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Most Detailed 4 Data Mining Answers

The document discusses data transformation and reduction techniques essential for data mining, including normalization, aggregation, and dimensionality reduction. It also explains OLAP operations such as roll-up and drill-down, and provides a detailed example of calculating correlation using lift. Additionally, it covers hierarchical clustering methods, outlining agglomerative and divisive approaches along with their applications.

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17 views3 pages

Most Detailed 4 Data Mining Answers

The document discusses data transformation and reduction techniques essential for data mining, including normalization, aggregation, and dimensionality reduction. It also explains OLAP operations such as roll-up and drill-down, and provides a detailed example of calculating correlation using lift. Additionally, it covers hierarchical clustering methods, outlining agglomerative and divisive approaches along with their applications.

Uploaded by

rojasebastian2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Most Detailed Data Mining Answers with Diagrams

22. Explain data transformation and data reduction in detail.


**Data Transformation:**
Data transformation is the process of converting data into a suitable format for mining. It includes:
- **Normalization:** Adjusting values to a common scale (e.g., Min-Max Scaling: (X - Min) / (Max -
Min)).
- **Aggregation:** Summarizing data at a higher level (e.g., Monthly sales Quarterly sales).
- **Smoothing:** Removing noise using moving averages or binning.
- **Discretization:** Converting continuous values into discrete categories (e.g., Age Young,
Middle-aged, Senior).

**Data Reduction:**
Data reduction minimizes the dataset size while retaining important features. Techniques include:
- **Dimensionality Reduction:** Uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce attributes.
- **Data Compression:** Encodes data efficiently (e.g., Huffman coding).
- **Sampling:** Uses subsets of data instead of full data for analysis.
- **Feature Selection:** Removes redundant attributes using correlation analysis.

23. Explain with diagrams, various OLAP operations.


**OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) Operations:**
OLAP is used in data warehousing to analyze multidimensional data effectively. Key operations
include:

- **Roll-up:** Aggregates data to a higher level (e.g., from monthly sales to yearly sales).
- **Drill-down:** Moves from summarized to detailed data (e.g., from yearly sales to monthly sales).
- **Slice:** Extracts data for a single dimension (e.g., filtering sales for 2023 only).
- **Dice:** Extracts a subset of data based on multiple dimensions (e.g., sales for 2023 and product
category A).
- **Pivot:** Rotates data for different perspectives (e.g., switching rows and columns in a report).

24. Explain with an example, how to perform correlation using lift.


**Lift Calculation Formula:**
- Lift = (Confidence of Rule) / (Expected Confidence)
**Example:**
- Assume a supermarket dataset where:
- 20% of transactions include bread.
- 30% of transactions include milk.
- 10% of transactions include both bread and milk.

**Step 1: Calculate Confidence:**


- Confidence(Bread Milk) = P(Bread and Milk) / P(Bread)
- Confidence = 10% / 20% = 0.5 (50%)

**Step 2: Calculate Expected Confidence:**


- Expected Confidence = P(Milk) = 30% (0.3)

**Step 3: Calculate Lift:**


- Lift = 0.5 / 0.3 = 1.67

**Interpretation:**
- Lift > 1 indicates a strong positive correlation (customers buying bread are likely to buy milk).

25. Explain hierarchical method of clustering.


**Definition:**
Hierarchical clustering builds a tree-like structure (dendrogram) of nested clusters.

**Types:**
1. **Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering:**
- Starts with individual points and merges the closest clusters iteratively.
- Linkage methods:
- **Single Linkage:** Merges clusters based on shortest distance.
- **Complete Linkage:** Merges clusters based on farthest distance.
- **Average Linkage:** Uses the average distance between clusters.

2. **Divisive Hierarchical Clustering:**


- Starts with a single large cluster and recursively splits it into smaller clusters.
**Example Applications:**
- Used in bioinformatics for gene classification.
- Helps in customer segmentation for targeted marketing.

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