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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2024) 000–000
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2024) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Computer Science 245 (2024) 815–824

9th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2024 (ICCSCI 2024)
9th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2024 (ICCSCI 2024)
Smart Air Monitoring with IoT-based MQ-2, MQ-7, MQ-8, and
Smart Air Monitoring with IoT-based
MQ-135 Sensors MQ-2, MQ-7,
using NodeMCU ESP32 MQ-8, and
MQ-135 Sensors using NodeMCU ESP32
Laurent Michelle Easterlinea, Alyssia Az-Zahra Ravica Putria, Patricia Sherryn Atmajaa,
Laurent Michelle Easterline , Alyssia
Adhe aLingga Az-Zahra
Dewi a
*, andRavica
Anang Putri a
Prasetyo, Patricia
b Sherryn Atmajaa,
Adhe Lingga Dewia*, and Anang Prasetyob
Computer Science Department Semarang Campus, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480
a

ComputerComputer Science Department,

Semarang School of School
Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University,University,
Jakarta, Indonesia 11480 11480
b
a
Science Department Campus, of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara Jakarta, Indonesia
b
Computer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 11480

Abstract
The increasing population and number of vehicles lead to a significant growth in air pollution. This occurrence causes a serious
Abstract
issue that may impair
The increasing the environment
population and number and public health.
of vehicles lead toTo monitor thegrowth
a significant level ofinair
airpollution,
pollution.itThis
is necessary
occurrence to develop
causes aa serious
device
capable
issue thatofmay
accurately
impair assessing pollution
the environment andlevels.
publicTherefore,
health. To this research
monitor theaims
leveltoofimplement the Internet
air pollution, of Things
it is necessary (IoT) to adevelop
to develop device
an air monitoring
capable of accurately system.
assessingThis system levels.
pollution collects sensor data
Therefore, and transmits
this research aims todata to a cloud-based
implement the Internet platform
of Thingsfor analysis
(IoT) and
to develop
visualization. Integrating multiple sensors enhances the system’s ability to detect various pollutants
an air monitoring system. This system collects sensor data and transmits data to a cloud-based platform for analysis and commonly found indoors and
outdoors. In addition, the air monitoring device includes a sensor to detect fire-causing gas such as hydrogen
visualization. Integrating multiple sensors enhances the system’s ability to detect various pollutants commonly found indoors and gas, and a sensor to
measure the
outdoors. temperature
In addition, the and humidity levels
air monitoring device ofincludes
the surrounding
a sensor areas. Thefire-causing
to detect effectiveness gasofsuch
the as
system is demonstrated
hydrogen through
gas, and a sensor to
experimental
measure tests conducted
the temperature and under various
humidity levelsenvironmental conditions.
of the surrounding areas.The
Thetest results showed
effectiveness of theCO2 levels
system is below 5,000 ppm,
demonstrated CO
through
gas levels below 25 ppm, and other gases within safe limits, indicating that air pollution in Semarang
experimental tests conducted under various environmental conditions. The test results showed CO2 levels below 5,000 ppm, CO on April 14, 2024, was
considered
gas levels belowsafe or25normal.
ppm, Theand temperature and humidity
other gases within levelsindicating
safe limits, experiencedthata decrease of 0.008495%
air pollution in Semarang andon0.6787%,
April 14,respectively.
2024, was
Meanwhile,safe
considered CO2orand H2 decreased
normal. exponentially
The temperature by 0.1697%
and humidity levelsand 0.0269%, arespectively.
experienced The error analysis
decrease of 0.008495% betweenrespectively.
and 0.6787%, the DHT11
sensor
Meanwhile,and BMKG
CO2 and dataH2 indicates
decreasedthatexponentially
the temperature by measurements
0.1697% and 0.0269%,have an error rate of 1.05%,
respectively. whileanalysis
The error the humidity
betweenmeasurements
the DHT11
have
sensor and BMKG data indicates that the temperature measurements have an error rate of 1.05%, while the humidity for
an error rate of 1.04%. The results show that the developed system offers an efficient and cost-effective solution continuous
measurements
air quality monitoring, with potential applications in smart cities, industrial environments, and indoor spaces
have an error rate of 1.04%. The results show that the developed system offers an efficient and cost-effective solution for continuous to reduce health risks
associated
air with air pollution.
quality monitoring, with potential applications in smart cities, industrial environments, and indoor spaces to reduce health risks
© 2024 Thewith
associated Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
air pollution.
© 2024
This is The
an Authors.
open access Published by Elsevier
article under B.V.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
© 2024
This The
is an Authors.
open access Published by ELSEVIER
article under the scientific B.V. license
CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review
This is an under
open responsibility
access article of
under the
the CC committee
BY-NC-ND of the
license 9th International Conference on Computer Science and
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Computer Science and
Computational
Peer-review Intelligence
under 2024
responsibility
Computational Intelligence 2024of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Computer Science and
Keywords:
Computational Air Quality; Air Pollution;
Intelligence 2024 Air Monitoring; Internet of Things.
Keywords: Air Quality; Air Pollution; Air Monitoring; Internet of Things.

* Corresponding author. +6285783163029

E-mail address: [email protected]
* Corresponding author. +6285783163029
E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509 © 2024 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open
1877-0509 access
© 2024 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published by ELSEVIER license
B.V.(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under
This is an open responsibility
access of the
article under the scientific
CC BY-NC-NDcommittee of the
license 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Intelligence 2024
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2024
1877-0509 © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Computer Science
and Computational Intelligence 2024
10.1016/j.procs.2024.10.308
816 Laurent Michelle Easterline et al. / Procedia Computer Science 245 (2024) 815–824
Laurent Michelle Easterline et.al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 823

1. Introduction

Air constitutes a vital element for the sustainability of life forms on Earth[1]-[3]. Air quality greatly affects
the environment and individual health [4][5]; hence, clean air is indispensable for daily existence. Air quality
may be compromised by polluted gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) [6][7], carbon dioxide (CO2) [8][9],
methane (CH4) [10][11], and other toxic gases. These emanations originate from transport, industry, waste
burning, and other human activities [11]-[14]. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas
[15][16] produced by burning fossil fuels and exhaust emissions [17][18]. The carbon monoxide exposure limit
allowed by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) is 35 ppm for an 8-hour workday [19].
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect [20][21]. Alongside CO and CO2,
methane (CH4), a combustible component of natural gas [22], is used for energy generation and heating purposes
[23]-[25], playing a pivotal role in driving climatic changes [26][27]. These harmful gases if exceeded the
threshold, can disrupt the metabolism of the body's organs [28][29], cause respiratory diseases [30][31], affect
digestion [32][33], lead to poisoning [34], and even long-term effects such as reproductive problems [26], cancer
[11], and death [34][35].
Problems arising from air pollution can be addressed early by determining the air quality at a location using
an air quality monitoring device. Current technological developments enable more accurate air quality
monitoring by applying systems that monitor pollution levels. Air monitoring is essential to ensure that the
environment remains clean, maintained, and most importantly, protected from diseases, thereby maintaining
public health and environmental sustainability. Numerous researchers have developed air monitoring
technologies to observe and evaluate air quality in real time. In developing various air monitoring devices,
researchers employ a variety of methods, including research, system design, testing, and analysis. Various types
of microcontrollers, sensors, and other software are also used in the system design. For instance, research [1]
implemented Wemos D1 mini, MQ-135, and MQ-9 sensors for air monitoring on IoT-based Android
smartphones. Another study [36] used NodeMcu ESP32 connected to MQ-7 and MQ-135 sensors integrated with
Telegram, Additionally, research [37] monitored air quality using an Arduino Wemos, MQ-135 sensor, and
ThingSpeak to display the resulting data.
Air monitoring utilizing the IoT (Internet of Things) has become an urgent necessity for maintaining air quality
in our surroundings [38][39]. The Internet of Things generally refers to a system within our environment where
various devices interact with each other through the Internet [37]. The Internet of Things (IoT) can monitor the
world around us to activate, assist, or automate the response to a change in the system [40][41] through wired or
wireless networks [42][43]. The existence of IoT in the context of air monitoring provides significant innovations
in improving and maintaining clean air quality. One of the main benefits of adopting IoT in air monitoring is its
ability to provide real-time data on air conditions. Through IoT, connected sensors can measure and monitor air
pollutant levels accurately and continuously [44]. The advantages of IoT are efficiency and timeliness [45][46],
data accuracy [47], wise decision-making [48][49], and integration of various systems [48][50]. This ensures that
the information obtained is comprehensive and easily accessible to various parties such as the government,
research institutions, and the general public [36]. The presence of IoT in air monitoring not only helps maintain
healthy air quality but also strengthens mitigation efforts against the negative impacts caused by air pollution on
the environment and human health.
Based on the explanation above, researchers utilized MQ-2, MQ-7, MQ-8, and MQ-135 gas sensors to
measure air quality with the assistance of the IoT-based NodeMCU ESP32. The results are displayed on a 16x2
I2C LCD. The MQ-2 gas sensor measures methane (CH4), the MQ-7 gas sensor measures carbon monoxide
(CO), the MQ-8 gas sensor measures hydrogen (H2), and the MQ-135 sensor measures carbon dioxide (CO2).
MQ gas sensors are used due to several potential advantages. These sensors are noted for their low cost [51][52],
compact size [52][53], lightweight design [54], and low power consumption [55][56]. They effectively detect
atmospheric components, including air pollutants such as CO, NOx, O3, and SO2, and greenhouse gases such as
CO2 and CH4 [57]-[59]. The microcontroller module used in this research is the NodeMCU ESP32, which can
integrate various sensors into an IoT-based air monitoring system. ThingSpeak assists visualization. The
NodeMCU ESP32 has advantages in connectivity and data processing capabilities [60]-[62]. The relationship
 Laurent Michelle Easterline et al. / Procedia Computer Science 245 (2024) 815–824 817
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between temperature and humidity can affect the gas sensor readings, which can be demonstrated by the following
equation [63].

𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × ( ) … (1)
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = current absolute temperature (K)

𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = current pressure in the same units as the reference pressure
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = reference temperature (K)
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = barometric pressure reference.

Implementing these four sensors provides comprehensive information about air quality in the surrounding
environment, specifically CO2, CO, H2, and CH4 gases. These measurements are displayed on the 16x2 I2C
LCD for local users and are accessible remotely via the ThingSpeak website. Based on the monitoring results
obtained from the device, researchers can accurately identify the level of air pollution and take appropriate steps
to maintain clean and safe air quality for living organisms.

2. Research Methodology

The air quality monitoring device prototype was designed using several components, including the MQ - 135 gas
sensor to detect carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, the MQ - 8 gas sensor to detect hydrogen (H2) levels, the MQ - 7 gas
sensor to detect carbon monoxide (CO) levels, and the MQ-2 gas sensor to detect methane gas (CH4). Additionally, a
DHT11 sensor was utilized to detect temperature and humidity. The NodeMCU ESP32 served as the microcontroller
and was programmed with the Arduino software. The measurement results are displayed on a 16x2 I2C LCD and
collected in ThingSpeak website for visualization.

2.1. Research Process

The research process is illustrated in the research flow chart which can be seen in Figure 1 as follows.

Fig. 1. Research Flowchart

Based on Figure 1, the first step of the research was conducting a literature review. In this stage, researchers find
and study a variety of literature studies from numerous references, including journals, books, and websites. The
literature review was conducted to determine parameters and develop a theoretical framework. Following the literature
review, the researchers prepared the components used in this study. Subsequently, the researchers designed the device
using a simple prototype model in the form of a schematic drawing, which was then realized through the physical
construction of the device. The construction phase also included testing the MQ-135 gas sensor, MQ-8 gas sensor,
MQ-7 gas sensor, MQ-2 gas sensor, and the DHT11 temperature sensor. The next step involved designing the
hardware system using the ESP32 microcontroller. This was followed by creating a program in the Arduino IDE and
field-testing the device to collect data. The collected data was then analyzed and discussed further, leading to the
conclusions drawn from the research results.
818 Laurent Michelle Easterline et al. / Procedia Computer Science 245 (2024) 815–824
Laurent Michelle Easterline et.al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 825

2.2. Sensor Data Acquisition

The device consists of an MQ-135 gas sensor, MQ-7 gas sensor, MQ-8 gas sensor, MQ-2 gas sensor, I2C LCD,
and ESP32, as shown in Figure 2. The ESP32, programmed with the Arduino IDE, serves as the microcontroller. The
MQ-135 gas sensor measures carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and its A0 pin is connected to D4 on the ESP32. The MQ-
7 gas sensor measures carbon monoxide (CO) levels and its A0 pin is connected to D18 on the ESP32. The MQ-8 gas
sensor measures hydrogen (H2) levels and its A0 pin is connected to D5 on the ESP32. The MQ-2 gas sensor measures
methane (CH4) levels and its A0 pin is connected to D2 on the ESP32. The DHT11 sensor measures temperature and
humidity and its data pin are connected to the RX2 pin on the ESP32. The GND and VCC 5V pins of the sensors are
connected to the respective GND and VCC 5V pins on the ESP32. The measurement results are displayed on the I2C
LCD with the SCL and SDA pins connected to D22 and D21. The tool is assembled as shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 2. Research Prototype

Fig. 3. Electronic Circuit

The ESP32 was selected due to its built-in Wi-Fi capability, which enables seamless data transmission from the
sensors to the server. This server, utilized for data visualization, is a cloud-based platform hosted by thingspeak.com.
 Laurent Michelle Easterline et al. / Procedia Computer Science 245 (2024) 815–824 819
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3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Device Actualization

The actualization of the device system can be seen in Figure 4 below.

Fig. 4. Internal Blackbox

Inside the black box, the device’s internals reveal a PCB with several cables connecting the five sensors: the MQ-
135 gas sensor, MQ-8 gas sensor, MQ-7 gas sensor, MQ-2 gas sensor, and DHT11 temperature sensor. Additionally,
an LCD 16x2 I2C and a USB cable are to link the device to the power supply. The design of the black box serves as
a structured enclosure, ensuring the circuit is neatly organized. From a side perspective, the five sensors are positioned
inside the black box, facing outward. In contrast, the device's top or front view showcases the centrally located LCD
16x2, where measurement results are prominently displayed, as depicted in Figure 5. The arrangement of the sensors
protruding on the surface aims to facilitate easy monitoring access. The arrangement of the sensors protruding on the
surface aims to facilitate easy monitoring access. After assembly, the device can be connected to a cloud server for
data visualization.

Fig. 5. Front and side view.

820 Laurent Michelle Easterline et al. / Procedia Computer Science 245 (2024) 815–824
Laurent Michelle Easterline et.al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 827

3.2. Discussion

This research has produced a prototype for monitoring air quality, specifically gasses such as carbon dioxide (CO2)
using the MQ-135 gas sensor, hydrogen (H2) using the MQ-8 gas sensor, carbon monoxide (CO) using the MQ-7 gas
sensor, methane (CH4) using the MQ-2 gas sensor, as well as temperature and humidity using the DHT11 sensor. The
prototype can monitor these gases in parts per million (ppm) and display the results on a 16x2 I2C LCD located at the
top of the device's black box. The NodeMCU ESP32 allows integration of various sensors into an Internet of Things
(IoT)-based air monitoring system, with visualization available on ThingSpeak. ThingSpeak is a web-based platform
commonly used for storing, processing, and visualizing data online, making it easier for users to monitor air quality
in real-time.
The NodeMCU ESP32 has advantages in connectivity and data processing, which are essential for monitoring air
quality in real-time. Furthermore, the NodeMCU ESP32 comes with a built-in Wi-Fi module, eliminating the need for
an additional Wi-Fi module, unlike Arduino boards. The ESP32 microcontroller acts as the main control center,
connecting the sensors and the network. Data obtained from the sensors is processed by the ESP32 and transmitted to
the ThingSpeak.com server.
The data collection and testing process was conducted in Semarang City on 14 April 2024, from 08.00 Western
Indonesia Time to 22.00 Western Indonesia Time with a data acquisition interval of approximately 1000 ms. The
obtained data is retrieved from ThingSpeak.com and presented in Figure 6, which includes values for temperature,
humidity, CH4 gas, CO2 gas, H2 gas, and CO gas. The data is presented in a table and visualized in graphs as shown
in Figure 7.

Fig. 6. Results of measurement data using ThingSpeak

 Laurent Michelle Easterline et al. / Procedia Computer Science 245 (2024) 815–824 821
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Fig. 7. Visualization of measurement data results using ThingSpeak

The graph in Figure 7 visualizes the measurement results from the MQ-135, MQ-8, MQ-7, MQ-2 gas sensors, and
the DHT11 sensor. Based on the graph above, it can be observed that the ppm readings from the MQ sensors, and the
DHT11 sensor, exhibit different sensitivity levels. The graph visualization was taken from 17:40 Western Indonesia
Time to 18:10 Western Indonesia Time. Temperature and humidity measurements showed fluctuations between 18:00
Western Indonesia Time and 18:10 Western Indonesia Time, while the readings for CO2, H2, CO, and CH4 gases
also showed fluctuations with a general downward trend around the same time. These fluctuations in the readings are
due to the data collection being conducted outdoors. Several factors affect the measurements of CO2, H2, CO, and
CH4 gases, such as wind speed, temperature changes, rainfall, and the humidity of the surrounding environment during
monitoring.
Based on equation (1), an increase in temperature will affect the ppm levels of CO2. This is evidenced in Figure 7,
where the temperature graph shows a decrease from 18.00 Western Indonesia Time to 18.10 Western Indonesia Time,
and the CO2 graph also experiences fluctuations that tend to decrease during the same period. The CO2 levels
decreased from 1.2 ppm to 0.5 ppm and exponentially decreased until around 0.3 ppm. From 18.00 Western Indonesia
Time to 18.10 Western Indonesia Time, the temperature and humidity levels experienced a decrease of 0.008495%
and 0.6787% respectively. Meanwhile, CO2 and H2 decreased exponentially by 0.1697% and 0.0269% respectively.
Additionally, the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor was tested using data collected from Badan Meteorologi,
Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG). Ten data points were used during testing, and their comparison can be seen in
Figure 8 below.
822 Laurent Michelle Easterline et al. / Procedia Computer Science 245 (2024) 815–824
Laurent Michelle Easterline et.al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 829

Fig. 8. Comparison of DHT11 Sensor Data with BMKG Data

Based on figure 8, the comparison of data from the DHT11 sensor and the BMKG sensor is shown. The error
analysis indicates that the temperature measurements from the DHT11 sensor have an error rate of 1.05%, while the
humidity measurements have an error rate of 1.04%. These results suggest that the DHT11 sensor is quite accurate,
as its readings are close to those of BMKG’s standard equipment. However, some data points show a temperature
difference of more than 0.1°C and a humidity difference of more than 1.05%. These discrepancies can be caused due
to environmental fluctuations affecting temperature and humidity. Weather influences such as wind speed and rainfall
can also affect gas sensor measurements by altering atmospheric pressure. Wind speed can impact the dispersion of
gases in the air; if the wind blows very fast, it can dilute or concentrate the gases around the sensor, leading to
weakened or intensified readings. Similarly, heavy rainfall can affect sensor readings; if the rain brings certain gases
down to the ground or surface, changing the concentration of gases around the sensor.

4. Conclusion

This research successfully developed and evaluated an IoT-based air quality monitoring device utilizing the ESP32
microcontroller, DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, MQ-2 methane sensor, MQ-7 carbon monoxide sensor,
MQ-8 hydrogen (H2) sensor, and MQ-135 carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor. The system produces real-time data
accessible on the ThingSpeak server and directly displayed on a 16x2 I2C LCD. Based on the test results, it can be
concluded that the air quality monitoring system works accurately, and functions as expected. The test results showed
CO2 levels below 5,000 ppm, CO gas levels below 25 ppm, and other gases within safe limits, indicating that air
pollution in Semarang on April 14, 2024, was considered safe or normal. The temperature and humidity levels
experienced a decrease of 0.008495% and 0.6787% respectively. Meanwhile, CO2 and H2 decreased exponentially
by 0.1697% and 0.0269% respectively. The error analysis between the DHT11 sensor and BMKG data indicates that
the temperature measurements have an error rate of 1.05%, while the humidity measurements have an error rate of
1.04%. The success of the air quality monitoring system can provide accurate and real-time information, which can
be used for making informed decisions and taking further actions related to air quality.

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