 = 81.75
Hanna 1.25 𝑥 = (1.25)5+85 = 91.25

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Exercise 4.1
Standard Normal Distribution

I. Determine the 𝑧-scores of the following 𝑥-values.

1. Given a standard normal distribution with 𝜇 = 100 and
𝜎 = 10, find the standardized 𝑧-value of the following.

a. 𝑥 = 125

b. 𝑥 = 75

c. 𝑥 = 30

d. 𝑥 = 155

2. Given a standard normal distribution with 𝜇 = 20 and

𝜎 = 0.5, find the standardized 𝑧-value of the following.

a. 𝑥 = 125

b. 𝑥 = 75

c. 𝑥 = 30

d. 𝑥 = 8.5

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II. Given a standardized normal distribution, determine the

𝑥-values of the following 𝑧-values with mean equal to 50
and a standard deviation of 2.

a. 𝑧 = 1.5

b. 𝑧 = 2.25

c. 𝑧 = −0.75

d. 𝑧 = −1.5

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Area under the Normal Curve

The expression 𝑃(𝑥1 < 𝑥 < 𝑥2 ) represents the area under
the normal curve, above the horizontal axis, and between the
vertical lines through the points 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 .

To solve for the area, we are going to use a table of values

included in this Course Material in the Appendix. This table of
values computes for the area under the normal curve that uses
z-scores.
So, in solving the area under the normal curve, we need to
convert x-values to z-scores first. So, 𝑃(𝑥1 < 𝑥 < 𝑥2 ) will be
𝑃(𝑧1 < 𝑧 < 𝑧2 ) where 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are the z-scores equivalent of 𝑥1
and 𝑥2 , respectively.

HOW TO USE THE TABLE FOR AREAS UNDER THE

NORMAL CURVE
The areas computed in the table is the area represented by
𝑷(𝟎 < 𝒁 < 𝒛) or simply 𝑷(𝒁 = 𝒛). It is the area under the normal
curve, above the horizontal axis, and between the vertical lines
through 0 and 𝑧.

Examples:
Find the following area under the normal curve.
a. 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.25)
b. 𝑃(𝑍 = 0.07)

Solutions:
a. 𝑷(𝒁 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓)
The area represented by 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.25) is the area under
the normal curve, above the horizontal axis, and between the
vertical line through 0 and 1.25, i.e., 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 1.25).

The leftmost part of the table indicates the ones and

tenths digit of the 𝑧-score under consideration. In the example,
it is 1.2.
The uppermost part of the table indicates the hundredths
digit/value of the 𝑧-score. In the example, it is 0.05.

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Trace a horizontal line through 1.2, and a vertical line

through 0.05. The value in the intersection gives you the area
represented by 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.25).

z ⋯ 0.04 0.05 0.06 ⋯

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
1.1 ⋯ 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 ⋯
1.2 ⋯ 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 ⋯
1.3 ⋯ 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 ⋯
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

Hence, 𝑷(𝒁 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟒.

b. 𝑷(𝒁 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕)
The z-score under consideration is 𝑧 = 0.07. It is the area
represented by 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 0.07).

Look for 0.0 on the left most part, and 0.07 on the
uppermost part.

So, we have:
z ⋯ 0.06 0.07 0.08 ⋯
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0.0 ⋯ 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 ⋯
0.1 ⋯ 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 ⋯
0.2 ⋯ 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 ⋯
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

Hence, 𝑷(𝒁 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟗.

PROPERTIES OF AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

• The total area under the normal curve and above the
horizontal line is 1.

• The area on the left side of the vertical line passing through
the mean is 0.5, i.e., 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) = 0.5.

• The area on the right side of the vertical line passing

through the mean is 0.5, i.e., 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) = 0.5.

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Examples:
Sketch and compute the area of the following.

a. 𝑷(𝒁 = −𝟐. 𝟒𝟐)

Solution:
The area represented by 𝑃(𝑍 = −2.42) is 𝑃(−2.42 < 𝑍 < 0).

Since the normal curve is symmetric to the vertical line passing

through the mean, then the area represented on the right side of
the mean, say 𝑧, is equal to the area represented on the left side
by −𝑧.
𝑷(𝒁 = 𝒛) = 𝑷(𝒁 = −𝒛)

So, we have
𝑃(𝑍 = −2.42) = 𝑃(𝑍 = 2.42)
𝑷(𝒁 = −𝟐. 𝟒𝟐) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟐

b. 𝑷(𝒁 < 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏)

Solution:

𝑃(𝑍 < 1.31) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) + 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 1.31)

𝑃(𝑍 < 1.31) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) + 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.31)
𝑃(𝑍 < 1.31) = 0.5 + 0.4049
𝑷(𝒁 < 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟗

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c. 𝑷(𝒁 > −𝟏. 𝟎𝟕)

Solution:

𝑃(𝑍 > −1.07) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) + 𝑃(−1.07 < 𝑍 < 0)

𝑃(𝑍 > −1.07) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) + 𝑃(𝑍 = −1.07)
𝑃(𝑍 > −1.07) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) + 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.07)
𝑃(𝑍 > −1.07) = 0.5 + 0.3577
𝑷(𝒁 > −𝟏. 𝟎𝟕) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟕

d. 𝑷(𝒁 > 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒)

Solution:

𝑃(𝑍 > 1.44) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) − 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 1.44)

𝑃(𝑍 > 1.44) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.44)
𝑃(𝑍 > 1.44) = 0.5 − 0.4251
𝑷(𝒁 > 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟗

e. 𝑷(𝒁 < −𝟎. 𝟓𝟗)

Solution:

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𝑃(𝑍 < −0.59) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(−0.59 < 𝑍 < 0)

𝑃(𝑍 < −0.59) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = −0.59)
𝑃(𝑍 < −0.59) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = 0.59)
𝑃(𝑍 < −0.59) = 0.5 − 0.2224
𝑷(𝒁 < −𝟎. 𝟓𝟗) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟔

f. 𝑷(−𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 < 𝒁 < 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑)

Solution:

-1.21

𝑃(−1.21 < 𝑍 < 2.23) = 𝑃(−1.21 < 𝑍 < 0) + 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 2.23)
𝑃(−1.21 < 𝑍 < 2.23) = 𝑃(𝑍 = −1.21) + 𝑃(𝑍 = 2.23)
𝑃(−1.21 < 𝑍 < 2.23) = 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.21) + 𝑃(𝑍 = 2.23)
𝑃(−1.21 < 𝑍 < 2.23) = 0.3869 + 0.4871
𝑷(−𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 < 𝒁 < 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟎

g. 𝑷(𝒁 < −𝟏. 𝟖𝟑) ∪ 𝑷(𝒁 > 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐)

Solution:

𝑃(𝑍 < −1.83) ∪ 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.92)

= [𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(−1.83 < 𝑍 < 0)] + [𝑃(𝑍 > 0) − 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 1.92)]
= [𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = −1.83)] + [𝑃(𝑍 > 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.92)]
= [𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.83)] + [𝑃(𝑍 > 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.92)]
= [0.5 − 0.4664] + [0.5 − 0.4726]
= 0.0336 + 0.0274
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟎

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Exercise 4.2
Areas under the Normal Curve

Sketch the area under the normal curve and compute for
the area of the following.

1. 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.91)

2. 𝑃(𝑍 > −1.85)

3. 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.64) ∪ 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.11)

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Application of Area under the Normal

Curve
Examples:
1. Given a normal distribution with 𝜇 = 150 and 𝜎 = 25, find
the following:
a. the area above 𝑥 = 125
b. the area below 𝑥 = 187
c. the area between 𝑥 = 110 and 𝑥 = 215
d. the percentage of population with score below 167

Solutions:
a. the area above 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓
First, convert the 𝑥-value to 𝑧-score.

125 − 150 25
𝑧= =− = −𝟏. 𝟎
25 25

So, the problem now is:

𝑃(𝑋 > 125) = 𝑃(𝑍 > −1.0)

𝑃(𝑍 > −1.0) = 𝑃(−1.0 < 𝑍 < 0) + 𝑃(𝑍 > 0)
𝑃(𝑍 > −1.0) = 𝑃(𝑍 = −1.0) + 𝑃(𝑍 > 0)
𝑃(𝑍 > −1.0) = 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.0) + 𝑃(𝑍 > 0)
𝑃(𝑍 > −1.0) = 0.3413 + 0.5
𝑷(𝒁 > −𝟏. 𝟎) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟑

b. the area below 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕

Convert 𝑥 = 187 into 𝑧-score

187 − 150 37
𝑧= = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖
25 25

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So,

𝑃(𝑋 < 187 ) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.48)

𝑃(𝑍 < 1.48) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) + 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 1.48)
𝑃(𝑍 < 1.48) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) + 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.48)
𝑃(𝑍 < 1.48) = 0.5 + 0.4306
𝑷(𝒁 < 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟎𝟔

c. the area between 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 and 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓

Converting the respective x-values, we have

110−150 −40 215−150 65

𝑧= = = −𝟏. 𝟔 𝑧= = 25 = 𝟐. 𝟔
25 25 25

So,

𝑃(110 < 𝑋 < 215) = 𝑃(−1.6 < 𝑍 < 2.6)

𝑃(−1.6 < 𝑍 < 2.6) = 𝑃(−1.6 < 𝑍 < 0) + 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 2.6)
𝑃(−1.6 < 𝑍 < 2.6) = 𝑃(𝑍 = −1.6) + 𝑃(𝑍 = 2.6)
𝑃(−1.6 < 𝑍 < 2.6) = 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.6) + 𝑃(𝑍 = 2.6)
𝑃(−1.6 < 𝑍 < 2.6) = 0.4452 + 0.4953
𝑷(−𝟏. 𝟔 < 𝒁 < 𝟐. 𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟓

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d. the percentage of population with score below 167

Convert the x-value to z-score.

167 − 150 17
𝑧= = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
25 25

Then find the area.

𝑃(𝑋 < 167) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.68)
𝑃(𝑍 < 0.68) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) + 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 0.68)
𝑃(𝑍 < 0.68) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) + 𝑃(𝑍 = 0.68)
𝑃(𝑍 < 0.68) = 0.5 + 0.2517
𝑷(𝒁 < 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟏𝟕

The area under the normal curve represents the percentage of

the whole population. The total area under the normal curve is
equal to 1 which is equivalent to 100%. So, if the area under
consideration is 0.7517. Then it is equivalent to 75.17%.
Hence, there are 75.17% of the population who scored below
167.

2. A Grade 11 section of 40 students got their scores in the

Statistics and Probability examination. The mean score is 87
and the standard deviation is 3.5. Find the following:
a. How many students got a grade higher than 87?
b. How many students got a grade lower than 84?
c. What is the minimum score of the upper 20% of students?
d. What is the maximum score of the lower 15% of students?

Solutions:
Given that 𝑛 = 40, 𝜇 = 87 and 𝜎 = 3.5.
a. How many students got a grade higher than 87?
Convert the 𝑥 = 87 in to a 𝑧-score.

87 − 87 0
𝑧= = =𝟎
3.5 3.5

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Next, look for the area to the right of 𝑥 = 87.

𝑃(𝑋 > 87) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0)
𝑷(𝒁 > 𝟎) = 𝟎. 𝟓

So, the area 0.5 is equivalent to 50%. Now, find the 50% of the
total number of students.
40 × 50% = 40 × 0.5 = 𝟐𝟎

Hence, there are 20 students who got a grade higher than 87.

b. How many students got a grade lower than 84?

Convert the value 𝑥 = 80 in to a 𝑧-score.

84 − 87 −3
𝑧= = = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔
3.5 3.5

Find the area to the left of 𝑥 = 84 or 𝑧 = −0.86.

𝑃(𝑋 < 84) = 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.86)
𝑃(𝑍 < −0.86) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(−0.86 < 𝑍 < 0)
𝑃(𝑍 < −0.86) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = −0.86))
𝑃(𝑍 < −0.86) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 = 0.86))
𝑃(𝑍 < −0.86) = 0.5 − 0.3051
𝑷(𝒁 < −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟗

The area 0.1949 is equivalent to 19.49%. Now, find the 19.49% of

the total number of students.
40 × 19.49% = 40 × 0.1949 = 7.796 ≈ 8

Hence, there are 8 students who got a grade lower than 84.

c. What is the minimum score of the upper 20% of the

students?

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Since we can only determine an area of a z-score from the mean

score, so we need to determine the area between the mean score
and the shaded region (shown as blue shaded region below).

Since the area on the region to the right of the mean score is 0.5,
and the gray shaded region is 20% = 0.20, so the area of the blue
region is 0.30.

Next, determine the 𝑧-scores that will give values close to 0.3 as
the area.
Area z-score
0.2995 0.84
0.30
0.3023 0.85

Locate the two z-scores in the normal curve.

Choose the 𝑧-score inside the region under consideration (gray

region). Choose 𝑧 = 0.85.

Solve for the equivalent 𝑥-value.

𝑥 = (0.85)(3.5) + 87 = 2.975 + 87 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝟓

Hence, the lowest score of the upper 20% is 89.975.

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d. What is the maximum score of the lower 15% of the

students?

The area under consideration is the 15% on the left most part of
the normal curve. Determine the area between the area under
consideration and the mean score (blue shaded region). Since the
area on the left of the mean score is 0.5, and the gray region is 15%
or 0.15, then the blue region is 35% or 0.35.

Using the table of areas under the normal curve, find the two 𝑧-
score that will give the two areas close to 0.35.
Area z-score
0.3485 1.03
0.35
0.3508 1.04

Then locate the two 𝑧-score in the normal curve.

Choose the 𝑧 = −1.04 since it is inside the region under

consideration (gray region).

Solve for the corresponding 𝑥-value.

𝑥 = (−1.04)(3.5) + 87 = −3.64 + 87 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟔

Hence, the highest score of the lower 15% of the class is

83.36.

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Exercise 4.3
Applications of Areas under the
Normal Curve

1. A random variable is normally distributed with a mean of

1,500 and a standard deviation of 18.

a. What is the probability that a randomly selected value will

be greater than 1,550?

b. What is the probability that a randomly selected value will

be less than 1430?

c. What is the probability than a randomly selected value

will be between 1380 and 1620?

d. What is the lowest value of the upper 35% of the random

variable?

2. A random variable 𝑋 is normally distributed with a mean of

75 and a standard deviation of 15. Determine the standard
value/s, identify the shaded region, and compute for the area
under the normal curve that corresponds to the given
score/s.

a. The area below 80

b. The area below 95

c. The area above 68

d. The area above 99

e. The area between 78 and 95

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STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION TABLE (𝒁-TABLE)

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WORKSHEET

I. A normally distributed population is found to have a mean score of 315 and a standard deviation
of 12. Find the standardized z-score of the following values.

1. 𝑥 = 285 2. 𝑥 = 332

3. 𝑥 = 363 4. 𝑥 = 199

II. Find the area of the following. Also, sketch the area under consideration.

1. 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.94) 2. 𝑃(−1.43 < 𝑍 < 2.1)

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III. The lifetime of a certain brand of battery is normally distributed with a mean of 1,200 days and a
standard deviation of 80 days. What percentage of this brand of battery can be expected to last:
a. at most 1,108 days?

b. between 972 to 1,308 days?

c. at least 1,295 days?

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LESSON SUMMARY

The main components that differentiate the normal distribution from each other are their two
parameters: the mean 𝜇 and the standard deviation 𝜎. The highest point of the bell-shaped curve of
the normal curve is the mean score. The standard deviation determines how flat and wide the normal
curve is. The higher the value of the standard deviation, the wider and flatter the normal curve is. It
shows that the variability of data is wider that causes the wider curve.

The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1 which is equivalent to 100%. This shows
that probabilities for the normal distributions are given by the areas under the normal curve.

The percentage of values in some commonly used intervals are

a. 68.46% of the values are within the interval of plus or minus 𝜎 from the mean 𝜇.
b. 95.46% of the values are within the interval of plus or minus 2𝜎 from the mean 𝜇.
c. 99.73% of the values are within the interval of plus or minus 3𝜎 from the mean 𝜇.

REFERENCES

• Anderson, D. R., et al. 2017. Statistics for Business and Economics, 13th Edition. Cengage
Learning.
• Bonghanoy, G. et al. 2017. Statistics and Probabilty for Senior High School. Mutya Publishing

• Gonzales, J. & Nocon, R. 2015. Essential Statistics. MaxCor Publishing House, Inc. 272pp.

• Montero-Galliguez, T. et al. 2016. Fundamentals of Statistical Analysis. C & E Publishing, Inc.

245pp.

Contributors:
Pia Lorraine O. Aserit
Rinalyn L. Ignacio
Rey-Ann B. Rivera
Precious Antonette L. Tesorero

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